ASAR-antenna synthetic aperture radar imaging

The antenna synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) imaging concept is introduced. We present the ASAR imaging algorithm to pinpoint the locations of secondary scattering off a platform from antenna radiation data. It is shown that a three-dimensional (3-D) ASAR image of the platform can be formed by inverse Fourier transforming the multifrequency, multiaspect far-field radiation data from an antenna mounted on the platform. This concept is demonstrated using the computed radiation data from the code Apatch, which employs the shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) technique. Furthermore, we develop a fast ASAR algorithm specially tailored for the SBR approach. By taking advantage of the ray tracing information within the SBR engine, we demonstrate that the fast approach can result in the same quality of image as the frequency-aspect algorithm at only a fraction of the computation time     

多视角聚束合成孔径雷达成像

在介绍聚束合成孔径雷达高分辨率成像机理、其获得更高分辨率的难点所在、以及空间分辨率与观测空间频谱关系原理的基础上,提出利用多视角观测增加对目标的观测角,从而增加目标观测的空间频率范围,进而提高空间分辨率的思想.通过对每一视角观测采用波数域成像算法获得每次观测的频谱,利用空间频谱与空间域的对应关系进行频谱融合,对融合后的频谱进行逆傅立叶变换获得方位向分辨率提高的图像.计算机模拟验证了多视角聚束合成孔径雷达成像提高成像分辨率的有效性.     

Synthetic aperture radar imaging of moving ocean waves

A theory for the radar imaging of ocean waves is presented under the assumptions that a swell propagates through an ensemble of Bragg scatterers and that the integration time of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is small compared to the angular velocity of the swell. Results are prsented which show image development and distortions caused by the radial velocities and accelerations of the swell. Neglecting small wave bunching and tilts due to the longer underlying waves, and considering only one-dimensional geometries, the mechanism of wave motions are considered and their efforts on the production of the usual intensity Pattern representing the wave image are studied. The analysis shows that in certain situations a processed image can appear which has twice the spatial period of the actual long wave on the ocean, which can confuse the interpretation of ocean wave analysis.     

一种改善SAR对舰船目标成像质量的新方法研究

常规合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像技术适用于静止场景目标成像,在对海上舰船等运动目标成像时,由于目标存在自身转动分量,使得积累时间内回波多普勒频率不为常数,导致常规成像处理后,目标出现散焦、分辨力下降的现象.通过分析存在平动、转动分量目标回波的多普勒频率特征,可以把SAR对舰船目标成像问题转化为稀疏信号表示问题,利用信号重构回波散射系数实现二维成像.将基于贝叶斯学习的稀疏信号表示用在SAR对舰船目标成像上,采用该方法处理实测数据可获得较清晰的目标像,通过与传统方法的比较验证了该方法的有效性.     

合成孔径雷达成像Matlab仿真研究

计算机仿真是现代雷达研究中的重要技术之一,针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像中影响仿真结果的因素,从分析SAR发射信号和回波信号模型出发,运用Matlab软件对SAR的发射波形以及点目标成像进行了仿真,直观地反应了距离多普勒成像算法原理。最终通过仿真分析,总结了SAR成像中影响仿真结果的5项因素,而这5项因素在运用Matlab仿真过程中对成像质量的优劣有着至关重要的影响。     

A quasi-parametric algorithm for synthetic aperture radar target feature extraction and imaging with angle diversity

We present synthetic aperture radar (SAR) target feature extraction and imaging techniques with angle divesity. We first establish a flexible data model that describes each target scatterer as a two-dimensional (2D) complex sequence with arbitrary amplitude and constant phase in range and cross-range. A new algorithm, referred to as the QUasiparametric ALgorithm for target feature Extraction (QUALE), is then presented for SAR target feature extraction via data fusion through angle diversity based on the flexible data model. QUALE first estimates the model parameters, which include, for each scatterer, a 2D arbitrary real-valued amplitude sequence, a constant phase, and scatterer locations in range and cross-reange. QUALE then averages the estimated 2D real-valued amplitude sequence over range by making the assumption that the scatterer radar cross section is approximately consant. QUALE next models the so-obtained 1D sequence with a simple sinc function by assuming that the scatterer is approximately a dihedral (a trihedral is approximated as a very short dihedral) and estimates the relevant sinc function parameters by minimizing a nonlinear least-squares fitting function. Finally, the approximate 2D SAR image is reconstructed by using the estimated features. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the perfomance of the proposed algorithm.This work was supported in part by AFRL/SNAT, Air Force Research Laboratory, Air Force Materiel Command, USAF, under grant no. F33615-99-1-1507, and the National Science Foundation Grant MIP-9457388. The U.S. Goverment is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation thereon.     

Bistatic synthetic aperture radar imaging for arbitrary flight trajectories

In this paper, we present an analytic, filtered backprojection (FBP) type inversion method for bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BISAR). We consider a BISAR system where a scene of interest is illuminated by electromagnetic waves that are transmitted, at known times, from positions along an arbitrary, but known, flight trajectory and the scattered waves are measured from positions along a different flight trajectory which is also arbitrary, but known. We assume a single-scattering model for the radar data, and we assume that the ground topography is known but not necessarily flat. We use microlocal analysis to develop the FBP-type reconstruction method. We analyze the computational complexity of the numerical implementation of the method and present numerical simulations to demonstrate its performance.     

ANALYSIS OF RANGE ALIGNMENT IN INVERSE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR IMAGING

In this paper,the basic theory of range alignment in Inverse Synthetic ApertureRadar(ISAR)imaging is analyzed.Two new methods of range alignment are proposed:one ispeak point alignment;another is direct range-alignment.Based on the measured radar data,thedifferences between the above-mentioned new methods and the amplitude correlation method arediscussed,resulting in the confirmation on the superiority of the direct range-alignment method.     

A fast approximate imaging algorithm for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar

A fast algorithm of azimuth processing for spaceborne aperture radar (SAR), which is called SPECAN algorithm, is proposed. Compared with general frequency algorithms, SPECAN has advantages in computation, memory and structure. SPECAN algorithm is very important for surveying real time processing of spaceborne SAR. The structure and special problems for SPECAN algorithm used in spaceborne SAR are mainly engaged in this paper. Finally, raw data of SEASAT-A satellite is used to verify the feasibility of SPECAN algorithm.     

A system model and inversion for synthetic aperture radar imaging

A system model and its corresponding inversion for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging are presented. The system model incorporates the spherical nature of a radar's radiation pattern at far field. The inverse method based on this model performs a spatial Fourier transform (Doppler processing) on the recorded signals with respect to the available coordinates of a translational radar (SAR) or target (inverse SAR). It is shown that the transformed data provide samples of the spatial Fourier transform of the target's reflectivity function. The inverse method can be modified to incorporate deviations of the radar's motion from its prescribed straight line path. The effects of finite aperture on resolution, reconstruction, and sampling constraints for the imaging problem are discussed.     

基于Stolt偏移的探地雷达合成孔径成像研究

对探地雷达数据进行合成孔径处理可提高探地雷达图像的分辨力,有利于对地下目标的探测及精确定位.文中提出了一种新的stolt偏移插值实现方法,用于探地雷达合成孔径成像,它能克服传统方法中偏移能量不集中的缺点并保持处理速度快的优点,通过对实测数据进行处理,其结果表明该方法取得了很好的效果.     

Bistatic synthetic aperture radar inversion with application indynamic object imaging

An inversion method is presented for bistatic synthetic aperture radar imaging. The method is based on a Fourier analysis (Doppler processing) of the bistatic synthesized array's data followed by a phase modulation analysis of the Doppler data. The approach incorporates the phase information of the wavefront curvature in the transmitted waves as well as the resultant echoed signals. The Doppler data are shown to provide samples of the reflectivity function's spatial Fourier transform within a band that depends upon the bistatic angles and ranges. Associated resolution, reconstruction, and sampling constraints for the imaging problem are discussed. The bistatic SAR inversion is also utilized to formulate an inversion for multistatic measurements made along a physical linear array due to a single transmission to image a dynamic object     

快速搜索算法与极化合成孔径雷达三维成像

从全极化(hh,hv,vh,vv)合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像数据中,可提取方位向的地势倾斜度信息,形成极化SAR三维成像。该文重点研究极化 SAR三维成像快速算法;提出由 Stokes矢量推导的的极化椭圆方向用解模糊算法;讨论目标极化散射特性对提取地势高度信息的影响以及处理方法;并利用真实的极化 SAR图像数据得到了极化三维成像结果。     

On the focusing issue of synthetic aperture radar imaging of oceanwaves

It is widely accepted that the imaging of ocean surface waves by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can be adequately described by velocity bunching theory in conjunction with the two-scale wave model. However, it has been conjectured that this theory is incapable of explaining why, under certain conditions, the image contrast of airborne SAR imagery of ocean waves can be enhanced by defocusing the SAR processor. In the present study the velocity bunching theory is defended     

无人机载太赫兹合成孔径雷达成像分析与仿真

将太赫兹合成孔径雷达与无人机相结合,详细分析了其技术特点,重点研究了合成孔径雷达多个典型频段平均功率、理论方位向分辨力、最大距离徙动分量、条带宽度与其他关键参数的关系,给出了太赫兹合成孔径雷达的适用条件。针对低空无人机载平台、点阵目标,采用距离多普勒算法进行成像仿真,取得名义空间分辨力为0.3 m×0.3 m的高分辨力图像。     

一种快速的SAR车辆目标方位角估计方法

主导边界是合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像车辆目标方位角估计中最主要的特征。为了充分利用主导边界的特点能够提高方位角估计的效率和准确率,深入分析了主导边界特点,提出目标的三类主导边界的概念,并且提出了一种快速有效地目标方位角估计思路,结合SAR图像在0°或180°附近几类主导边界的规律来解决该角度附近的模糊问题,得到了一种简单高效的方位角估计方法。最后利用MSTAR数据做了仿真验证实验,证明该方法的有效性。     

On the mechanism for imaging ocean waves by synthetic aperture radar

Based on the analogies between spectral analysis of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, the two-frequency technique, and the technique of self-mixing of Doppler microwave backscatter for surfaces with periodically varying reflectivity, the SAR imaging of ocean waves is considered as a process of measuring correlation between the values of backscattered SAR radiation in different azimuthal positions of the platform. In this way a relatively simple explanation is given for the focusing effect and for the wave image contrast dependence on the integration time. Results of this approach are in agreement with those obtained in previous works by another (much more complex) manner: the wave image focus shift is proportional to half of the wave phase speed (the wave traveling along the line of flight), and the image contrast does not decrease with an increase the integration time.     

用于多层介质目标成像的改进波数域算法

近年来,获取高分辨探地雷达图像以实现目标检测受到广泛关注。相位偏移补偿算法（PSM）可以针对不同介电常数的多层介质成像,在各领域应用广泛。受距离维像素循环计算过程影响,PSM成像速度慢。基于PSM相关理论基础,提出改进波数域的多层介质快速成像算法,在每个独立介质层中,通过快速傅里叶运算取代PSM算法中的像素迭代过程,可以有效降低成像时间。针对双层介质模型,提出基于目标顶点区域提取的波速估计方法,用于精确补偿相位成像。通过搭建双层介质实验平台,利用该算法获得了多种被埋目标高分辨图像,验证了算法的有效性。     

A model for the imaging of urban areas by synthetic aperture radar

A numerical model developed to simulate synthetic aperture radar images of urban targets is described. The model is based on ray tracing and is designed to simulate the effects of strong specular scatterers such as corner cubes as well as the diffuse scatter from the rough surfaces of buildings. The model uses a vectorial approach to the electromagnetic fields and so is able to simulate the polarization dependence of the images. An example of the model is given, and the validation and future development of the model are discussed