UO_2-Zr弥散燃料板严重事故早期行为与熔融芯体迁移模型研究

基于UO2-Zr弥散燃料板的结构与材料特性,利用已有的扩散、Nb-Zr反应以及UO2-Zr等材料学相关文献研究了UO2-Zr弥散燃料板严重事故过程中的氧化、固相反应以及熔融物迁移等特殊过程的机理模型,能为含UO2-Zr弥散燃料板堆芯的严重事故行为特性研究与安全分析提供参考。     

SCDAP/RELAP5与MELCOR程序对堆芯损伤过程预测的比较

SCDAP／RELAP5与MELCOR程序是目前得到广泛使用的两个严重事故分析程序．它们在模拟堆芯溶化及压力容器下封头失效过程中采用了基于不同理论的计算模型。本文利用两个程序分别对秦山二期核电厂发生假想的全厂断电事故下的堆芯损伤过程进行预测．并对比分析了这2个严重事故分析程序的优点及相应的计算结果．     

UO_2-Zr弥散燃料板氧化扩散机理研究

UO2-Zr弥散燃料板的氧化过程包括包壳与冷却剂的氧化反应和芯体中弥散的UO2燃料微球氧原子扩散过程。本文通过直接求解球坐标系下的氧化扩散方程,得到UO2燃料微球高温下向芯体中氧原子扩散强度的解析式,该式与实验数据符合良好,并结合锆水反应与UO2燃料微球高温氧原子扩散效应构建了UO2-Zr板的氧化扩散模型。新模型能预测不同的氧化结构、芯体中更高的氧原子浓度以及相对较低的氧化吸氧量,为UO2-Zr板严重事故早期行为的研究提供了理论基础。     

蒸汽发生器完全丧失给水引发的压水堆严重事故研究

采用严重事故最佳估算程序SCDAP/RELAP5/MOD3.4,建立了美国Surry核电站的详细计算模型,对完全丧失给水(TLFW)引发的堆芯熔化事故进行了研究分析.为准确预测压力容器内堆芯熔化的进程,给二级PSA提供可信的初始条件,计算中考虑了一回路压力边界的蠕变破裂失效,并评价了人为干预对堆芯熔化进程及事故后果的影响.     

SCDAP/RELAP5包壳氧化模型改进研究

目前,SCDAP/RELAP5采用抛物线型氧化模型模拟严重事故早期再淹没期间的包壳氧化。该模型在模拟包壳温度较高、表面水蒸气流量较小时的氧化存在不足,此外,该模型未分析包壳中氧原子的分布,对包壳失效的准确模拟有限制。本课题对抛物线型氧化模型和扩散氧化模型之间的区别与联系进行分析,并将扩散氧化模型植入SCDAP/RELAP5中,研究两种模型对严重事故早期再淹没现象的模拟效果。结果表明:扩散氧化模型能更好地模拟严重事故早期再淹没现象;抛物线型氧化模型是扩散氧化模型在特定条件下的简化。     

压水堆大破口失水事故引发的严重事故研究

采用机理性严重事故最佳估算程序SCDAP/RELAP5/MOD3.2，以美国西屋公司Surry核电站为参考对象，建立了1个典型的3环路压水堆核电站的严重事故分析模型，分别对主回路冷段和热段发生25cm大破口失水事故（LBLOCA）导致的堆芯熔化事故进行研究分析。结果表明，压水堆发生大破口失水事故时，堆芯熔化进程较快，大量堆芯材料熔化并坍塌至下腔室，反应堆压力容器下封头失效较早，且主回路冷段破口比热段破口更为严重。     

小型压水堆严重事故下一回路承压管道蠕变预测分析模型开发

一回路承压管道蠕变是压水堆核电厂严重事故重要现象之一。针对小型压水堆,本文基于SCDAP/RELAP5程序开发了严重事故分析模型,利用实验拟合方法得到了一回路主管道(SA321)、自然循环式蒸汽发生器传热管(00Cr25Ni35Al Ti)两种材料蠕变预测分析模型,改进了SCDAP/RELAP5程序蠕变预测分析功能模块,并通过假想事故序列验证了SA321、00Cr25Ni35Al Ti蠕变预测分析模型的合理性。为后续开展小型压水堆严重事故下一回路承压管道蠕变规律研究提供基础参考。     

基于RELAP5与MELCOR联合分析方法的压水堆严重事故研究

针对严重事故的模拟研究,本文提出结合热工水力系统程序和严重事故一体化程序的分析方法,以典型三环路传统压水堆为对象,分别采用RELAP5和MELCOR程序建立模型,分析在全厂断电叠加汽动辅助给水泵失效事故下系统的瞬态响应。为了尽可能地利用RELAP5计算早期热工水力响应,同时保证严重事故计算结果的准确性,以MELCOR锆合金氧化模型开始工作温度的下限,即包壳温度达到1 100 K作为程序衔接准则并利用RELAP5的大编辑功能,提取所需计算结果导入MELCOR输入卡作为初始参数继续模拟。计算结果表明,数据连接过程整体保持了连续性,两种方法计算得出的主冷却剂系统压力、堆芯和稳压器水位、燃料包壳温度等参数的数值以及堆芯传热恶化和压力容器失效等现象的时序存在不同程度的差异,例如堆芯熔毁时间延后了约538 s。由于采用了RELAP5计算严重事故前的系统暂态响应,联合分析方法的计算结果比单独使用MELCOR分析的结果更加准确,该方法可以提高传统严重事故分析的可靠性。     

基于RELAP5与MELCOR联合分析方法的压水堆严重事故研究

针对严重事故的模拟研究,本文提出结合热工水力系统程序和严重事故一体化程序的分析方法,以典型三环路传统压水堆为对象,分别采用RELAP5和MELCOR程序建立模型,分析在全厂断电叠加汽动辅助给水泵失效事故下系统的瞬态响应。为了尽可能地利用RELAP5计算早期热工水力响应,同时保证严重事故计算结果的准确性,以MELCOR锆合金氧化模型开始工作温度的下限,即包壳温度达到1 100 K作为程序衔接准则并利用RELAP5的大编辑功能,提取所需计算结果导入MELCOR输入卡作为初始参数继续模拟。计算结果表明,数据连接过程整体保持了连续性,两种方法计算得出的主冷却剂系统压力、堆芯和稳压器水位、燃料包壳温度等参数的数值以及堆芯传热恶化和压力容器失效等现象的时序存在不同程度的差异,例如堆芯熔毁时间延后了约538 s。由于采用了RELAP5计算严重事故前的系统暂态响应,联合分析方法的计算结果比单独使用MELCOR分析的结果更加准确,该方法可以提高传统严重事故分析的可靠性。     

压水堆核电站全厂断电事故及辅助给水系统的缓解能力研究

以美国surry核电站为参考对象,采用最佳估算程序SCDAP/RELAP5/MOD3.4,建立了一个典型的三环路压水堆核电站严重事故计算模型,对全厂断电(SBO)事故的物理现象及堆芯熔化进程进行了详细分析,并研究了全厂断电事故发生后辅助给水(AFW)分别持续1800s和3600s对事故的缓解效果.计算结果显示,辅助给水能有效地延缓堆芯熔化进程,大大推迟反应堆压力容器的失效时间,为操纵员恢复交流电源以及实施其它缓解措施赢得更多的时间.     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.