Estimation of backward impedance on low‐voltage distribution system using measured resonant current

Two estimation methods for a backward impedance of a power distribution system are proposed in this paper. According to the first method, the backward impedance is estimated based on information obtained from the frequency response of a transient current flowing into a capacitor connected to a distribution line. The backward impedance is determined from the attenuation constant and the resonant frequency calculated using the capacitance and the impedance of the power distribution system. These parameters can be reliably obtained from a frequency response of the transient current using the least square method. The accuracy of the method strongly depends on the origin on the time axis for Fourier transform. An additional estimate of the time‐origin is required for an accurate estimation of the backward impedance. The second method estimates the backward impedance using two transient current waveforms obtained by alternately connecting different capacitors to a distribution line. The backward impedance can be represented as a function of the frequency responses of these currents. Since this method is independent from the time‐origin, it is suitable for automatic measurements of the backward impedance. Proposed methods are applicable to the estimation of harmonic currents in distribution systems. In this paper, harmonic currents flowing through a distribution line are calculated based on the estimated backward impedance and on the measured values of voltage harmonics obtained by the instrument developed by the authors. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(3): 28–40, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20900     

500 kV隔离开关控制接触器频繁故障的原因分析及反事故措施

通过分析500 kV隔离开关控制接触器在操作过程中的电压、电流波形,认为在接触器线圈励磁返回瞬间,线圈回路出现的暂态冲击是造成其频繁故障的原因,提出了在接触器线圈两端加装消弧回路的反事故措施。通过对2种消弧回路的效果对比,最终选择加装二极管串联电阻的消弧回路。     

Results of lightning impulse tests for a 275‐kV full GIS substation

This paper describes the outline and results of the lightning impulse tests for a 275‐kV full GIS substation. The behavior of lightning surges is a very important factor for the rational design of substations and low‐voltage and control circuits inside the substations. For the above reason, we carried out lightning impulse tests for a new 275‐kV full GIS substation. In these tests, we measured voltage induced in low‐voltage and control circuits, transient characteristics of grounding grid, injected voltage and current waveforms, and so on. By investigating these data, we confirmed the behavior of lightning surges inside the substation. We also compared simulated waveforms by EMTP analysis with the measured waveforms. The simulated results agreed well with the measured results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(1): 46–58, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10230     

Modeling method of fast transient for unsymmetrical stray capacitance to ground

Transient characteristic of power system apparatus in a high‐frequency region should be modeled with stray capacitors. Pi‐type circuit is commonly used to represent the stray capacitors between terminals and those to the ground. A modeling method for the pi‐type circuit with unsymmetrical stray capacitances to ground is proposed in this paper. To obtain the unsymmetrical stray capacitances to ground, a couple of differential‐mode measurements are interchangeably applied. The parameters of the pi‐type circuit can be determined by the measurements with a common‐mode measurement. A nonlinear least‐squares method is used to estimate the capacitances. The method is applied to compose an equivalent circuit of a miniature circuit breaker (MCB), which has unsymmetrical stray capacitances to ground. The application is not only for the MCB but also for a scaled model of a high‐voltage circuit breaker. A gas‐filled arrester is used as a voltage sensor for the test because the voltage across the stray capacitor cannot be directly measured due to the input capacitance of a voltage probe. A transient response of the MCB with the gas‐filled arresters is numerically simulated to show the usefulness of the equivalent circuit. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Field test and EMTP simulation of transient voltages when clearing a transformer secondary fault

A field test was carried out to investigate a fault clearing transient due to current interruption of a three‐phase to ground fault at the secondary side of a 3‐MVA, 22/6.6‐kV transformer by a vacuum circuit breaker. EMTP simulations in comparison with the measured results have made it clear that the capacitance C_p of a CR divider to measure voltages reduces dv/dt of transient recovery voltage across the circuit breaker by the ratio of (C_t/(C_t + C_p) where C_t is the transformer stray capacitance. The leakage inductance evaluated from the transformer rating has been found to be noticeably greater than that determined from the measured fault current possibly due to the transformer saturation. Considering the transformer magnetizing conductance and selecting an appropriate interrupted current, EMTP simulation gives a satisfactory result compared with a field test. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(2): 40–48, 2000     

时间相关光子计数探测器电路的设计与实现

时间相关光子计数探测器作为痕量爆炸物检测器件,能有效地探测爆炸物的成分和含量。探测器电路主要包括硅光电倍增管（SiPM ）信号电路和信号放大电路。SiPM 信号电路主要功能为将爆炸物的具有指纹特征的拉曼光谱信号转换为电压信号,主要组成包括SiPM 器件、滤波降噪电容和限流电阻等。信号放大电路是将SiPM 输出的电压信号放大至可观测与统计的电信号,其核心为两级ERA‐8SM＋放大器,并配以合适的电感电容电阻,使电路在宽带宽（0．1 M Hz～1 GHz）的情况下保持增益稳定（～60 dB）。因此,本文设计的探测器电路具有高增益宽带宽的特点,具备应用价值。     

基于多元线性回归的阻性和容性电流分解

为了研究交流电压作用下非线性半导体器件和非线性绝缘电介质的绝缘状态和介电性能,提出一种阻性和容性电流分解算法。以非线性电阻和非线性电容构成的并联等效电路为研究对象,推导响应电流关于激励电压的非线性方程。通过坐标变换,将其转化成多元线性方程。利用多元线性回归方法,获得等效电路参数且实现了阻性和容性电流的分解。定性分析该算法的抗干扰能力和对非标准正弦波电压的适应能力。仿真结果表明:该算法可以准确地实现阻性和容性电流的分解;当响应电流含有55 d B的噪声时,电路参数的求解误差较小;激励电压谐波分量对电路参数的求解几乎没有影响。实验结果表明:该算法可以实现MOA阀片在交流电压作用下全泄露电流的分解。     

一种数字化冲击电压波形重构新算法

为减少数字化冲击测量系统的测量误差,分析了冲击电压经数字化冲击测量系统后被测波形产生畸变的原因;提出了一种利用离散Gabor变换展开去噪与增量维纳滤波器相结合的冲击电压波形重构算法。IEC1083-2测试数据发生器产生的波形信号的研究表明,该法可有效去除噪声,波形复原准确度和稳定性较高。     

基于动态重燃弧模型的VFTO与VFTC仿真及特性分析

为了准确分析高压开关设备操作过程中的高频、高幅值电磁干扰问题,提出了一种基于动态重燃弧模型的建模方法。利用ATP-EMTP软件建模比较了不同电弧模型下的仿真效果,探讨了燃弧电阻、线路长度、击穿延时、断口电容及燃弧电感等5种因素对仿真结果的影响规律。同时,搭建了隔离开关分合容性小电流实验线路。通过对比仿真和实测数据发现：与传统模型相比,动态重燃弧模型下暂态电压和暂态电流峰值的仿真和实测之间误差分别降低了0.64%和13.94%,且波形特征参数均在实测数据的变化范围内。表明该模型能够更准确地反映开关分合时的暂态过程,对提高开关动作过程中暂态电压和暂态电流的仿真计算精度具有重要意义。     

一种新的特高压断路器合成试验回路

特高压断路器试验方法的研究是特高压输电工程发展的基础。该文根据合成试验回路的基本原理，提出了一种新的适用于特高压断路器大容量试验的新型合成试验回路。给出了该试验回路的详细拓扑结构，介绍了回路的工作原理。根据描述开断电弧特性的麦依尔(Mayr)方程，建立参数化的PSCAD电弧电阻模型。在此基础上，对回路的开断试验过程进行仿真，得到了T100试验时的电流电压波形。对暂态恢复电压、电流过零前的变化率等进行分析，并与ABB的增强型并联引入回路(EPIC回路)和IEC试验标准进行比较。结果表明，该回路可以满足特高压断路器的开断试验要求，并具有足够高的试验等价性。     

谐振接地配电网对地绝缘参数双端谐振测量新方法

为解决谐振接地配电网对地绝缘参数测量过程中电压互感器漏阻抗和中性点对地支路阻尼电阻导致的测量误差问题,提出了谐振接地配电网对地绝缘参数双端谐振测量新方法。采用双电压互感器,通过消弧线圈内部电压互感器或零序电压互感器向配电网注入变频恒流特征信号,并从另一电压互感器测量返回的特征频率电压信号,对含阻尼电阻的零序谐振回路进行等效变换,搜索准确的系统谐振频率,实现了系统对地电容和对地泄漏电导的精确测算。该测量方法的电流注入与电压测量单元共同直接作用于对地绝缘参数支路,从原理上消除了电压互感器漏阻抗和系统阻尼电阻的影响,大幅提升了对地绝缘参数测量精度。在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真环境及某变电站10 kV侧对提出的对地绝缘参数实时测量技术进行了仿真分析与现场实验验证。分析结果表明,该方法测量精度高,不影响配电网正常供电且参数测量过程安全快捷、操作简便。     

Development of gate drive circuit for next‐generation ultrahigh‐speed switching devices

This paper describes a gate drive circuit which is capable of driving an ultrahigh‐speed switching device and of suppressing high‐frequency noise caused by its high dV/dt ratio of 104 V/μs order. SiC (silicon carbide)‐based power semiconductor devices are very promising as next‐generation ultrahigh‐speed switching devices. However, one of their application problems is how to drive them with less high‐frequency noise without sacrificing their ultrahigh‐speed operation capability. The paper proposes a new gate drive circuit specialized for such devices, which charges and discharges the input capacitance of the device by using an impulse voltage generated by inductors. This ultrahigh‐speed switching operation causes a high‐frequency common‐mode noise current in the gate drive circuit, which penetrates an isolated power‐supply transformer due to the parasitic capacitance between the primary and the secondary windings. In order to overcome this secondary problem, a toroidal multicore transformer is also proposed in the paper in order to reduce the parasitic capacitance drastically. By applying the former technique, the turn‐on time and turn‐off time of the power device were shortened by 50% and by 20%, compared with a conventional push‐pull gate drive circuit, respectively. In addition, the latter technique allows reduction of the peak common‐mode noise current to 25%, compared with the use of a conventional standard utility power‐supply transformer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(4): 52–60, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21124     

Analysis and reduction of radiated EMI noise from converter systems

It is well known that high dv/dt rates on switching devices are the source of EMI noise. This paper describes a mechanism and reduction methods of radiated EMI noise on IGBTs. The radiated EMI noise is generated by oscillating current flowing through the IGBT's output capacity and the snubber circuit, which we call equivalent circuit of radiated EMI noise. The oscillating current of the equivalent circuit is forced to flow by high dv/dt rates of IGBT switching operation. Radiated EMI noise can be analyzed by frequency evolution of oscillating current. The results of this analysis show the relationship of high‐frequency impedance of the equivalent circuit to radiated EMI noise, as well as the behavior of the IGBT's switching voltage waveform. In addition, it is indicated that using a di/dt control gate drive circuit is effective as a means for reducing radiated EMI noise. It is clarified that the standard for industrial equipment of CISPR can be satisfied by using the proposed gate drive circuit. The effects of the method have been verified by experimental and simulational results. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(1): 106–117, 2000     

用于防雷器带电试验组合波发生器电路参数的理论计算

组合波信号发生器(CWG)主要用于浪涌保护器或电子设备电磁兼容试验,要求在虚拟阻抗Z为2Ω的情况下,输出1.2/50μs开路电压波或8/20μs短路电流波。基于电路微分方程的方法对CWG等效电路进行数学计算,导出相应的数学关系,给出一套计算图表。对电路参数计算结果进行电路仿真,并将计算结果应用于实际CWG电路设计。同CWG标准参数要求比对,仿真结果最大偏差小于6%;实际设计的CWG参数最大偏差小于8%。结果表明,针对CWG电路参数的计算采用的方法是正确的,计算结果可以应用于CWG设计中电路参数的选取。     

用EMTP/ATP研究高压限流熔断器暂态过程

为正确模拟高压限流熔断器的熔断过程及熔断过程中产生的电压、电流对短路试验系统的影响,以电磁暂态分析程序EMTP/ATP为平台,以高压限流熔断器短路试验系统为研究主体,建立了含有熔断器和氧化锌避雷器的非线性电路仿真模型并对高压限流熔断器暂态过程进行了仿真分析。仿真电路中为了更加准确地模拟出熔断器电阻的复杂变化过程,采用了多个时变非线性电阻串联的方法来等效熔断器电阻。与传统的用单个时变非线性电阻等效的方法相比,该方法使熔断器暂态过程的模拟更加精确。仿真算得的熔断器暂态过程主要参数与实际试验结果比较一致,充分说明了该种方法对于模拟高压限流熔断器暂态过程的正确性。     

基于故障稳态分量的含DG配电网自适应方向电流保护方案

针对分布式电源(DG)大量接入配电网后保护可靠性低的问题,提出一种基于故障稳态分量的自适应方向电流保护方案。分析不同类型DG的故障暂态特性以及故障等值方法,计算系统短路电流所含分量,并揭示短路电流三相分量之间的关系。在此基础上,根据故障边界条件,获取系统故障稳态分量,再结合保护安装处的测量电压及测量电流,计算保护背侧等值电压和等值阻抗,构造不同故障类型下自适应方向电流保护判据。仿真结果表明该方案不受DG类型、DG出力以及系统运行方式影响,并能有效地防止电压跌落引起的延时保护拒动。     

Estimation Methods of Short Circuit Current Using Normal PMU Measurements and Field Testing

This paper proposes estimation methods for short circuit currents using phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurements (phasors). The methods follow the basic notion of representing the source side of a power system by an equivalent circuit with a voltage behind a back impedance, and employ a set of voltage and current phasors measured at substations during the normal variation of loads in their estimation. In order to improve the estimation accuracy of the proposed methods, the concept of using the changes between consecutive phasors is introduced. Furthermore, to make the methods applicable to a real‐world system, the concept of a reference phasor, used to remove the effects of system‐wide frequency variations and a filtering process to filter out the outlier phasors, is proposed and implemented. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed methods were checked and confirmed through experiments and field tests.     

Synthesis of LV load models for MV networks fast transient studies

This paper presents two techniques to obtain LV load models adapted for fast transient studies in MV networks. The first LV load model is based on CIGRE recommendations for harmonic impedance calculus while the second LV load model follows the analysis of the recorded waveforms in time and frequency domains. The results of the proposed models in ATP-EMTP environment are verified against the measured voltage and current waveforms.     

A phenomenological spice model for magneto‐impedance sensors

In this paper a lumped circuit model of magneto‐impedance (MI) sensors that can be easily implemented in Spice‐like simulators is proposed. The model is based on the equivalent circuit of a Padé's approximation derived from the impedance relied on Bessel functions. Thus, the model can simulate the transient and frequency responses from DC to several megahertz for a fix external magnetic field. Besides, the model can predict the impedance changes of the sensors as a nonlinear function of an external magnetic field via behavioral sources. This allows simulating MI sensors using magnetic feedback for controlling their response to improve linearity and dynamic range. The model has been verified using Spice simulations together with measurement results from a discrete prototype for generating the pulse voltage source, a simple modulation‐type configuration, and a feedback structure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental and analytical studies on lightning surge characteristics of ground mesh

Lightning surge characteristics of a ground mesh have an influence on electromagnetic transient behaviors in low‐voltage and control circuits. This paper describes experimental and analytical studies on lightning surge characteristics of a ground mesh. The experimental studies are carried out under various conditions. The experimental parameters considered in this measurement include earth resistances, current injection points, and injection current waveforms. These measured results are compared with calculated results based on the theoretical studies by Sunde. A comparison of the measured results with the calculated results shows good agreement. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(4): 16– 23, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20559