Effects of wheat straw fiber content and characteristics,and coupling agent concentration on the mechanical properties of wheat straw fiber‐polypropylene composites

Wheat straw fiber‐polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared to investigate the effects of wheat straw fiber content (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt %), fiber size (9, 28, and 35 mesh), and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) concentration (1, 2, 5, and 10 wt %) on the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the wheat straw fiber‐PP composites in this study. The tensile modulus and strength of the composites increased linearly with increasing wheat straw fiber content up to 40%, whereas the elongation at break decreased dramatically to 3.78%. Compared with the composites made of the longer wheat straw fiber, the composites made of the fines (>35 mesh) had a slightly higher tensile strength of 31.2 MPa and tensile elongation of 5.39% at break. With increasing MAPP concentration, the composites showed an increase in tensile strength, and the highest tensile strength of 34.0 MPa occurred when the MAPP concentration reached 10 wt %. As wheat straw fiber content increased from 0 to 40%, the flexural modulus of the composites increased gradually from 1335 to 3437 MPa. The MAPP concentration and wheat straw fiber size distribution had no appreciable effect on the static flexural modulus of the composites. The storage flexural modulus of the composites increased with increasing wheat straw fiber content. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation on the fracture surface of the composites indicated that a high wheat straw fiber content (>30 wt %) resulted in fiber agglomeration and a reduction in interfacial bonding strength. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Production and characterization of natural fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic composites using wheat straw modified with the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus

Wheat straw is an abundantly available and potentially valuable biomass that is currently under‐exploited. In this study, the feasibility of using wheat straw as a filler in high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)‐based composites was explored. Straw was treated with the white‐rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus with the aim of improving adhesion between straw and plastic, and thereby the mechanical properties of the composite. Results indicate that the use of sterilized straw is necessary to inhibit the growth of indigenous organisms that preclude, likely through competition, removal of lignin, and hence, improved bonding between straw and plastic. Light and transmission electron microscopy revealed cell wall modification in sterilized, inoculated straw. Reduced thermal stability of treated straw did not negatively affect the production of injection‐molded straw–plastic composites (SPC). Comparable interfacial adhesion, based on activation energies obtained in dynamic mechanical analysis, was observed in untreated and treated straw‐ and pine‐based thermoplastic composites. The results of this study indicate that wheat straw represents a promising alternative to wood fillers in the production of thermoplastic composites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:5191–5201, 2006     

Effects of rice straw fiber morphology and content on the mechanical and thermal properties of rice straw fiber‐high density polyethylene composites

Rice straw fiber‐high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were prepared to investigate the effects of rice straw fiber morphology (rice straw refined fiber, rice straw pellet, rice straw strand), fiber content (20 and 40 wt %), and maleic anhydride polyethylene (MAPE) concentration (5 wt %) on the mechanical and thermal properties of the rice straw fiber‐HDPE composites in this study. Rice straw refined fiber exhibited more variability in length and width, and have a higher aspect ratio of 16.3. Compared to the composites filled of rice straw pellet, the composites made of the refined fiber and strand had a slightly higher tensile strength and lower tensile elongation at break. The tensile and flexural strength of the composites increased slightly with increasing rice straw fiber content up to 40 wt %, while the tensile elongation at break decreased. With addition MAPE, the composites filled with 20 wt % rice straw fiber showed an increase in tensile, flexural and impact strength and a decrease in tensile elongation at break. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the fiber addition and morphology had no appreciable effect on the crystallization temperature of the composites but decreased the crystallinity. The scanning electron microscopy observation on the fracture surface of the composites indicated that introduction of MAPE to the system resulted in promotion in fiber dispersion, and an increase in interfacial bonding strength. Fiber breakage occurred significantly in the composites filled with refined fiber and strand after extruding and injection processing. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Properties of thermoplastic composites based on wheat‐straw lignocellulosic fillers

Lignocellulosic fractions from wheat straw were used as natural fillers in composites of a polyolefin (a copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene) and a biodegradable polyester [poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate)]. The mechanical properties of these injected composites were investigated with tensile and impact testing. A reinforcing effect of wheat‐straw residues was found for both types of composites. Compared with the polyester‐based composites, the polyolefin composites were more brittle. The addition of compatibilizing agents (γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, maleic anhydride modified polypropylene, and stearic acid) did not improve the properties of the polyolefin composites. The surface properties were studied with contact‐angle measurements, and poor interfacial adhesion was found between the hydrophilic lignocellulosic filler and the hydrophobic polyolefin matrix. Thermal characterization revealed the formation of low intermolecular bonds between the polyester matrix and the lignocellulosic filler, in agreement with the surface tensions results and scanning electron microscopy observations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 428–436, 2004     

Thermal,mechanical, and dielectric properties of aluminum silicate fiber reinforced aluminum phosphate–poly(ether sulfone) layered composites

In this study, a novel aluminum phosphate (AlPO₄) heat‐resistant layer reinforced with aluminum silicate fiber (ASF) was successfully compounded on a poly(ether sulfone) (PES) matrix via the preparation process of high‐temperature heat treatment and vacuum hot‐pressing sintering technique. The influence of the ASF content on the morphology, thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties of the as‐fabricated aluminum silicate fiber reinforced aluminum phosphate–poly(ether sulfone) (ASF/AlPO₄–PES) layered composite was investigated. The results reveal that the incorporation of aluminum silicate fiber/aluminum phosphate (ASF/AlPO₄) heat‐resistant layer can significantly improve the thermal stability and mechanical performances of the PES matrix composites. Compared with the pristine PES, the ASF/AlPO₄–PES layered composite containing 8.0 wt % ASF exhibited better high‐temperature resistance properties (300 °C) and a lower thermal conductivity (0.16 W m^?1 K^?1). Furthermore, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent of this PES matrix composite decreased to 2.16 and 0.007, respectively. Meanwhile, the frequency stability of the dielectric properties for the ASF/AlPO₄–PES layered composites was remarkably enhanced with increasing ASF addition at frequencies ranging from 10² Hz to 5 MHz. This was attributed to the existence of microscopic pores within the ASF/AlPO₄ layer and the strong interfacial bonding between the ASF/AlPO₄ layer and the PES matrix. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134 , 45542.     

Benzylated modification and dyeing of ramie fiber in supercritical carbon dioxide

The effects of pretreatment conditions, including the addition of a phase‐transfer catalyst, on the benzylation of ramie fiber were investigated in this study. Raw and benzylated ramie fibers were dyed in supercritical carbon dioxide, and the color strength (K/S) of the ramie fiber was measured by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. An obviously improved dyeing capability of the benzylated ramie fiber, that is, a better level‐dyeing property and a higher K/S, was achieved. Moreover, the color strength of the ramie fiber, indexed as the value of K/S, increased significantly with the degree of substitution of the benzylated ramie fiber. The raw and modified ramie fibers were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Mechanical behavior of agro‐residue‐reinforced polypropylene composites

In this research, fully environment‐friendly, sustainable and biodegradable composites were fabricated, using wheat straw and rice husk as reinforcements for thermoplastics, as an alternative to wood fibers. Mechanical properties including tensile, flexural, and impact strength properties were examined as a function of the amount of fiber and coupling agent used. In the sample preparation, three levels of fiber loading (30, 40, and 50 wt %) and two levels of coupling agent content (0 and 2 wt %) were used. As the percentage of fiber loading increased, flexural and tensile properties increased significantly. Notched Izod results showed a decrease in strength as the percentage of fiber increases. With addition of 50% fiber, the impact strengths decreased to 16.3, 14.4, and 16.4 J/m respectively, for wheat straw‐, rice husk‐, and poplar‐filled composites. In general, presence of coupling agent had a great effect on the mechanical strength properties. Wheat straw‐ and rice husk‐filled composites showed an increase in the tensile and flexural properties with the incorporation of the coupling agent. From these results, we can conclude that wheat straw and rice husk fibers can be potentially suitable raw materials for manufacturing biocomposite products. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Preparation and properties of L‐lactide‐grafted sisal fiber–reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites

Pretreatment of the sisal fiber (SF) grafting with L‐lactide (LA) monomer via a ring‐opening polymerization catalyzed by a Sn(II)‐based catalyst was performed to improve the interfacial adhesion between SF and poly (lactic acid) (PLA). Biocomposites from LA‐grafted SF (SF‐g‐LA) and PLA were prepared by compression molding with fiber weight fraction of 10, 20, 30, and 40%, and then were investigated in contrast with alkali‐treated sisal fiber (ASF) reinforced PLA composites and untreated SF reinforced PLA composites. PLA composites reinforced by half‐and‐half SF‐g‐LA/untreated SF (half SF‐g‐LA) were prepared and studied as well, considering the disadvantages of SF‐g‐LA. The results showed that both the tensile properties and flexural properties of the SF‐g‐LA reinforced PLA composites were improved noticeably as the introduction of SF‐g‐LA, compared with pure PLA, untreated SF reinforced PLA composites and ASF reinforced PLA composites. The mechanical properties of the half SF‐g‐LA reinforced PLA composites were not worse, even better in some aspects, than the SF‐g‐LA reinforced PLA composites. Fourier transform infrared analysis and differential scanning calorimetry analysis exhibited that both the chemical composition and crystal structure of the SFs changed after LA grafting. In addition, the fracture surface morphology of the composites was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The morphological studies demonstrated that a better adhesion between LA‐grafted SF and PLA matrix was achieved. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:802–809, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

生物降解聚酯/秸秆纤维全生物降解复合材料研究进展

介绍了玉米秸秆、水稻秸秆及小麦秸秆的利用现状，阐述了秸秆纤维的表面处理方法（物理处理法、化学处理法及其他处理法），综述了生物降解聚酯/秸秆纤维全生物降解复合材料的主要品种及性能，最后对生物降解聚酯/秸秆纤维全生物降解复合材料未来的研究及开发方向进行了展望。     

Polylactide‐recycled wood fiber composites

Polylactide (PLA)‐recycled wood fiber (RWF) composites with a small amount of silane were compounded using a kinetic‐mixer and molded using an injection molding machine. The molded PLA‐RWF composites were characterized using gel permeation chromatography, scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimeter, tensile testing machine, and a dynamic mechanical analyzer. As observed in the stress–strain plots, the amount of necking before fracture decreased with an increasing RWF content. Similarly, the strain‐at‐break also decreased with the RWF content. The tensile strength remained the same irrespective of the RWF content. Both the tensile modulus and the storage modulus of the PLA‐RWF composites increased with the RWF content. The degree of crystallinity of the PLA increased with the addition of RWF. No reduction in the number–average molecular weight (M_n) was observed for pure PLA and PLA‐10%RWF‐0.5%Silane composites after injection molding; however, substantial reduction in M_n was found in PLA‐20%RWF‐0.5%Silane composites. Finally, a theoretical model based on Halpin–Tsai empirical relations is presented to compare the theoretical results with that of the experimental results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Effect of fiber length on processing and properties of extruded wood‐fiber/HDPE composites

Fiber length and distribution play important roles in the processing and mechanical performance of fiber‐based products such as paper and fiberboard. In the case of wood–plastic composites (WPC), the production of WPC with long fibers has been neglected, because they are difficult to handle with current production equipment. This study provides a better understanding of the effect of fiber length on WPC processing and properties. The objectives of this study were therefore to determine the role of fiber length in the formation process and property development of WPC. Three chemithermomechanical pulps (CTMP) with different lengths, distributions, and length‐to‐diameter ratios (L/D) were obtained by mechanical refining. Length, shape, and distribution were characterized using a fiber quality analyzer (FQA). The rheometer torque properties of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) filled with the pulps at different loads were studied. Variations in fiber load and length distribution resulted in significant variations in melting properties and torque characteristics. Composites from the three length distributions were successfully processed using extrusion. Physical and mechanical properties of the obtained composites varied with both length distribution and additive type. Mechanical properties increased with increasing fiber length, whereas performance in water immersion tests decreased. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Influence of fiber orientation and fiber content on properties of sisal‐jute‐glass fiber‐reinforced polyester composites

The incorporation of natural fibers with polymer matrix composites (PMCs) has increasing applications in many fields of engineering due to the growing concerns regarding the environmental impact and energy crisis. The objective of this work is to examine the effect of fiber orientation and fiber content on properties of sisal‐jute‐glass fiber‐reinforced polyester composites. In this experimental study, sisal‐jute‐glass fiber‐reinforced polyester composites are prepared with fiber orientations of 0° and 90° and fiber volume of sisal‐jute‐glass fibers are in the ratio of 40:0:60, 0:40:60, and 20:20:60 respectively, and the experiments were conducted. The results indicated that the hybrid composites had shown better performance and the fiber orientation and fiber content play major role in strength and water absorption properties. The morphological properties, internal structure, cracks, and fiber pull out of the fractured specimen during testing are also investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 42968.     

Dynamic mechanical properties of oil palm microfibril‐reinforced natural rubber composites

The dynamic mechanical properties of macro and microfibers of oil palm‐reinforced natural rubber (NR) composites were investigated as a function of fiber content, temperature, treatment, and frequency. By the incorporation of macrofiber to NR, the storage modulus (E') value increases while the damping factor (tan δ) shifts toward higher temperature region. As the fiber content increases the damping nature of the composite decreases because of the increased stiffness imparted by the natural fibers. By using the steam explosion method, the microfibrils were separated from the oil palm fibers. These fibers were subjected to treatments such as mercerization, benzoylation, and silane treatment. Resorcinol‐hexamethylenetetramine‐hydrated silica was also used as bonding agent to increase the fiber/matrix adhesion. The storage modulus value of untreated and treated microfibril‐reinforced composites was higher than that of macrofiber‐reinforced composites. The T_g value obtained for this microfibril‐reinforced composites were slightly higher than that of macrofiber‐reinforced composites. The activation energy for the relaxation processes in different composites was also calculated. The morphological studies using scanning electron microscopy of tensile fracture surfaces of treated and untreated composites indicated better fiber/matrix adhesion in the case of treated microfibril‐reinforced composites. Finally, attempts were made to correlate the experimental dynamic properties with the theoretical predictions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Flammability and thermomechanical properties of dianhydride‐modified polybenzoxazine composites reinforced with carbon fiber

Composites based on carbon fiber (CF) and benzoxazine (BA‐a) modified with PMDA were investigated. The flammability of the carbon fiber composites was examined by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL‐94 vertical tests. The LOI values increased from 26.0 for the CF/poly(BA‐a) composite to 49.5 for the CF‐reinforced BA‐a/PMDA composites as thin as 1.0 mm and the CF‐reinforced BA‐a/PMDA composites were also achieved the maximum V‐0 fire resistant classification. Moreover, the incorporation of the PMDA into poly(BA‐a) matrix significantly enhanced the T_g and the storage modulus (E') values of the CF‐reinforced BA‐a/PMDA composites rather than those of the CF/poly(BA‐a). The T_g values and storage moduli of the obtained CF‐reinforced BA‐a/PMDA composites were found to have relatively high value up to 237°C and 46 GPa, respectively. The CF‐reinforced BA‐a/PMDA composites exhibited relatively high degradation temperature up to 498°C and substantial enhancement in char yield with a value of up to 82%, which are somewhat higher compared to those of the CF/poly(BA‐a) composite, i.e., 405°C and 75.7%, respectively. Therefore, due to the improvement in flame retardant, mechanical and thermal properties, the obtained CF‐reinforced BA‐a/PMDA composites exhibited high potential applications in advanced composite materials that required mechanical integrity and self‐extinguishing property. POLYM. COMPOS., 34:2067–2075, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Physicochemical changes in rice straw after composting and its effect on rice‐straw‐based composites

A composting method was applied to improve the processability of rice straw (RS) and its interfacial interaction with a biodegradable resin, hydrolyzed‐soy‐protein‐modified urea formaldehyde adhesives. The composted RS was characterized by fiber testing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. We found that the particle size of RS was reduced from 0.6–2.0 to 0.2–0.6 mm. The cellulose content decreased, and the lignin content increased; unstable bonds were decomposed after composting. All of the results were beneficial for improving the plasticity of RS. Composted RS with inoculant exhibited a higher peak degradation temperature (352 °C) than the untreated RS (347 °C). The porous structure and tissue in RS were destroyed by the microorganism. The best bonding results were obtained by the composted RS with inoculant. Compared with untreated composites, the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and tensile strength of the composites were improved by 14.94, 25.36, and 27.21%, respectively. In addition, a mechanism of the structural changes of RS during composting was also proposed. The full biodegradable composites have potential applications in agriculture toward the achievement of sustainable development. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44878.     

Effect of grafting yield and molecular weight of m‐TMI‐grafted‐PP on the mechanical properties of wood fiber filled polypropylene composites

m‐Isopropenyl‐α, α‐dimethylbenzyl isocyanate (m‐TMI) was grafted on isotactic polypropylene (PP) using di‐cumyl peroxide as a reaction initiator under varying reaction conditions to yield m‐TMI‐g‐PP coupling agent with four sets of grafting yield and molecular weight. Grafting yield of the synthesized m‐TMI‐g‐PP were 1.80%, 2.01%, 9.05%, and 8.86% and molecular weight of the corresponding grafted polymer were 129,225; [Correction made here after initial online publication.] 187,240; 124,130; and 180,838, respectively. Rubberwood flour reinforced polypropylene composites were prepared using these coupling agents and tested for mechanical properties. m‐TMI‐g‐PP coupling agent with 9.09% grafting and 124230 M_w was found to give the highest tensile and flexural strengths. Flexural modulus of the coupled composites was higher than uncoupled composites. Interfacial region of the composites characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) suggest effective wetting of fiber by PP in the case of coupled composites. The effect of fiber loading on composites indicates continuous increment in tensile and flexural strengths in coupled composites. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 44196.     

Morphology and mechanical properties of PVC/straw‐fiber coated with liquid nitrile‐butadiene rubber composites

This study exhibited an approach of high‐value utilization of straw fiber (SF) in polymer composites. The rigid poly(vinyl chloride) [PVC]/SF and PVC/SF coated with liquid nitrile‐butadiene rubber (PVC/LNBR‐SF) composites were both fabricated by melt mixing. The chemical structure and crystal structure of LNBR‐SF were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties and micro‐structure of PVC/SF and PVC/LNBR‐SF composites were also studied. FTIR and XRD results showed that the chemical structure and crystal structure of SF did not change after modifying with LNBR. The mechanical properties analysis showed that the PVC/LNBR‐SF composites exhibited better tensile strength, elongation at break and notched impact strength than those of PVC/SF composites owing to the compatibilization and toughening effect of LNBR. Scanning electron microscope results indicated that the LNBR improved the dispersion of SF in PVC matrix to some extent. The interface adhesion between SF and PVC matrix with adding LNBR was also enhanced. These results suggested that PVC/LNBR‐SF composites exhibited promising potential for practical application in substitute for wood. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 44119.     

Bio‐composites for structural applications: Poly‐l‐lactide reinforced with long sisal fiber bundles

Fully bio‐based and biodegradable composites were compression molded from unidirectionally aligned sisal fiber bundles and a polylactide polymer matrix (PLLA). Caustic soda treatment was employed to modify the strength of sisal fibers and to improve fiber to matrix adhesion. Mechanical properties of PLLA/sisal fiber composites improved with caustic soda treatment: the mean flexural strength and modulus increased from 279 MPa and 19.4 GPa respectively to 286 MPa and 22 GPa at a fiber volume fraction of V_f = 0.6. The glass transition temperature decreased with increasing fiber content in composites reinforced with untreated sisal fibers due to interfacial friction. The damping at the caustic soda‐treated fibers‐PLLA interface was reduced due to the presence of transcrystalline morphology at the fiber to matrix interface. It was demonstrated that high strength, high modulus sisal‐PLLA composites can be produced with effective stress transfer at well‐bonded fiber to matrix interfaces. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40999.     

Mechanical properties of biorenewable fiber/plastic composites

Plastic fiber composites, consisting of polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE), and pinewood, big blue stem (BBS), soybean hulls, or distillers dried grain and solubles (DDGS), were prepared by extrusion. Young's modulus, tensile and flexural strengths, melt flow, shrinkage, and impact energy, with respect to the type, amount, and size of fiber on composites, were evaluated. Young's moduli under tensile load of wood, BBS, and soybean‐hull fiber composites, compared with those of pure plastic controls, were either comparable or higher. Tensile strength significantly decreased for all the PP/fiber composites when compared with that of the control. Strength of BBS fiber composites was higher than or comparable to that of wood. When natural fibers were added there was a significant decrease in the melt flow index for both plastic/fiber composites. There was no significant difference in the shrinkage of all fiber/plastic composites compared to that of controls. BBS/PE plastic composites resulted in higher notched impact strength than that of wood or soybean‐hull fiber composites. There was significant reduction in the unnotched impact strength compared to that of controls. BBS has the potential to be used as reinforcing materials for low‐cost composites. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2484–2493, 2004     

Enhanced fracture toughness of nanostructured carbon‐fiber reinforced poly(urethane‐isocyanurate) composites at low concentrations

Carbon fiber reinforced poly(urethane‐isocyanurate)‐nanosilica composites CF‐(PUI‐NS) were manufactured by means of the vacuum‐assisted resin transfer moulding technique (VARTM) at very low NS concentrations (0–4 wt%). The high strain to failure of the PUI matrix (>7%) affected tensile tests by CF reorientation. Both the tensile strength and strain to failure were highly dependent on its kinematics. CF(PUI‐NS) caused an increase of the static toughness with a maximum improvement of tensile strain to failure and modulus of +28.8% and +39% at 1 wt% and 2 wt% of NS, respectively. The interlaminar shear strength (G_IC) of the composites showed both a deterioration of ?12.9% and an improvement of +9.9% for NS concentrations of 1 wt% and 4 wt%, respectively. Regardless of the G_IC value, all of the composites prepared with NS presented secondary maxima of the force versus displacement plots, indicating a substantial arrest of the crack propagation velocity after delamination started. Fractographic analysis revealed several features, such as fiber pull‐out, bridging as well as river patterns whereas the composites prepared with NS behaved in a more ductile fashion due to the presence of river patterns and a reduced fiber pull‐out. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1241–1250, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers