Softness,elasticity, and smoothness characteristics of cooked udon noodles based on texture analysis

Objective evaluation methods for the elasticity, smoothness, and softness of cooked udon noodles were established on the basis of texture analysis. Noodles with different diameters and amylose contents were prepared to verify the reliability of the proposed evaluation methods. Results revealed that the elasticity of udon noodles could be examined by using the method that involved rinsing cooked noodles with 10°C cold water for 30 s and stretching a single strand of cooked noodle at 3 mm/s with an A/KIE probe until broken. The stiffness of the sample at 3.5 mm could be determined to indicate the elasticity caused by the size of dried udon noodles. The softness and smoothness of cooked udon noodles could be examined when cooled and drained for 30 s by using an heavy duty platform/pasta firmness/stickiness rig probe. The elasticity of cooked udon noodles increased as their diameter increased, and their smoothness and softness significantly increased as the amylose content decreased (p < .05). Texture analysis could be used to quickly and accurately indicate the elasticity, softness, and smoothness of cooked udon noodles. The texture characteristics of udon noodles were related to their formulation, processing, and size. Establishing an adaptability evaluation method for the quality of udon noodles is a prerequisite for optimizing processing technologies and developing new products. Thus far, limited research has focused on objective methods for evaluating the texture of cooked udon noodles. This work developed valuable instrumental methods for examining the elasticity, softness, and smoothness of cooked udon noodles and provided noodle manufacturers a tool for selecting udon noodle formulations and processing technology based on texture analysis.     

面条的质构与感官评价的相关性研究

用质构仪分别测定市售的不同宽度、不同添加物的挂面和不同价位的油炸型方便面的质构参数,分析质构参数与面条感官评分之间的相关关系。结果表明:对于不同宽度的挂面,折断压力有助于客观评价面条的感官评价总分、适口性、韧性、光滑性;对于不同添加物的挂面,拉伸距离有助于客观评价面条的感官评价总分、色泽、表观状态;对于不同价位的油炸型方便面,最大剪切力、切割时间有助于客观评价面条的表观状态、韧性。另外,感官评价和仪器所定义的参数有一定的差别。     

基于压杆后屈曲的市售挂面力学特性及质地评价的研究

本研究以市售挂面为原料,应用压杆后屈曲法对不同品种不同长度(150、120、90 mm)的市售挂面的弯曲折断率、抗弯能力和蒸煮后力学特性(TPA),以及蒸煮前后品质的相关性进行研究。结果表明,试验所用20种市售挂面的弯曲折断率指标均合格;市售挂面(含花色)的抗弯能力、弹性模量等力学特性指标值存在明显差异,可用压杆后屈曲法精确表征市售挂面的力学质地品质;挂面的弹性模量与其蒸煮TPA指标的回归模型决定系数的R~2在0.93以上。挂面的断裂应力与其蒸煮TPA指标的回归模型决定系数R~2在0.91以上,干挂面力学特性可综合反映蒸煮挂面的TPA力学质地指标,可用干挂面的力学特性预测其蒸煮后的力学质地。     

Instrumental Assessments of Japanese White Salted Noodle Quality

Strong correlations were found between some sensory evaluation results and instrumentally (Instron, Model 4301) assessed quality parameters for Japanese white salted noodles made from 32 Australian wheats. The sensory texture parameter, softness, had a strong negative correlation (r=-0·74, P<0·001) with the instrumental texture parameter, cutting force peak area divided by time. Other sensory texture parameters, smoothness and elasticity, showed significant correlations with another instrumental parameter, compression force peak area divided by time (r=-0·58, P<0·001 and r=0·52, P<0·01 respectively). Brightness, yellowness and discolouration of both raw and cooked noodles were measured using a colorimeter (Minolta, Model CR310). Strong correlations were observed between yellowness and discolouration of raw noodles and CIELAB b* (r=-0·79, P<0·001) and L*a* (r=-0·63, P<0·001) values, respectively. Similar relationships were found for cooked noodles (r=-0·74, P<0·001 for yellowness and r=-0·53, P<0·01 for discolouration). Both flour pasting properties including the flour swelling test and mixograph dough properties showed strong correlations with instrumental measures of noodle texture. Protein and ash content significantly affected noodle colour. In an attempt to simplify objective noodle quality measurements instrumental texture tests were carried out on flour gels. Textural measurements of flour gels showed that sensory softness of cooked noodles was correlated with an instrumental parameter, cutting peak force divided by time (r=-0·46, P<0·01). However, in this study no strong correlations were found between the smoothness and elasticity of noodles and any parameters of compression force-time profiles derived from gels. Yellowness of flour gels measured by a colorimeter showed a significant correlation with that of cooked noodles (r=-0·68, P<0·001). © 1997 SCI.     

面条筋道感质地评价的研究

利用感官质地剖面法对不同配方面条的筋道感进行了评价,研究了感官评价和仪器测定之间的关系,并进一步研究了面条的感官评价和原料粉理化特性之间的关系,为利用仪器测定代替感官来评价预测面条筋道感品质提供了理论上的依据。     

不同多糖对发酵空心挂面品质的影响

酵母发酵空心挂面是一种新型的工业化挂面产品,具有营养丰富、风味独特等特点,但尚存在干挂面韧性差和易断条、熟面条弹性不足等问题亟待解决。该文研究了瓜尔豆胶、黄原胶、海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠、魔芋粉5种常用多糖对发酵空心挂面微观结构、力学性质、蒸煮特性、质构品质和感官品质的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,单独添加0.1%瓜尔胶、海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠和魔芋粉时,挂面的蒸煮损失率从6.5%分别降低到5.8%、5.7%、5.3%和5.9%;添加0.5%黄原胶时,干挂面的面体更加致密,面条的最佳蒸煮时间增长了1.25 min,蒸煮损失减少了0.41%,干挂面的抗断裂强度和柔韧性、熟挂面的弹性、咀嚼性和拉断力分别提高了31.06%、49.79%、24.87%、61.62%和77.73%,此添加量下的面条的食用品质最佳,感官评价得分89分。5种多糖均显著改善了发酵空心挂面的柔韧性,及煮后挂面的弹性、咀嚼性和拉伸特性,其中黄原胶对发酵空心挂面的微观结构、力学性质、蒸煮特性、质构品质和感官品质改良效果较好。     

马铃薯基质对其挂面品质的影响研究

由马铃薯干粉制作得马铃薯面条,成本较高,探讨降低马铃薯面条成本的方法。采用将马铃薯薯块研磨成浆或蒸后研磨成泥后,利用马铃薯薯块中的水分,加入到小麦粉中制作马铃薯面条,以干粉为对照,探讨马铃薯生浆或熟泥代替干粉的可能性。结果显示：采用马铃薯熟泥制作的干面条较白,L*值为78.99±0.42,断裂距离为28.7±1.8 mm,断裂强度为22.4±2.6 g,煮后面条的坚实度为823.7±11.7 g,高于或不低于干粉挂面的各项得分。感官评价的适口性、韧性、总分也高于马铃薯干粉挂面;采用马铃薯生浆制作的干面条颜色偏暗,L*值为75.20±0.76,煮后口感较硬,弹性不足,口感稍差。综合考虑,可以用马铃薯熟泥代替马铃薯干粉进行马铃薯-小麦粉混合粉挂面生产,有利于减少工序、节约能源,降低生产成本。     

补钙面条加工技术研究

对添加胶原多肽螯合钙的补钙面条加工技术进行了研究。以猪皮明胶为原料,制备胶原多肽螯合钙,并对其结构进行了表征。添加胶原多肽螯合钙、猪皮明胶、复合磷酸盐和食盐对面条品质进行改良,通过感官评价对补钙面条的加工条件进行优化。试验结果表明,补钙面条的最佳配方为:胶原多肽螯合钙添加量为2%,猪皮明胶添加量为1.5%,复合磷酸盐添加量为0.8%,食盐添加量为1.5%,小麦粉94%。面条产品弯曲断条率为0,熟断条率为0,干物质失落率为6.9%,蒸煮吸水率为167.5%,面汤浊度为0.104。经感官评价,面条得分为88.7分。通过添加胶原多肽螯合钙,补钙面条中强化钙量为143.6 mg/100 g。补钙面条外观色泽良好,风味较好,食用营养价值高。     

小麦面粉对油炸型方便面感官品质的影响

以同一厂家不同产品不同批次的方便面生产专用面粉和相应的成品为研究对象,测定面粉的总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、降落值以及面粉的糊化特性、方便面的TPA 实验指标和感官品质等指标,并对其相关性进行分析,探讨面粉各指标对方便面感官品质的影响。结果表明：降落值和直链淀粉与起始糊化温度呈极显著正相关,与峰值黏度和方便面的各个感官指标呈极显著负相关;总淀粉含量与各个感官指标成极显著正相关。因此面粉中直链淀粉含量和降落值较低、总淀粉含量较高的时候,方便面成品感官品质较好。     

重庆小面品质特点及评价标准建立

对重庆小面的基本情况、售面店家,以及消费者对重庆小面的消费特点、消费偏好进行了问卷调查,得出了关于重庆小面特色评价的调查报告;同时对重庆市内自由市场或面馆出售的重庆小面、家用普通面条、兰州拉面分别进行色泽特性、蒸煮特性、赋味特性、质构特性等指标测定。结合调查结果、化学测定及仪器分析结果,参考现有的面条品质评价标准,总结出重庆小面的品质特点为:具有碱水面特有的香味和诱人亮黄色色泽;蒸煮时间较短,蒸煮吸水率和损失率较高;面条质地软和适口,易嚼断,有较好黏性但爽口不黏牙,面条吸收、附着风味物质能力强,赋味性好等。依据这些特点,在现有面条感官评价体系的基础上建立了重庆小面专属感官评价标准。     

慈姑淀粉添加量对鲜面条品质的影响

目的:探究慈姑淀粉对鲜面条品质的影响,将不同比例的慈姑淀粉添加入麦芯粉中制得鲜面条。方法:对所制鲜面条蒸煮特性、色泽、感官品质、质构特性及挥发性风味成分等进行测定。结果:随着慈姑淀粉添加量增多,鲜面条的吸水率、断条率、蒸煮损失率整体呈上升趋势,风味物质、硬度和弹性增大,但咀嚼性、胶黏性、感官品质降低;慈姑淀粉添加量为5%时鲜面条感官品质最佳,其最佳蒸煮时间为4.5 min,面条断条率为0%,蒸煮损失率为5.28%,吸水率为70.09%,色差△E^*为2.31,GC-MS检测表明慈姑淀粉鲜面条中富含烃类、醇类等风味物质。结论:添加适量的慈姑淀粉可以改善鲜面条品质。     

不同改良剂及醒发时间对马铃薯全粉面条品质特性的影响研究

采用不同改良剂和合适的醒发时间对马铃薯全粉面条品质进行改良,研究谷朊粉、海藻酸钠、食盐及不同醒发时间对面条感官品质、质构特性和蒸煮特性的影响。结果表明:加入改良剂并选取合适的醒发时间可以显著改善面条的品质,适量添加谷朊粉、氯化钠和海藻酸钠,合适的醒发时间可以提高面条的感官品质、硬度、弹性,并降低面条的蒸煮损失率。四种处理对面条感官品质影响顺序为醒发时间海藻酸钠谷朊粉食盐,对硬度的影响顺序为海藻酸钠醒发时间食盐谷朊粉,对蒸煮损失率的影响顺序为醒发时间食盐谷朊粉海藻酸钠。当醒发时间为15~60 min时,显著改善面条的感官品质、硬度、粘性及蒸煮损失率;当谷朊粉添加量为1%~3%时,显著改善面条的感官品质、硬度、内聚力、弹性和蒸煮损失率。由此可见,通过适度醒发和添加改良剂,可以显著改善马铃薯全粉面条的品质特性。     

糯小麦粉配粉对小麦加工品质的影响(Ⅱ)对面条品质影响的研究

利用1种糯小麦粉与2种非糯小麦粉配粉,研究其对配粉面条品质的影响。结果表明:糯小麦粉对面条感官评价中的色泽、食味影响较小,而对面条表观状态、韧性、黏性和光滑性影响较大。糯小麦粉的添加使得面条韧性降低,一定比例的添加有利于黏性和光滑性的改善,25%的糯小麦粉与非糯小麦粉配粉使得面条总评分最高。面条TPA测试中,糯小麦粉的添加使得面条硬度值、胶着性和咀嚼性随着配比的增加而降低,黏附性、黏聚性和回复性随着配比的增加而上升;糯小麦粉的添加还使得面条的剪切应力降低,一定比例的糯小麦配粉有利于面条延伸性的改善。     

冷冻面条制备工艺研究

制备工艺对冷冻面条品质至关重要。该研究对不同工艺所制备冷冻面条感官评分、质构测定参数及溶出率进行对比,发现冷冻面条最佳制备工艺为:将面片厚1.1 mm,面条宽3.4 mm生面条,置于蒸饭机中蒸25分钟后取出,沸水中煮4分钟至熟,冷却后在–40℃下速冻30分钟(面条中心温度达到–18℃),然在–18℃条件下冻藏。该工艺所制备冷冻面条具有最适宽度和厚度,兼具蒸和煮优点,且改进各自缺点,感官评分优良,溶出率也在合适范围内。     

荞麦面条餐后血糖的评测

研究了纯荞麦面条和市售荞麦面条的加工品质以及对小鼠餐后血糖反应的影响,通过测定面条的基本成分、蒸煮特性、质构特性、感官评定以及餐后血糖反应,来对比纯荞麦面条与市售荞麦面条在控制血糖方面的效果。结果表明,市售荞麦面条在感官评价方面虽然优于纯荞麦面条,但在控制小鼠餐后血糖方面,纯荞麦面条的血糖峰值要比市售荞麦面条晚出现15 min,而且血糖增长曲线也呈现缓升缓降的趋势,餐后血糖的波动较小;在120 min时,灌胃纯荞麦直面的小鼠血糖增长百分比比市售荞麦面条的小鼠血糖增长百分比高约20%,说明纯荞麦面条能有效的维持餐后血糖的稳定,食用纯荞麦直面更能起到一定的饱腹作用。研究表明特定加工工艺下的纯荞麦面条可作为日常膳食摄入以起到降低血糖的作用。     

EFFECT OF THE AMOUNT AND PARTICLE SIZE OF WHEAT FIBER ON TEXTURAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF RAW,DRIED AND COOKED NOODLES

ABSTRACT

Textural and rheological properties of raw, dried and cooked noodles enriched with wheat fibers were simultaneously evaluated by a texture analyzer. Increasing wheat fiber level led to an increase in the cutting force of raw and cooked noodles and a decrease in the breaking force of dried noodle as well as extensibility of raw and cooked noodles. Generally, raw, dried and cooked fiber‐enriched noodles with small fiber size had higher breaking force and extensibility and lower cutting force than that with large fiber size. The textural properties of raw noodle are good indicators to predict the strength and elasticity of dried and cooked noodles. Both three‐term Maxwell and Peleg–Normand models were found to fit well to the stress relaxation data of cooked fiber‐enriched noodle. Significant correlations were found between empirical textural properties and fundamental mechanical stress relaxation parameters.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Texture is one of the important factors affecting the quality of noodles. The increased consumption of noodles enriched with wheat bran or purified wheat fiber is proposed for health reasons. The textural properties of fiber‐enriched noodles are affected by the type, amount and size of wheat fiber. The cutting force, tensile strength and extensibility of raw noodle are good indicators to predict the strength and elasticity of dried and cooked noodles. Results of this study suggest that raw, dried and cooked fiber‐enriched noodles with good quality can be prepared by adding 4–8% fine wheat bran or 4% fine purified wheat fiber.     

襄阳牛肉面质地感官与仪器分析的相关性研究

目的 明确襄阳牛肉面质地的感官与质构特性以及关键评价指标,并探讨感官与质构特性之间的关联性。方法 采用感官评分法对12种不同品牌襄阳牛肉面质地特性进行感官评定,同时使用质构仪开展面条的拉伸实验、剪切实验以及质地剖面分析(texture profile analysis, TPA)等质构特性测定,进一步采用偏最小二乘法回归(partial least squares regression, PLSR)对感官和质构特性进行关联性分析。结果 襄阳牛肉面整体呈现爽滑劲道的感官特性,有弹性、质地较硬且略黏的质构特性。感官指标的适口性、黏性以及韧性对面条质地感官评分影响显著,不同品牌襄阳牛肉面质地的感官评分和质构指标之间均存在较强相关性,剪切硬度、剪切韧性与感官评分值、适口性(软硬度)呈现显著相关性(P<0.05)。分析结果表明影响面条感官评分和适口性的关键质构指标是剪切硬度、剪切韧性以及最大拉伸强度。结论 襄阳牛肉面质地的感官评分和质构指标剪切硬度、剪切韧性以及最大拉伸强度之间存在显著关联性。本研究为构建襄阳牛肉面的感官性状评价体系奠定了基础。     

面条水煮工艺条件的研究

通过调节烹调用水的pH 值、离子强度,考察二者对煮制面条的感官性状、出品率、溶出率的影响,以确定烹调用水中最佳食醋和食盐的添加量。分析面条质构指标、感官指标及面条出品率和溶出率间的相关性,同时对该优化水煮制的面条和普通饮用水煮制的面条做了质构分析。结果表明：面条质构指标、感官指标及面条出品率和溶出率间存在着显著的相关性,不同的水煮条件会对面条品质产生影响,当烹调用水中9°食醋添加量为1.2%(V/V)食盐添加量为0.3g/100L 时,面条的感官性状、黏附性及弹性得到改善。     

强筋小麦品种周麦33号品质性状稳定性及食品加工适用性分析

小麦品质受基因型和环境共同影响,不同品种小麦表现出不同的品质性状,环境和基因型对其影响也不相同.对2018、2019年豫、皖、苏、陕等省不同种植地区的周麦33号共31个样品的品质指标及食品加工品质进行研究分析.结果表明:31个点次的周麦33号品质表现具有地域差异,其中面筋含量、粉质稳定时间、拉伸能量、延伸性、最大拉伸阻...     

不同小麦品种面条感官质量要素研究

研究了不同小麦品种面条的感官质量要素分布及其关系.通过对全国16个省市177份小麦品种制成的面条进行感官评价,结果表明,不同小麦品种色泽的变异系数最大,变异系数为38.14％,黏性变异系数最小,变异系数为8.12％.面条感官评价质量要素之间呈显著或极显著的相关关系,其中弹性、色泽与面条总分的相关系数最大,相关系数分别为r=0.780和0.741.中国面条感官质量要素中需要改进的有色泽和弹性.