木薯淀粉黄原酸酯制备

以木薯淀粉为原料,研究环氧氯丙烷用量、二硫化碳用量、反应时间、硫酸镁用量等因素对淀粉黄原酸酯吸附银离子能力影响。通过正交试验,确定对木薯淀粉黄原酸酯吸附性能影响能力大小依次为:环氧氯丙烷>反应时间>二硫化碳>硫酸镁;且最优制备工艺制得木薯淀粉黄原酸酯对银离子吸附率可达97.9%。     

Preparation and structural properties of small‐particle cassava starch

Acid and enzyme hydrolyses followed by ball milling were applied to fracture cassava starch granules. Microscopic and chromatographic evidence suggested different mechanisms of the two hydrolyses. Using the enzyme process, granules with a sponge‐like structure and shells with the interior hydrolysed were produced. Amylose and amylopectin were subjected equally to multiple attacks by enzymes, with no significant change in granule crystallinity. The hydrolysed residues could not be effectively broken down by ball milling, although the crystallinity was destroyed. In contrast, the acid treatment caused superficial external corrosion, mainly at the amorphous lamellae, ie the branch points of amylopectin. Acid‐lintnerised starch granules were mostly of Degree of polymerization, DP 10–15 and exhibited increased crystallinity and brittleness, making them more susceptible to breakdown upon milling. Ball milling, although destroying some degree of crystallinity, could effectively reduce the size of acid‐hydrolysed starch, with no further degradation of amylodextrin molecules. By a combination of lintnerisation and ball milling, smaller particle starch (3–8 µm compared with 3–30 µm for native starch) could be produced. It is clear that removal of the amorphous phase prior to milling is critical for effective rupture of the granules. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Stability of native starch quality parameters,starch extraction and root dry matter of cassava genotypes in different environments

Cassava is an important food and cash crop in Malawi. It is also becoming increasingly important for industrial use. The aim of this study was to investigate the native starch quality of different Malawi cassava genotypes. Trials were conducted at Chitedze and Makoka in Malawi in the 2000/01 season. Apart from root dry matter and starch extraction, starch quality parameters considered included protein, moisture and ash contents, pH and whiteness. Various stability measures were used to deal with the problem of genotype × environment interaction. The results showed that all the cassava genotypes produced starch with no protein and with colour as white as required by the industry. Moisture and ash contents and pH fell within the industry‐recommended ranges. This suggests that native cassava starch is suitable for use in various industries. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) was strongly correlated with other measured stability parameters and is therefore recommended for stability analysis of starch quality parameters. Genotype had a larger influence than environment on root dry matter. This agrees with the hypothesis that one or a few major genes control root dry matter in cassava. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

木薯淀粉微球的制备

以木薯淀粉为材料,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)为交联剂采用反向乳化法制备木薯淀粉微球。研究了交联剂、引发剂等因素对载药量的影响,得到了最佳的制备工艺条件。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)、XRD等对所制备的木薯淀粉微球进行了表征。结果表明制备的木薯淀粉微球呈表面粗糙的圆球形,大小为10μm,载药量增加明显并且有很好的缓释作用。     

酶解木薯淀粉胶黏剂的制备及其应用

以木薯淀粉为原料,甘油为塑化剂,经α-淀粉酶水解,碳酸锆铵交联后,得到酶解淀粉胶黏剂,并将其应用于纸张涂布。结果表明,淀粉乳浓度为50%,甘油用量15%,酶用量0.075%,得到的酶解淀粉胶乳具有较好的黏结性能,取代20%SBR胶乳时,涂布纸光泽度、平滑度和白度均优于100%SBR胶乳涂布纸,同时可保持涂层的表面强度。     

Physicochemical and structural characteristics of cross‐linked banana starch using three cross‐linking reagents

Banana starch was cross‐linked using different cross‐linking reagents, phosphoryl chloride (POCl₃), sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP), and epichlorohydrin (ECH), under alkaline conditions. The reaction conditions were selected to produce similar pasting profiles. The effects of the different cross‐linking reagents on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of cross‐linked starches were evaluated. The microscopy study did not show difference on the surface of the granules. Slight decrease in the peak temperature and enthalpy were found in the cross‐linked banana starch. The chemical groups introduced in the starch molecules by the diverse reagents promoted the re‐association of starch chains during storage. The rheological analysis of all starch dispersion at 10% (flow curves) showed a non‐Newtonian shear‐thinning; pastes obtained were time‐independent, suggesting an important contribution of the continuous phase. Structural study showed that the cross‐linked STMP‐starch had the lowest level of amylose and the ratio short/long amylopectin chains. The three reagents used for cross‐linking presented different action mode on starch granule and its components.     

木薯淀粉与玉米淀粉用于生产淀粉糖浆的对比研究

根据淀粉糖的生产工艺,对比研究木薯淀粉及玉米淀粉对淀粉糖浆质量及生产成本的影响。试验结果表明,玉米淀粉作为生产淀粉糖浆的原料效果较好。     

Hydration and physicochemical properties of small‐particle cassava starch

Acid hydrolysis followed by ball milling was applied to cassava starch in order to fracture the granules. Lintnerisation led to degradation first in the amorphous domains and increased the crystallinity. The resulting increase in internal defects and brittleness made the granules more susceptible to breakage upon milling. Ball milling, although leading to some degree of crystallinity loss, could effectively reduce the size of acid‐hydrolysed starch while the total double helix remained relatively unchanged. The resulting small‐particle starch was structurally more heterogeneous (wider T_m range). Swelling of small‐particle starch was accompanied by solubilisation of water‐soluble fragments at a temperature greater than 60 °C. The properties of individual granules are strongly influenced by the hydration and physicochemical properties of their amorphous and crystalline domains. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Amaranth flour,cassava starch and cassava bagasse in the production of gluten‐free pasta: technological and sensory aspects

The objective of the present research was to analyse the combined effect of pregelatinised cassava starch and bagasse (70:30) flour, cassava starch and amaranth flour on the cooking properties of pasta, verify the acceptance and buying intention of the product with the best technological characteristics, and finally compare them with commercial products made with regular and whole wheat flour. The vermicelli‐type pasta obtained in this study in the proportion of 10:60:30 (pre‐gelatinised flour:cassava starch:amaranth flour) showed the best results in the quality tests, with a cooking time of 3 min, mass increase of 101.5% and 0.6% solids loss to the cooking water, superior to the commercial pasta. Acceptance testing showed that this was a very good pasta (score of 7.2 on a 9‐point scale) and obtained 42% buying intention amongst the consumers. The elaboration of pasta containing pregelatinised cassava starch and bagasse (70:30) flour, cassava starch and amaranth flour was shown to be a feasible alternative with respect to the technological and sensory aspects, and could be consumed by those suffering from gluten intolerance.     

Improving gel formation of rice starch added with cross‐linked resistant starch prepared from rice starch

The gel formation properties of non‐waxy rice starch with cross‐linked resistant starch with phosphate (RS4, 10, 20, and 30% based on rice starch) prepared from three rice varieties with different amylose (AM) content were investigated to increase dietary fiber content, improve gel structure, and reduce the glycemic index of rice products. The AM contents of rice starches were 1.71% in Hanganchal1, 22.47% in Nampyeong, and 33.39% in Goamy. All RS4 showed A‐type crystallinity and their RS levels were 46.91, 54.54, and 66.01%, respectively. The initial pasting temperatures of RS4 added rice starches increased as RS4 contents increased, but peak and breakdown viscosities and enthalpy change (△H) reduced. The RS4 addition improved gel shape and texture properties including hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess, except the 30% Goamy RS4 added gel. The 20% RS4 addition was appropriate to form rice starch gels. The network structure of RS4 added gel formed more regular and firmer than that of control, because RS4 granules were entrapped within the gel matrix like observed by light microscope and scanning electron microscopy. It is suggested that RS4 not only assist in forming a rigid network structure but also increasing a dietary fiber content.

     

机械活化木薯淀粉制备交联淀粉研究

采用搅拌球磨机对木薯淀粉进行机械活化,以活化60 min木薯淀粉为原料、环氧氯丙烷为交联剂制备交联淀粉;探讨机械活化时间、反应时间、反应温度、交联剂用量、体系pH值对木薯淀粉交联反应影响,通过正交实验优化制备条件。结果表明,机械活化对木薯淀粉交联反应有显著强化作用;最优制备条件为:反应时间80 min、反应温度35℃、pH=10、环氧氯丙烷用量0.10 ml;在此条件下,制得交联淀粉沉降积为0.226 ml。     

木薯淀粉微球的载药性能研究

对以木薯淀粉为主要原料所制得的淀粉微球的性能进行测定与研究,结果表明:所制得的木薯淀粉微球呈圆形,表面粗糙有孔,粒径约100μm;傅立叶红外光谱显示淀粉微球明显交联;在0.1 mol/L的盐酸、pH7.4的磷酸缓冲液以及0.9%的生理盐水中淀粉微球表现出较好的载药性能。     

绿豆微孔淀粉酶法制备工艺优化研究

以水解率为指标,研究α-淀粉酶与糖化酶复合水解绿豆淀粉制备微孔淀粉工艺条件,通过单因素和正交试验确定酶解最佳工艺条件：α-淀粉酶：糖化酶=1：3,酶用量2．0%,时间20 h,温度42℃,pH4．2。经吸水、吸油率测试,对酶解前后绿豆淀粉进行性质分析表明,微孔淀粉吸水、吸油能力明显大于原淀粉。     

Batter rheology and bread texture of sorghum‐based gluten‐free formulations modified with native or pregelatinised cassava starch and α‐amylase

The influence of α‐amylase (0–0.3 U g^?1) on the crumb properties of gluten‐free sorghum batter and bread, respectively, was investigated. The formulations were modified using native or pregelatinised cassava starch (i.e. batter A – 17% pregelatinised starch, 83% sorghum, 100% water fwb; batter B – 17% native starch, 83% sorghum, 100% water fwb; and batter C – 30% native starch, 70% sorghum, 80% water fwb). The batters had solid viscoelastic character with the storage modulus predominant over the loss modulus. Storage moduli of batter A decreased with increasing angular frequency, whereas the moduli of batters B and C were independent from the angular frequency. Increasing enzyme concentration did not affect the loss factors of the batters. Batters’ resistance to deformation, from highest to lowest, followed the order C > A > B. Increasing enzyme concentration decreased crumb firmness, cohesiveness, springiness, resilience and chewiness but increased adhesiveness. Overall, breads containing native starch had better crumb properties (i.e. springier and less firm, chewy and adhesive) than breads containing pregelatinised starch.     

Synthesis and Preparation of Crosslinked Allylglycidyl Ether‐Modified Starch‐Wood Fibre Composites

Native potato starch has been modified with allylglycidyl ether (AGE) under various reaction conditions including different sodium hydroxide and AGE concentrations, reaction temperatures and times. ¹H‐NMR and FT‐IR were used to analyze the products. AGE‐modified starch, with two degrees of substitution (DS), namely DS = 1.3 and DS = 2.3, was synthesized and used for preparation of a new family of crosslinked composites reinforced with various amounts of bleached softwood fibres. Composite premixes of modified starch, wood fibres and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDA) were cured in a hot press using 2% (w/w) of benzoyl peroxide at 150°C under high pressure for 10 min. The matrix with high degree of substitution exhibited good processability and was easily processed even for the highest fibre contents, up to 70% (w/w). In addition, scanning electron micrographs showed good dispersion and adhesion between the starch matrix with high degree of substitution and fibre. The original poor mechanical properties of the cured modified starch were markedly improved by the addition of wood fibres. In the extractions tests cured high‐DS and low‐DS composite samples showed weight losses in the range of 1 and 15% (w/w), respectively. No unreacted crosslinker ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was detected in the solutes as determined by NMR.     

硬脂酸木薯淀粉酯的理化性质研究

以木薯淀粉为原料制备硬脂酸木薯淀粉酯,研究了硬脂酸木薯淀粉酯的理化性质。结果表明,木薯淀粉经过酸解、酯化其理化性质发生了显著改变,随取代度的升高它的溶解度、透明度、乳化性及冻融稳定性都提高,糊黏度降低,同一取代度样品随温度升高黏度下降。