热循环对预应变NiTi记忆合金丝/铝基复合材料马氏体逆相变的影响

采用热压法将0.26mm的NiTi合金丝复合于铝中,利用SEM,DSC,热膨胀仪等实验手段研究了热循环对预应变为4%的NiTi合金丝/铝基复合材料马氏体逆相变的影响。结果表明,在第一次加热过程中,马氏体逆转变开始温度明显升高;第二次加热过程中逆转变开始温度比未预应变样品略有降低;随热循环次数增加,逆相变开始温度降低;当循环次数超过30次后,逆转变温度几乎保持不变。并对热循环过程中的马氏相变过程进行了分析讨论。     

高耐热Cu-Al-Mn形状记忆合金热循环特性

利用电阻 温度曲线、形状记忆效应 (SME)测定和X射线衍射分析等方法研究了热循环对高Ms 点 (2 30℃ )的Cu 2 4Al 3Mn(原子百分比 ,下同 )形状记忆合金马氏体相变的影响。结果表明 ,热循环使该合金马氏体相变点下降 ,与此相伴随的结构变化是马氏体原子次近邻有序度下降 ,单斜角 β趋近 90°。与传统铜基记忆合金相比 ,该合金具有较高的抗热循环衰减能力 ,最高工作温度可达 35 0℃。该合金的高耐热性来源于 β1母相结构稳定 ,在工作温度下不易分解以及马氏体结构 (β =89.6°)接近于N1 8R ,在一定程度上抑制了热循环过程中M 1 8R向N1 8R的转变 ,从而降低了马氏体发生稳定化的趋势     

TiNi合金在恒应力约束下的不完全相变

利用DSC对预应变TiNi形状记忆合金丝在恒应力约束下的马氏体不完全逆相变进行了研究,发现不完全相变热循环样品在第二次自由态加热过程中出现两步马氏体逆转变和两段应变回复现象.分析认为:经过恒应力约束下的不完全逆相变后,TiNi样品中存在不同的马氏体,在随后的加热过程中先后逆转变,产生两段回复应变.     

Ti50Ni40Cu10合金的相变潜热及相变热滞

本文采用示差扫描量热仪(DSC)系统分析了Ti50Ni40Cu10(at.%)合金的马氏体相变潜热(ΔHB2→B19)和逆马氏体相变潜热(ΔHB19→B2)、相变热滞(ΔT)与固溶温度、退火温度和相变热循环间的关系.结果表明:相变潜热随着固溶化温度的升高而明显降低、随着退火温度的升高则略微降低.相变热滞、逆马氏体相变温度在热循环初期迅速降低,当热循环次数超过2次时则均保持不变;逆马氏体相变潜热(ΔHB19→B2和ΔHB19→B19)随着热循环次数(n＜4)的增加有所升高,特别是ΔHB19→B19约增加58%,而热循环次数对马氏体相变温度和潜热ΔHB2→B19则无明显影响.     

NiTiHf高温形状记忆合金的相变行为和形状记忆效应

利用透射电镜、X射线衍射仪和示差热分析仪系统分析了Ni49Ti36Hf15合金的相变行为及其形状记忆效应。结果表明，Ni49Ti36Hf15合金的热马氏体变体间构成典型的自协作组态，主要呈矛头状、镶嵌块状和楔状3种形态，亚结构主要为（001）复合孪晶。随着热循环次数的增加，相变温度降低，经50次热循环后，相变温度随热循环次数增加变化趋势不明显。固溶处理Ni49Ti36Hf15合金在20－184℃范围内弯曲变形时，呈现良好的形状记忆效应，其最大可恢复应变可达3％。形状恢复率随着弯曲变形温度的增加而下降，当弯曲变形温度大于317℃时，形状恢复率下降为0。     

TiNi形状记忆合金在定应变约束下的马氏体相变

通过DSC及回复应变的测量,研究了定应变约束态加热-冷却过程对预应变TiNi形状记忆合金相变行为的影响。结果表明,在约束态相变中,逆相变温度区间拓宽;取向马氏体除向母相转变外,应变还要进一步增大;在正相变过程中,从母相生成的马氏体也具有变形结构。约束态不完全相变后,样品中存在两种马氏体;再变形马氏体和继承变形马氏体,在随后的无约束逆相变过程中,前者的相变温度高于后者,并且输出两段回复应变。     

NiTi形状记忆合金丝的约束回复应力输出特性及本构模型

为促进工程结构领域对形状记忆合金(SMA)这一智能驱动材料的应用,研究了预应变大小和热循环次数对Ti-50.8(质量分数,%)Ni SMA丝的约束回复应力-温度曲线、最大约束回复应力、逆相变特征温度、相变温度区间和相变滞后温度区间等约束回复应力输出特性的影响,并在试验数据集合的基础上建立以温度和完全热循环次数为输入、约束回复应力为输出的BP神经网络(即按照误差逆向传播训练的神经网络算法)迟滞模型。结果表明:最大约束回复应力和马氏体逆向变特征温度随预应变的增加而增加;6%预应变的NiTi SMA丝在第一次热循环中约束回复应力最大,逆向变特征温度值最高。经过五次热循环后,NiTi SMA丝的约束回复应力-温度曲线逐渐稳定。该神经网络迟滞模型的数值计算结果与试验数据较为吻合,平均绝对误差不超过5%,且简单实用、精确度高,具有一定的工程指导意义。     

3Cr2Mo塑料模具钢连续冷却相变行为

为了调节塑料模具钢3Cr2Mo的组织,以实现在线预硬化,使用Gleeble1500热模拟试验机、光学显微镜以及透射电子显微镜等研究3Cr2Mo钢变形及未变形奥氏体的连续冷却相变行为及相变组织.实验结果表明,3Cr2Mo钢奥氏体稳定性较高,在所研究的实验条件下,连续冷却过程中没有出现先共析铁素体和珠光体,而是发生贝氏体和马氏体相变.热变形使奥氏体发生了机械稳定化,贝氏体相变推迟到较低温度下才完成.随着冷却速度的降低,贝氏体的形态由常规板条状变成粒状,最终可获得粒状贝氏体组织.     

NiTi形状记忆合金丝在Al基复合材料中的约束态马氏体逆相变特征

利用DSC,XRD,SEM等实验手段研究了NiTi记忆合金丝在铝基体约束状态下的马氏体逆相变特征。研究结果表明,预应变NiTi记忆合金丝在加热过程中发生两种马氏体逆相变：热致马氏体逆转变(MT→P)与应力诱发马氏体逆转变(Md→P),其中热致马氏体逆相变温度与未预应变样品基本相同,且不受预应变影响;而应力诱发马氏体向母相转变温度随预应变增加而升高;随预应变增加,热致马氏体与应力诱发马氏体的逆转变量减少。文中引入马氏体变形度概念,并对马氏体在逆转变过程中的变形度变化进行了讨论。     

热循环对NiTi合金焊接接头相变的影响

为了研究热循环对NiTi合金激光焊接接头相变行为的影响,用激光点焊了φ0.5 mmTi-50.6%Ni合金细丝,利用金相显微镜观察了母材和接头的显微组织,通过示差热分析仪研究了热循环对点焊接头相变行为的影响.结果表明,NiTi合金激光点焊接头,熔化区为树枝晶,热影响区由粗大等轴晶和细小等轴晶组成.热循环可改变接头的相变行为,使马氏体相变由B2→B19'转变为B2→R→B19'.随着热循环次数的增加,正相变过程中Rs点升高,R相变温度范围变宽,Ms点降低;逆相变的相变温度都降低.     

冷轧变形对TiNi合金阻尼特性的影响

为了探讨冷轧变形对TiNi合金阻尼特性的影响,及TiNi合金马氏体的阻尼特性与组织结构之间的关系,采用示差扫描量热分析、透射电镜分析、动态机械分析和音频阻尼测试方法,系统研究了冷轧变形后Ti50Ni50合金马氏体的阻尼特性.研究结果表明:低频和音频时,Ti50Ni50合金马氏体的阻尼值随着冷轧变形量的增加呈现先增加而后降低的趋势,且音频时热马氏体和冷轧变形后马氏体的阻尼值较低频时的阻尼值均有大幅度地下降;冷轧后马氏体的高阻尼不仅与界面运动有关,也与马氏体中的缺陷有关.     

Phase transformation behaviours and shape memory characteristics of Ti-45xNi-5Cu-xMo x=0.3-1.0 alloys

Abstract

Transformation behaviours and shape memory characteristics in Ti-45xNi-5Cu-xMo x=0.3, 0.5, or 1.0 at.- alloys were investigated by means of electrical resistivity measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, thermal cycling tests under constant load, and tensile tests. The two stage transformation B2-B19-B19 occurred in Ti-45xNi-5Cu-xMo alloys, and complete separation of the B2-B19 transformation from the B19-B19 transformation was observed in Ti-44.0Mo-5Cu-1.0Mo at.- alloy. Substitution of Mo for Ni in Ti-45Ni-5Cu at.- alloy increased the critical stress for slip deformation and the pseudoelastic recovery. The maximum recoverable elongations of Ti-44.7Ni-5Cu-0.3Mo at.- and Ti-44.5Ni-5Cu-0.5Mo at.- alloys were 6.4 and 7 respectively.     

Effect of Thermal Cycling under Load on Martensite Transformation and Two-way Shape Memory Effect in a TiNi Alloy

The effect of thermal cycling under loading on martensitic transformation and two-way shape memory effect was investigated for Ti-49.8 at, pet Ni alloy. It is shown that M-s, and M-f temperature increase with increasing the number of cycles, while A(s) and A(f) temperature decrease during thermal cycling. The total strain at and permanent strain epsilon (p) increase with increasing applied stress and number of cycles. The two-way shape memory effect can be improved by proper thermal cycling training under loading, while excessively high applied stress results in the deterioration of TWSME. The reason for the changes in martensitic transformation characteristics and two-way shape memory effect during thermal cycling under loading is discussed based on the analysis of microstructure by TEM observations.     

Transformation, Deformation and Microstructure Characteristics of Ru50Ta50 High Temperature Shape Memory Alloy

The basic martensitic transformation(MT)properties of Ru50Ta50 alloy, i.e. MT temperature(MTT), temperature hysteresis(△T), and MT heat(△H)were investigated in this paper. The effects of heat treatment and thermal cycling on MT behavior of Ru50Ta50 alloy, the deformation and microstructure characteristics of Ru50Ta50 alloy were also studied for its engineering application as high temperature actuator/sensor materials by means of differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, optical microscope, and hardness test. The results showed that a two-stage reversible MT takes place in Ru50Ta50 alloy.The two-stage MT starting temperatures(M1s, M2s)and the temperature hysteresis(△T1, △T2)are 1047,784 and 11, 14℃, respectively. No significant effect of aging treatment and thermal cycling on MTT and △T of Ru50Ta50 alloy were observed, but △H decreases slowly with increasing thermal cycles. The hardness and brittleness of Ru50Ta50 alloy are high. The deformation mode of RuTa alloys is twinning.     

Repeatable temperature memory effect of TiNi shape memory alloys

An incomplete transformation cycle induces a kinetic stop in the following complete transformation cycle in TiNi shape memory alloys. The kinetic stop can be regarded as a memory of the previous interruption temperature. This memory was generally believed to be a one-time phenomenon. Herein, we show that the temperature memory effect is actually a long-lasting phenomenon. Experimental results show that a repeatable temperature memory effect can be introduced into a TiNi alloy by a deformation lager than 12%. Deformation induced dislocations are considered a main factor to the persistence of the memory. The memory becomes more distinct with increasing numbers of the incomplete thermal cycle, but the memory becomes less distinct with increasing numbers of subsequent complete transformation cycling.     

Thermal Stability of Amorphous Hydride Mg_(50)Ni_(50)H_(54) and Mg_(30)Ni_(70)H_(45)

The thermal stability of amorphous ternary hydrides Mg_(50)Ni_(50)H_(54) and Mg_(30)Ni_(70)H_(45) and their corre-sponding amorphous binary alloys Mg_(50)Ni_(50) and Mg_(30)Ni_(70) were studied with X-ray diffraction(XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). Samples of the amorphous alloys were preparedby mechanical alloying and the amorphous hydrides were obtained by charging the alloys with gas-eous hydrogen at 3.0 MPa and 423 K. It was found that the amorphous hydrides released most oftheir hydrogen before the crystallization of the essentially hydrogen depleted amorphous alloy. Thecrystallization temperature of amorphous Mg_(50)Ni_(50)H_(54) elevated and that of amorphousMg_(30)Ni_(70)H_(45) did not change in relation to the original binary amorphous alloy. This is very excep-tional for amorphous hydrides. The reason for the effects of hydrogen absorption/desorption on thecrystallization of amorphous alloys was discussed.     

Approach to the Theoretical Strength of Ti—Ni—Cu Alloy Nanocrystals by Grain Boundary Design

The grain boundary design was used to introduce boride Ti_2B and TiB_2 nanoparticles of 5 nm in size into grain boundaries of nanocrystalline Ti_(50)Ni_(25)Cu_(25) alloy.As a result,the maximum normalized microhardness was increased by 20%and the theoretical limit of hardness is substantially approached.It is proposed that boride nanoparticles suppressed low-temperature grain-boundary sliding and,therefore,shifted the range of the anomalous behavior of Hall-Petch relation toward smaller sizes of the Ti-Ni-Cu nanocrystals.     

Effect of thermal cycling on martensitic transformation temperatures in Ti–Ni–Cu shape memory alloys

Abstract

Changes in martensitic transformation temperatures during thermal cycling in Ti–Ni–Cu shape memory alloys have been investigated by means of electrical resistivity measurements, thermal cycling tests under constant load and transmission electron microscopy. During thermal cycling without applied stress, the B2→B19′ transformation temperature M _s decreased, while the B2→B19 transformation start temperature M _s′ kept almost constant. During thermal cycling with applied stress, in solution treated Ti–45Ni–5Cu alloy, changes in M _s depended on the amount of applied stress. That is, M _s decreased when the applied stress was 39.2 MPa, while its value kept almost constant when a stress of 117.2 MPa was applied. It was also found that M _s′ increased during thermal cycling in the solution treated Ti–35Ni–15Cu and Ti–30Ni–20Cu alloys, irrespective of the amount of applied stress. All changes in M _s and M _s′ during thermal cycling with applied stress in Ti–Ni–Cu alloys were explained well by a combination of the thermal cycling effect and the structural refinement effect.     

Ti-Ni-Gd形状记忆合金的马氏体相变

采用电弧炉制备了添加不同Gd含量的Ti-Ni-Gd三元合金,利用DSC、X射线衍射仪研究了重稀土元素Gd对Ti-50.7Ni合金的马氏体相变的影响.结果表明添加重稀土元素Gd后,Gd含量不超过2%(原子分数)时,淬火态的Ti-Ni-Gd三元合金中分别发生两步马氏体相变,Gd含量为10%(原子分数)时,合金中发生了一步马氏体相变,同时稀土元素Gd的加入能明显提高Ti-Ni合金的相变温度.Ti-Ni-Gd合金中马氏体仍为B19'单斜结构,而且马氏体的点阵参数随Gd的加入发生明显变化,晶胞产生畸变.     

Co_(41)Ni_(33)Al_(26)合金冷轧带材相变与阻尼能力

通过热轧和冷轧工艺制备了0.2mm厚的Co41Ni33Al26合金带材,采用1350℃×5h水冷对该带材进行了淬火热处理,用金相显微镜观察了其组织。用微分差热分析仪(DSC)测定了其马氏体转变温度,并用动态热机械谱仪(DMS)研究了其相变及阻尼能力。结果表明,0.2mm的Co41Ni33Al26合金带材的基体为竹节状的粗大再结晶晶粒,其马氏体相变温度比1.5mm厚的板材高约45℃;降温过程中合金带材在140~25℃温度范围出现阻尼峰,其阻尼峰宽明显大于马氏体相变温度范围,后者为121~78℃,表明有新的应力诱发马氏体相变出现;Co40Ni33Al27合金带材的阻尼能力超过0.04,并且温度范围宽,有望成为新型阻尼材料。