Ti-6Al-4V组织相变研究进展

钛合金因具有密度小、延展性好、疲劳性优异和断裂性能以及比强度高等优点而被广泛应用于航空航天等领域。综述了近年来国内外学者在Ti-6Al-4V固态相变理论和实验研究方面的进展情况,总结了其由β相区在不同冷却速率下所得到的相变组织,得到了hcp-α向bcc-β转变时具有伯格斯取向关系,介绍了包括马氏体相变、块型转变以及扩散相变的转变温度,当冷却速率达到525℃/s时发生马氏体相变,β相将转变为α￠相,当冷却速率为20~410℃/s时发生竞争扩散型相变β→α_m,低于20℃/s发生扩散控制相变,原始β晶粒中出现不规则的αGB、初生α集束和魏氏α组织。最后探究了新技术在Ti-6Al-4V微观相变组织中的应用。     

超高强β钛合金等温相转变特性及力学性能

近β钛合金的等温相转变具有多样性和复杂性的特点,对温度敏感性强,直接影响其时效后的力学性能.本工作所用合金为自主研发的Ti-Al-V-Mo-Cr-Zr-Fe-Nb超高强β钛合金,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、硬度计等分析表征手段对等温处理后合金的微观组织演变及力学性能进行系统研究.结果表明,合金300℃时效时只析出等温ω相,等温ω相随时效时间的延长发生长大.合金400℃时效时先析出等温ω相,随着时效时间的延长,α相依附于ω/β界面处形核.合金500℃时效时无ω相析出,针状α相直接从β基体中析出,呈"V"字形均匀分布在β基体中.400℃时效12 h时抗拉强度为1716.1 MPa,伸长率为2％.500℃时效12 h时抗拉强度为1439.8 MPa,伸长率为9.84％,具有良好的强塑性匹配.     

Ti-13Nb-13Zr钛合金板材热处理组织演变分析

对Ti-13Nb-13Zr钛合金板材固溶和时效热处理的组织变化进行了分析,结果表明,为了得到细小等轴β晶粒,推荐固溶处理制度：700℃／0．5h、水冷或空冷。为了保留过冷β相结构,为后续的时效强化做准备,推荐固溶处理工艺为800℃／0．5h、水冷。为使Ti-13Nb-13Zr钛合金达到良好的组织匹配,并且避免产生恶化合金性能的ω相,推荐热处理制度：固溶800℃／0．5h（水冷）＋时效处理560℃／8h。本结果也为Ti-13Nb-13Zr钛合金技术开发和专业生产提供参考。     

二元系β钛合金变形时的弹性行为

β钛合金具有生物适应性以及低的弹性模量,适用于人工骨等植入物.β钛合金的弹性模量,当由淬火生成α′或α"马氏体相组成时显示极小值,当生成共格ω相组成时显示极大值,当生成非共格ω相组成时再次显示极小值.人骨的弹性模量约为20GPa,现在已开发了40GPa的低杨氏模量合金.     

高温退火和时效处理对Ni47Ti44Nb9合金显微组织和马氏体相变的影响

本文用金相显微镜，电子探针和电阻率－温度曲线测试仪研究了高温退火和时效对Ｎｉ４７Ｔｉ４４Ｎｂｇ合金显微组织和马氏体相变的影响。结果表明，加热温度高于１０５０℃时，β－Ｎｂ相粒子聚集长大，但对马氏体相变并不产生明显影响。与富Ｎｉ的近等原子比Ｔｉ－Ｎｉ合金不同，Ｎｉ４７Ｔｉ４４Ｎｂｇ合金在时效过程中没有时效析出和时效硬化现象。Ｎｂ加入Ｔｉ－Ｎｉ合金中抑制了时效析出和Ｒ相变，从而降低了马氏体相变温度受热     

杂质对新型β型钛合金显微组织及其硬度的影响

β型钛合金具有良好的强度、耐腐蚀性和优越的加工性能,尤其高强度和强耐腐蚀性在核电领域有着广泛应用,本文主要通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X-衍射和能谱等工具来分析杂质元素C、O等对β型Ti-Nb-Zr合金的组织和硬度影响。C、O等杂质使得合金在α相转变成β相的相变温度提高,扩大α相相区范围,均匀化热处理后将析出α相和微量脆性ω相,使合金的硬度提高,塑性降低,加工性能恶化。     

材料状态对NiTi形状记忆合金相变行为的影响

用金相显微镜观察了冷加工和固溶状态的显微组织形貌,用示差热量扫描法(DSC)系统研究了冷加工、固溶和时效处理对近等原子比的NiTi形状记忆合金的相变温度的影响。试验结果表明,冷加工态NiTi合金组织形态呈纤维状,固溶处理后组织形态呈等轴状。冷加工带来的大量变形缺陷抑制了热弹性马氏体的相变;冷加工态NiTi合金直接进行时效发生了P→M相变;经固溶处理后再进行时效则发生了P→R→M相变。NiTi合金在不同的热处理条件下发生了不同类型的热弹性马氏体相变。分析认为,应力、位错密度及析出相对NiTi合金热弹性马氏体的相变行为有重要的影响。     

亚稳β钛合金热处理显微组织演变和元素再分配行为

研究了在不同固溶及时效热处理条件下Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-0.6Fe亚稳β钛合金的显微组织演变和元素的再分配行为。在β单相区固溶保温后炉冷至(α+β)两相区的两阶段固溶处理,合金中生成了连续粗大的α晶界(α_GB)和少量的晶内初生α相(α_p);进一步进行低温/高温两阶段的时效热处理,在低温时效过程中初步形成的ω相对在高温终时效过程中生成的次生α(α_s)片层尺寸有显著的影响。用电子探针显微分析表征热处理过程中α相和β相之间的元素再分配行为并讨论了对上述显微组织演变的影响。结果表明,在固溶热处理过程中α_GB和α_p附近的元素再分配使α相附近局部β稳定元素的含量较高,提高了该区域β基体的稳定性,在低温时效过程中出现了无ω相析出的区域。在高温终时效过程中,在ω相辅助形核的作用下晶内析出的α_s片层尺寸较小,而在α_GB附近约2μm范围内,因没有ω相的辅助生成的α_s片层尺寸较大。     

时效温度对Ti-51.1Ni形状记忆合金相变和形变行为的影响

用XRD、光学显微镜、TEM、示差扫描量热仪和拉伸试验研究了时效温度(T_(ag))对300、400、500、600℃各保温1h时效态Ti-51.1Ni形状记忆合金组织、相变、拉伸性能和形状记忆行为的影响。结果表明300～600℃时效态Ti-51.1Ni合金室温下由母相B2、马氏体B19′和析出相Ti_3Ni_4组成,显微组织形态呈等轴状,组织中存在Ti_3Ni_4析出相,随T_(ag)升高Ti_3Ni_4析出相的形貌由点状变为片状。随T_(ag)升高,Ti-51.1Ni合金冷却/加热相变类型由A→R/R→A型向A→R→M/M→A型向A→M/M→A型转变(A-母相B2,CsCl型结构;R-R相,菱方结构;M-马氏体B19′,单斜结构);R相转变温度(T_R)升高,M相转变温度(T_M)在500℃时效态后降低。随T_(ag)升高,合金的抗拉强度先升高后降低;伸长率先降低后升高。300、400℃时效态合金呈稳定超弹性(SE),500、600℃呈现形状记忆效应(SME)+SE。要使Ti-51.1Ni合金常温下呈SE,需对合金进行300℃或400℃时效处理;要使该合金在常温下呈SME,需对合金进行500℃时效处理。     

β热处理对TA15钛合金组织及性能的影响

研究了TA15钛合金两种组织在相变点以上热处理,不同冷却速度,对组织及性能的影响。结果表明,在相变点以上温度热处理,组织发生相变,随着冷却过程的进行,单一的β相组织析出集束状次生α相→次生α相长大,并形成α相域。较慢的冷却速度,对应强度较低,冲击、断裂韧性较高,塑性明显升高。     

β钛合金的强化机理

β钛合金是超高强钛合金的理想选择,其强化取决于该合金具有的晶粒和亚晶粒尺寸以及第二相的性质、体积比、分布特征等微观组织结构因素.其具体的强化机制包括位错强化、固溶强化、细晶强化及第二相强化,综述了这4种强化机制及其相互之间的影响.     

The influence of constitution and microstructure on the temperature coefficient of resistivity in Ti-base alloys

The electrical resistivity of beta titanium alloys has been examined to determine the influence of the constitution and microstructure on the temperature coefficient of resistivity (dρ/dT). The reports of previous investigations have attributed the negative value of dρ/dT in the metastable beta phase to the formation of a reversible athermal omega phase. The present investigation shows that the negative value of dρ/dT in beta stabilized Ti alloys is a singular property of the beta phase and is independent of the reversible athermal omega transformation. Variations in the value of dρ/dT due to solute concentration, modifications in constitution and microstructure, and plastic deformation have also been examined.     

Impurities block the alpha to omega martensitic transformation in titanium

Impurities control phase stability and phase transformations in natural and man-made materials, from shape-memory alloys to steel to planetary cores. Experiments and empirical databases are still central to tuning the impurity effects. What is missing is a broad theoretical underpinning. Consider, for example, the titanium martensitic transformations: diffusionless structural transformations proceeding near the speed of sound. Pure titanium transforms from ductile alpha to brittle omega at 9 GPa, creating serious technological problems for beta-stabilized titanium alloys. Impurities in the titanium alloys A-70 and Ti-6Al-4V (wt%) suppress the transformation up to at least 35 GPa, increasing their technological utility as lightweight materials in aerospace applications. These and other empirical discoveries in technological materials call for broad theoretical understanding. Impurities pose two theoretical challenges: the effect on the relative phase stability, and the energy barrier of the transformation. Ab initio methods calculate both changes due to impurities. We show that interstitial oxygen, nitrogen and carbon retard the transformation whereas substitutional aluminium and vanadium influence the transformation by changing the d-electron concentration. The resulting microscopic picture explains the suppression of the transformation in commercial A-70 and Ti-6Al-4V alloys. In general, the effect of impurities on relative energies and energy barriers is central to understanding structural phase transformations.     

The formation of omega phase in titanium and zirconium alloys: A review

The omega phase is a metastable phase which forms in alloys of titanium and zirconium with most transition metals. In this paper the available data from both alloy systems on the occurrence, the structure, the mechanism of formation, and the morphology of the phase are reviewed and compared. The effect of omega phase on the mechanical behaviour and on the superconducting properties is then discussed. It is concluded that uncertainties still exist on the mechanism of the omega transformation during quenching and on the mechanism of the effect of omega on the mechanical properties.     

Influence of beta phase decomposition on the temperature coefficient of resistivity of titanium alloys

The temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) of beta stabilized titanium alloys is sensitive to minor constitutional changes produced by quenching, ageing and precipitate reversion. The influence of omega and alpha phase precipitation on TCR is demonstrated for binary and ternary alloys of composition Ti₈₀(Nb + V)₂₀. It is concluded that TCR measurements provide a sensitive method for detecting the early stages of beta phase decomposition in these alloys.     

Omega phase formation in RMI (38-6-44) beta titanium alloy

The stabilized beta titanium alloy RMI (38-6-44) was designed to limit the formation of omega-phase during quenching and subsequent ageing. It has been shown in the present paper, however, that both athermal and thermal omega do form and that the growth kinetics of the thermal omega follows aD=Ct ^0.45 relationship. As expected from the alloy additions, the maximum volume fraction of omega phase observed is considerably less than in other beta titanium alloys and the severe embrittlement due to omega phase formation is not a serious problem in this alloy. This is an important consideration for engineering applications in the service temperature range below 900?F (480?C).     

On the decomposition of the beta phase in titanium alloys

A systematic analysis is made of the possible free energy diagrams for a binary titanium alloy consisting of a metastable beta phase, which tends to form either the alpha or the omega phase, or both. The predictions based on each of the possible free energy diagram configurations are compared with the available experimental data. Arguments are developed to show that it should be possible to nucleate an omega phase having an initial solute content less than the metastable equilibrium value and not necessarily a higher solute concentration, as suggested by other investigators. It is further shown that the observed precipitation of a solute-lean beta phase in certain binary and ternary beta alloys cannot be explained in terms of an ordinary miscibility gap resulting from a preference for bonds between like atoms rather than bonds between unlike atoms. An explanation is suggested on the basis of an early model proposed by M. K. McQuillan in which the electronic structure of the titanium atom can change with temperature leading to two possible types of bonding behaviour. On leave from Sandvik Steelworks, Sandviken, Sweden.     

钛合金中ω相变的研究进展

钛合金中的ω相及其相变对合金的组织性能影响较大,因此近年来ω相变也成为钛合金研究中的热点问题之一。从ω相的形成、分解、组织形貌以及ω相辅助α形核的角度总结归纳了相关研究报道,对比了相关模型观点的优缺点,阐述了ω相目前仍存在的学术分歧。     

外科植入物用新型医用钛合金材料设计、开发与应用现状及进展

介绍了生物医用钛合金材料的定义、分类与基本特性,综述了国内外生物医用钛合金材料的发展历程,针对改善和提高医用钛合金材料的生物相容性和力学相容性问题,重点分析和讨论了医用钛合金在合金设计、显微组织和相变控制以及表面状态优化等方面存在的不足和未来研究方向,最后介绍了新型介稳定β型钛合金在设计、开发与应用方面的最新进展。     

Designation and development of biomedical Ti alloys with finer biomechanical compatibility in long-term surgical implants

Developing the new titanium alloys with excellent biomechanical compatibility has been an important research direction of surgical implants materials. Present paper summarizes the international researches and developments of biomedical titanium alloys. Aiming at increasing the biomechanical compatibility, it also introduces the exploration and improvement of alloy designing, mechanical processing, microstructure and phase transformation, and finally outlines the directions for scientific research on the biomedical titanium alloys in the future.