多相流搅拌反应器研究进展

综述了近五年冷态气液固三相搅拌反应器的研究成果,阐明近期研究热点已转为热态多相流搅拌反应器的流体力学行为。概述了热态气液两相体系中通气功率、混合时间、局部及总体气含率的研究结果。指出今后研究重点应为热态的固液悬浮、气液传质过程及其机理,同时说明用计算流体力学（CFD）对气液固三相搅拌反应器的数值模拟仍属起步阶段。     

搅拌槽反应器内宏观和微观混合及过程强化

搅拌槽反应器广泛应用于石油、化工、制药、冶金等过程工业中,这些过程大都涉及复杂快反应,往往属于混合传递控制的多相过程,反应收率、产品分布和质量等与搅拌槽内流体流动和混合状况密切相关。通过研究各因素对混合产生的影响规律,可以指导搅拌槽的实际生产操作,以达到强化混合的目的。因此,对搅拌槽内宏观和微观混合特性的研究,对反应器的优化设计、工程放大和过程强化具有重要的意义。本工作从实验研究和数值模拟两方面对搅拌槽反应器内的宏观、微观混合及其过程强化的研究进展进行了综述,依据目前的研究现状及存在的问题,对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

内置强化循环元件的多相反应器传质特性研究

提出了一种多级导流筒的强化循环元件,研究了强化循环元件对气液固三相搅拌槽反应器内气液传质特性的影响,同时提出了比气液体积传质速率的概念,综合评价了搅拌转速、固含量以及通气速率对多相反应器内传质特性的影响,自此基础上,建立了比气液体积传质速率的经验公式,为反应器的工业放大提供了理论依据。     

气-液-固三相搅拌槽反应器模型及模拟研究进展

综述了气-液-固三相搅拌槽反应器模型和模拟的研究进展。讨论了可用于气-液-固三相流的模拟方法,三相流模型适合于气-液-固三相搅拌槽反应器的数值模拟。给出了气-液-固三相搅拌槽反应器数值模拟的研究进展,目前研究中还缺乏基于机理的相间作用力模型,常用的湍流模型不能描述搅拌槽内的各向异性,没有局部性质的实验数据导致气-液-固三相搅拌槽反应器的模型和模拟无法得到充分验证。建议在今后的研究中构建"两尺度"气-液-固三相湍流单元胞模型,扩展两流体显式代数应力模型为三流体模型,开发局部照相探针技术及相应的图像处理软件。     

搅拌槽内三相混合特性的数值模拟

利用Ansys CFX软件对自吸式龙卷流型搅拌槽内的气、液、固三相混合特性进行了研究,从速度场、固相分布、湍动能、湍动能耗散及切应变速率等方面对其进行数值模拟,并与标准搅拌槽进行对比发现:自吸式龙卷流型搅拌槽具有良好的速度分布和固液悬浮性能,其湍动能和湍动能耗散分布合理,有利于物料之间的充分接触与混合,且其主要混合区域的剪切力小、功耗低,对介质的损伤小,节能效果明显。     

粉煤灰-氢氧化钠浆液槽放大准则数值模拟研究

粉煤灰-氢氧化钠浆液槽固液两相混合效果对整条高铝粉煤灰制备氧化铝工艺生产线的顺利运行至关重要,以某单位生产现场浆液槽为基准建立了3个几何相似的搅拌槽模型,应用多相流模型对搅拌槽固液悬浮的放大准则进行了研究。模拟计算了达到均匀悬浮时搅拌槽内各项性能参数的变化情况,分析了不同放大方法的效果,计算得到一种适合于粉煤灰-氢氧化钠浆液槽固液悬浮的放大判据N∝D-0.842,在节省功耗的基础上可以使搅拌过程较好地重现。     

不同推进式桨叶对搅拌反应器内气液两相混合特性的影响

为了研究不同推进式桨叶对搅拌反应器内气液两相混合特性的影响,以某搅拌反应器的推进式桨叶为研究对象,将搅拌聚合物简化为含5%气体的清水介质,基于螺旋桨叶片设计方法和CFD流场仿真技术,采用VOF多相流模型和RNG k-ε 湍流模型,对四种推进式桨叶内部气液两相流动进行数值分析,实现了推进式桨叶参数设计和性能优化。分析设计转速在400 r/min时的径向速度、0~18 s的时间范围内气体体积分数的变化、无量纲气体体积分数以及无量纲轴向速度,来评价四种推进式搅拌反应器搅拌性能的剪切、混合、分散。研究结果表明：变螺旋角(FDC-450-γ)非对称桨叶的流动更均匀、混合速率更快和剪切分散能力能强。通过对四种不同推进式桨叶的比较分析,为后续的研究和工程实践奠定了基础。     

群体平衡方程在搅拌反应器模拟中的应用

群体平衡方程（population balance equation,PBE）是描述多相流体系中分散相大小与分布随时空变化的通用方程。搅拌反应器内多为多相流体系,考虑到颗粒聚并、破碎等微观机制对颗粒大小、分布、粒数密度等宏观参量的影响,采用PBE对搅拌槽内多相流体系进行数值模拟,可以较准确预测搅拌槽内流场和颗粒的大小与分布。对群体平衡方程在搅拌反应器数值模拟中的应用进行了综述,在简要介绍PBE的基本形式后,讨论了PBE的主要数值求解方法,然后着重介绍近年来采用PBE对搅拌槽内液固沉淀过程、气液及液液体系进行数值模拟的情况,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

群体平衡方程在搅拌反应器模拟中的应用

群体平衡方程(population balance equation,PBE)是描述多相流体系中分散相大小与分布随时空变化的通用方程。搅拌反应器内多为多相流体系,考虑到颗粒聚并、破碎等微观机制对颗粒大小、分布、粒数密度等宏观参量的影响,采用PBE对搅拌槽内多相流体系进行数值模拟,可以较准确预测搅拌槽内流场和颗粒的大小与分布。对群体平衡方程在搅拌反应器数值模拟中的应用进行了综述,在简要介绍PBE的基本形式后,讨论了PBE的主要数值求解方法,然后着重介绍近年来采用PBE对搅拌槽内液固沉淀过程、气液及液液体系进行数值模拟的情况,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

多相光催化反应工程介绍

多相光催化反应工程是化学反应工程学科的新领域.对近年来国内外有关多相光催化反应器模拟和设计研究现状进行了总结,探讨了辐射能传递行为、反应动力学和反应的温度效应;阐述了多相光催化反应器的设计因数,包括光源、几何形状、制造材料、热交换、混合和流动特性以及催化剂的放置;介绍了气固相和气液固3相光催化反应器的类型并分析了优缺点.认为现今反应器的设计方法仍然是用经验和半经验近似处理,仍需进行大量的基础研究和开发工作,以促进多相光催化技术的应用.     

Design and optimisation of batch and semi-batch reactors

This paper addresses a systematic methodology for batch and semi-batch reactor design and optimisation for both ideal and non-ideal mixing. It can be applied to non-isothermal and multiphase systems. The method starts from a general representation in the form of a temporal superstructure based on the similarity of between plug flow reactors and ideal batch reactors. The temporal superstructure of a batch reactor exists in both the space and time dimensions. For non-ideal mixing, this paper addresses a mixing compartment network model to represent mixing inside reactors. The mixing compartment network is then included into the temporal superstructure to model non-ideally mixed batch reactors and the mixing pattern optimised with the other variables. Besides the operation variables for batch reactors, this method can also suggest the optimum mixing pattern and promising reactor configurations for mechanical design. A profile-based approach is proposed to make a search of the profiles for temperature, pressure and feed addition. This approach starts from a set of initial profiles of temperature, pressure and feed addition. Then the performance of the batch reactor is evaluated against the objective function under different profiles. An optimal set of profiles is then found by this profile searching process. A stochastic optimisation technique based on simulated annealing is employed to obtain optimal solutions. This method is also extended to multiphase reaction systems based on the concept of shadow reactor compartments. A number of case studies are presented to illustrate the use of the proposed methodology.     

Über die Auswahl von Polymerisationsreaktoren

Choice of polymerization reactors . Industrial syntheses of polymers always yield a highly complex product whose adequate characterization often requires application-oriented tests in addition to chemical and physical parameters. In contrast to the synthesis of low-molecular mass substances subsequent corrections, e. g. by distillation or crystallization, are usually impossible. Extremely detailed reaction control is of paramount importance. Polyreactions can be classified according to kinetic aspects (monomer linkage with and without termination reaction, linkage of polymers). Apart from homogeneous bulk polymerization, there are the heterogeneous processes of precipitation-, bead-, and emulsion-polymerization. The polymerization reactors can be assigned to the known ideal types (batch reactor, continuous plug flow reactor, series of stirred tanks, and continuous stirred tank reactor). High viscosity often thwarts thorough mixing in bulk polymerization and segregation may occur. The article surveys the variants of the reactor types used for various polyreactions and polymerization processes in industry and examines the reasons for this choice. Most commonly used is the batch reactor, followed by the cascade of stirred tanks. Continuous polymer-linkage (polycondensation, polyaddition) is frequently performed in a series of several different kinds of reactors.     

Novel Gas-Liquid-Solid Reactors

Multiphase reactors involving gas, liquid, and solid phases have several important applications in the chemical industry, particularly in catalytic processes. Some of the well-known examples are: hydrogenation and oxidation of organic compounds, hydro-processing coal-derived and petroleum oils, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and methanation reactions. Due to the presence of three phases, the problem of reactor design is often important to achieve effective mass and heat transfer as well as a mixing pattern favorable to the particular process. The reactors are mainly of two types: (a) solid catalyst is suspended either by mechanical agitation or gas-induced agitation and (b) solid catalyst is in a fixed bed with concurrent or countercurrent feed of gas and liquid re-actants. The reactor types conventionally used in industry are: (a) mechanically agitated or bubble column slurry reactors and (b) trickle-bed or packed-bed bubble reactor. The various design and modeling aspects of these reactors have been reviewed by Satterfield [1], Chaudhari and Ramachandran [2], Shah [3,4], Ramachandran and Chaudhari [5], Shah et al. [6], and Herskowitz and Smith [7]. In several industrial processes these reactor designs are modified to achieve a certain specific objective, such as better heat or mass transfer, higher catalyst efficiency, better reactor performance and selectivity, etc. Similarly, specially designed reactors are often used for laboratory kinetic studies or to understand a certain phenomenon. Thus, novel multiphase reactors are becoming important from both academic and industrial viewpoints. Some of the recently introduced novel gas-liquid-solid reactor types are: (a) loop recycle slurry reactors, (b) basket-type reactors, (c) ebullated-bed reactors, (d) internal or external recycle reactors, (e) multistage slurry or packed-bed reactors, (f) column reactors with sieve trays or multiple agitators, (g) gas-induced agitated reactors, and (h) horizontal-packed-bed reactors. are being used in several new commercial processes, and various design aspects, such as hydrodynamics and mass and heat transfer, have been the subject of investigations in the last few years. However, no attempt to review the scattered information on these novel gas-liquid-solid reactors has been made. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review important developments in novel gas-liquid-solid reactors. For each type of reactor, advantages, disadvantages, and applications are discussed. Further, the status of information on hydrodynamics and mass transfer parameters and scale-up considerations is reviewed. These novel reactor designs are being used in several new commercial processes, and various design aspects, such as hydrodynamics and mass and heat transfer, have been the subject of investigations in the last few years. However, no attempt to review the scattered information on these novel gas-liquid-solid reactors has been made. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review important developments in novel gas-liquid-solid reactors. For each type of reactor, advantages, disadvantages, and applications are discussed. Further, the status of information on hydrodynamics and mass transfer parameters and scale-up considerations is reviewed.     

Novel Gas-Liquid-Solid Reactors

Multiphase reactors involving gas, liquid, and solid phases have several important applications in the chemical industry, particularly in catalytic processes. Some of the well-known examples are: hydrogenation and oxidation of organic compounds, hydro-processing coal-derived and petroleum oils, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and methanation reactions. Due to the presence of three phases, the problem of reactor design is often important to achieve effective mass and heat transfer as well as a mixing pattern favorable to the particular process. The reactors are mainly of two types: (a) solid catalyst is suspended either by mechanical agitation or gas-induced agitation and (b) solid catalyst is in a fixed bed with concurrent or countercurrent feed of gas and liquid re-actants. The reactor types conventionally used in industry are: (a) mechanically agitated or bubble column slurry reactors and (b) trickle-bed or packed-bed bubble reactor. The various design and modeling aspects of these reactors have been reviewed by Satterfield [1], Chaudhari and Ramachandran [2], Shah [3,4], Ramachandran and Chaudhari [5], Shah et al. [6], and Herskowitz and Smith [7]. In several industrial processes these reactor designs are modified to achieve a certain specific objective, such as better heat or mass transfer, higher catalyst efficiency, better reactor performance and selectivity, etc. Similarly, specially designed reactors are often used for laboratory kinetic studies or to understand a certain phenomenon. Thus, novel multiphase reactors are becoming important from both academic and industrial viewpoints. Some of the recently introduced novel gas-liquid-solid reactor types are: (a) loop recycle slurry reactors, (b) basket-type reactors, (c) ebullated-bed reactors, (d) internal or external recycle reactors, (e) multistage slurry or packed-bed reactors, (f) column reactors with sieve trays or multiple agitators, (g) gas-induced agitated reactors, and (h) horizontal-packed-bed reactors. are being used in several new commercial processes, and various design aspects, such as hydrodynamics and mass and heat transfer, have been the subject of investigations in the last few years. However, no attempt to review the scattered information on these novel gas-liquid-solid reactors has been made. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review important developments in novel gas-liquid-solid reactors. For each type of reactor, advantages, disadvantages, and applications are discussed. Further, the status of information on hydrodynamics and mass transfer parameters and scale-up considerations is reviewed. These novel reactor designs are being used in several new commercial processes, and various design aspects, such as hydrodynamics and mass and heat transfer, have been the subject of investigations in the last few years. However, no attempt to review the scattered information on these novel gas-liquid-solid reactors has been made. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review important developments in novel gas-liquid-solid reactors. For each type of reactor, advantages, disadvantages, and applications are discussed. Further, the status of information on hydrodynamics and mass transfer parameters and scale-up considerations is reviewed.     

CFD simulation of liquid-phase mixing in solid-liquid stirred reactor

A comprehensive CFD model was developed to gain an insight into solid suspension and its implications on the liquid-phase mixing process in a solid-liquid stirred reactor. The turbulent solid-liquid flow in a stirred reactor was simulated using a two-fluid model with the standard k-ε turbulence model with mixture properties. The multiple reference frames (MRFs) approach was used to simulate impeller rotation in a fully baffled reactor. The computational model with necessary sub-models was mapped on to a commercial solver FLUENT 6.2 (of Fluent Inc., USA). The predicted solid concentration distribution was compared with the experimental data of Yamazaki et al. [1986. Concentration profiles of solids suspended in a stirred tank. Powder Technology 48, 205-216]. The computational model was then further extended to simulate and understand the implications of the suspension quality on liquid-phase mixing process. The computational model and the predicted results discussed here will be useful for understanding the liquid-phase mixing process in stirred slurry reactors in various stages of solid suspension.     

撞击流反应器内涡特性研究进展

撞击流技术具有良好的混合效果,广泛应用于能源、环保、化工等工程领域。由于撞击流反应器流场内存在大量无序的湍流涡结构,使其具有良好的混合效果。本文基于撞击流的混合原理,详细叙述了撞击流反应器内不同混合尺度下的混合过程以及涡的演变对混合的影响。结合实验和数值模拟等研究结果,阐述了不同类型撞击流反应器和撞击流反应器多相流场涡特性,归纳了撞击流反应器流场涡的特点。论述了撞击流反应器涡的产生和脱落机理。着重对圆柱射流、平板射流和撞击流流场内涡特性的本征正交分解（POD）分析进行总结,利用流场能量的角度揭示涡演化和消散规律。最后,对开发新型撞击流反应器、优化分析方法等研究前景进行展望。     

Bubble-size distributions and interfacial areas in a jetloop reactor for multiphase catalysis

Jetloop reactors show specific properties, such as intensive mixing and effective gas dispersion, which make them an interesting alternative for conventional reactor concepts in homogeneous multiphase catalysis. This contribution investigates the effect of specific power input and common additives in multiphase catalysis on bubble-size distributions in the draft tube and riser section of a miniplant-scale jetloop reactor and elucidates the coalescence during circulation. Finally interfacial areas are calculated and compared to standard reactors.     

气升式环流反应器内传质行为的分析与测量

1 INTRODUCTION Airlift loop reactors have emerged as one of the most promising devices in chemical, biochemical and environmental engineering operations. Its main ad-vantages over conventional reactors include excellent contact among different phases, ease of removal or replenishment of particles, and high heat and mass transfer rates[1]. High gas-liquid contacting area and favorable flow pattern are the attractive features of this type of three-phase contactors. Typical processes that ca…     

Mixing performance comparison of milliscale continuous high‐shear mixers

Mixing performance of two continuous flow millilitre‐scale reactors (volumes 9.5 mL and 2.5 mL) equipped with rotor‐stator mixers was studied. Cumulative residence time distributions (RTD) were determined experimentally using a step response method. Distributions were measured for both reactors by varying impeller speed and feed flow rate. The mixing effect was determined by measured RTDs. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were used to verify that the residence time distribution in the measurement outlet agreed with the outlet flow. The mixing power of both reactors was determined using a calorimetric method. The reactor inlet flow rate was found to affect mixing performance at 1–13 s residence times but the effect of impeller speed could not be noted. Both milliscale reactors are close to an ideal continuous stirred‐tank reactor (CSTR) at the studied impeller speed and flow rate ranges. The specific interfacial area was found to depend on the reactor inlet flow rate at constant impeller speed for the case of copper solvent extraction.