循环流化床中C类颗粒连续干燥的研究

循环流化床(CFB)作为一种新兴反应器,其结构简单、气固接触效率高、处理量大,成为气固二相干燥应用研究的新方向.文中在自建的循环流化床(内径0.104 m×高2.35 m)内,以玉米淀粉(dp=8 μm,ρp=800 kg/m3)为C类颗粒,进行了连续干燥.实验初步研究了进料速率、进风温度及气速等操作参数对淀粉平均停留...     

循环流化床C类颗粒干燥特性研究

在循环流化床(CFB,内径0.104 m×高2.35 m)内,以淀粉、碳酸钙、氧化铝为对象,研究物料特性对循环流化床干燥速率和分离速率的影响;以氧化铝为对象,研究粒径和干燥介质湿度对循环流化床干燥和分离特性的影响。结果表明:循环流化床适用于不同特性的C类颗粒干燥和分离;碳酸钙干燥速率较大、易分离,氧化铝和玉米淀粉干燥速率较小;气速对玉米淀粉和氧化铝的干燥速率影响较大;在实验操作范围内平均干燥速率和分离速率随粒径增大而增加,随干燥介质湿度增加而降低。     

液体粘度对气液固三相循环流化床颗粒循环速度和流型特征速度的影响

实验的三相循环流化床以玻璃珠 (dp = 0.48 mm, ρs = 2460 kg(m(3) 和苯乙烯颗粒 (dp = 1.45mm, ρs = 1264 kg(m(3)为固相,空气为气相,水、0.05%、0.20% (mass) CMCS (羧甲基纤维素钠)水溶液为液相.实验研究了液体粘度、表观液体速度、表观气体速度、辅助液体速度及颗粒密度对颗粒循环速度的影响.随着液体粘度的增加,颗粒循环速度增加;随着表观液体速度和辅助液体速度增加,颗粒循环速度都增加;随着表观气体速度的增加,颗粒循环速度减小.低密度颗粒系统同高密度颗粒系统相比,低密度颗粒系统能提前从三相传统流型进入三相循环流型.实验还研究了液体粘度对低密度颗粒的起始液体速度和过渡液体速度的影响,为得到三相循环流化床的流型图提供了可靠的依据.     

循环流化床操作特性的研究

在直径φ305/φ200的循环流化床中,于较宽的气速范围内(1.50～11m/s)测量了颗粒循环速率及床层压力梯度的变化,实验采用的七种颗粒分属于 Geldart 分类的 A.B.D 类。根据颗粒在气体中达到饱和夹带及床层压力梯度达到最小时的气速,确定了由传统密相流化床向循环流化床的转变速度 u_(tr)及循环流化床向稀相气力输送的转变速度 u_(pt)。u_(tr)0.203(gd_p)~(1/2)(G_(g)D_F/μ_(g) ρ_s-ρ_f/ρ_f)~(0.193)(D_F/d_p)~(0.328)u_(pt)=0.508(gd_p)~(1/2)(G_(g)D_F/μ_(g) ρ_s-ρ_f/ρf)~(0.138)(D_F/d_p)~(0.471)结果表明,循环流化床的适宜操作区域,不仅与颗粒物性有关,而且受颗粒循环速率的影响。随状颗粒物性的不同,循环流化床气固流动行为不同,并且可出现“絮状物型”或“分散型”两种流动状态,其间的转变速度 u_(ft)实验得到为;u_(ft)=0.464(gd_p)~(1/2)(G_(g)D_F/μ_(g) ρ_f/ρ_s-ρ_f)~(0.154)(D_F/d_p)~(0.737)     

方形截面循环流化床出口效应的实验研究

在0.27 m(长)×0.27 m(宽)×10 m(高)方形截面循环流化床冷态实验台上,针对三个不同的表观气速(Ug=6.0 m/s,6.8 m/s,7.6 m/s),考察了半弯道光滑出口和T形突变出口两种不同结构对系统颗粒循环流率以及床内颗粒浓度分布的影响.实验得到的系统颗粒循环流率Gs=60 kg/m2s～170 kg/m2s.结果表明:两种出口结构下,系统颗粒最大循环流率都随主床表观气速的增加而增加;半弯道光滑出口结构下得到的最大循环流率大,其对应的最大循环流率分别为136kg/m2s,162 kg/m2s和170 kg/m2s;床内颗粒浓度为底部浓顶部稀的分布,T形出口的约束效应使出口附近产生了一个颗粒增浓的区域.     

基于时变性聚团识别方法的高密度循环流化床内聚团分布特性

为研究高密度提升管内的聚团分布特性,在18 m高循环流化床提升管系统中测定了不同固体循环速率下(G_s=100～1800 kg·m^-2·s^-1)的瞬时颗粒浓度。采用基于时变性的聚团识别方法对聚团进行识别,进而得到了聚团浓度、聚团持续时间和聚团速度在提升管中的分布。研究结果表明,高密度循环流化床中的颗粒浓度和聚团特性参数和与低密度循环流化床相比存在较大差异。高密度条件下,提升管内聚团浓度最高可达0.41。聚团持续时间最高可达5.5 ms。提升管截面内的聚团净向上运动,r/R=0.949时,聚团的净运动速度高达1.83 m·s^-1。此外,在极高的颗粒循环速率下(G_s=1800 kg·m^-2·s^-1),聚团特性参数的轴径向分布变得更均匀。     

下行床弧面锥体气固分离装置的分离效率实验

以FCC颗粒为物料，实验研究了在气固并流下行循环流化床(f=37 mm, H=5 m)中，气固两相分离装置的结构、颗粒循环量、表观操作气速对分离器气固分离效率的影响. 结果表明，在气固并流下行系统中，采用弧面锥体气固分离装置，内加导流板，在气速为1~5 m/s，颗粒循环速率20~90 kg/(m2.s)条件下，可使气固分离效率达到99%以上，压力损失小于500 Pa.     

循环流化床底部加速段特性的研究

在直径为φ260mm 的循环流化床中,采用工业 FCC(Y—7)催化剂,于气速1.45～4.71m/s 范围内测量了颗粒循环速率及循环床沿轴向的压力分布。根据轴向压力分布的分段特性,确定了循环床底部加速段的长度。引入了粒子团聚度系数 C 的概念,用所提出的模型对加速段内颗粒的加速规律进行了模拟计算。计算结果与实验数据吻合较好,并得出最合适的 C_(z)关系式为:C_(z)=C_(n)exp(-bZ)     

Na2SO4循环流化床蒸发器中的颗粒碰撞行为和传热性能

将流化床换热防垢节能技术和Na₂SO₄蒸发过程相结合,设计并构建了1套Na₂SO₄循环流化床蒸发装置。选用质量分数为20%的Na₂SO₄溶液作为液相工质,采用聚甲醛(POM)和碳化硅(SiC)颗粒作为惰性固体颗粒,考察了颗粒类型、颗粒加入量(1%～3%)、循环流速(0.37～1.78 m·s^-1)和热通量(7.29～12.14 kW·m^-2)等操作参数对于颗粒的碰撞行为和蒸发器传热性能的影响。研究结果表明,POM和SiC颗粒的加入均可以强化传热。实验范围内,POM和SiC颗粒的最大增强因子分别为9.5%和13.4%,所对应的操作参数分别为ε=1%,u=1.78 m·s^-1,q=7.29 kW·m^-2和ε=3%,u=0.37 m·s^-1,q=12.14 kW·m^-2。液相和固相碰撞加速度信号的特征频率范围分别为0～1 000 H...     

湿污泥颗粒的流化床干燥实验及模型

在鼓泡流化床内以河砂为干燥介质,对单颗粒湿污泥的流态化干燥特性进行实验研究,得到了流化床温度、污泥初始水分、污泥粒径及流化速度对干燥速率的影响规律：流化床温度及污泥粒径对干燥速率的影响都呈指数规律;污泥的水分越大,干燥速率越大;在鼓泡流化床流化速度达到2倍临界流化速度以上时,充分流化,流化速度再增大(2~5倍临界流化速度)对干燥速率没有明显影响. 在基本的扩散传质理论的基础上,利用实验数据回归得到湿污泥在鼓泡流化床内干燥的半经验模型,为流化床污泥干燥器的设计提供了基础数据和依据.     

Pneumatic Drying of Iron Ore Particles in a Vertical Tube

The drying and hydrodynamic characteristics of iron ore particles in a vertical pneumatic conveying dryer (0.078 m ID × 6.0 m high) have been determined. The pressure drop decreases along the height at the acceleration region, while it remains constant irrespective of the height in the fully developed region. The degree of particle drying in the dilute pneumatic region increases with increasing superficial inlet gas velocity at constant inlet gas temperature and solid injection rate. However, it decreases with increasing solid injection rates at identical superficial inlet gas velocity and inlet gas temperature. The degree of particle drying increases from 48.6 to 82.5% as the inlet gas temperature increases from 100 to 400 °C.     

Pneumatic Drying of Iron Ore Particles in a Vertical Tube

Abstract

The drying and hydrodynamic characteristics of iron ore particles in a vertical pneumatic conveying dryer (0.078 m ID × 6.0 m high) have been determined. The pressure drop decreases along the height at the acceleration region, while it remains constant irrespective of the height in the fully developed region. The degree of particle drying in the dilute pneumatic region increases with increasing superficial inlet gas velocity at constant inlet gas temperature and solid injection rate. However, it decreases with increasing solid injection rates at identical superficial inlet gas velocity and inlet gas temperature. The degree of particle drying increases from 48.6 to 82.5% as the inlet gas temperature increases from 100 to 400 °C.     

Drying characteristics of starch in an inert medium fluidized bed

The effects of gas velocity (0.32 to 0.67 m/s), inlet gas temperature (25 to 100 °C) and the mass ratio of starch to inert particles (0.1 to 0.4) on the drying rate of starch in a 0.083 m-ID × 0.80 m-high inert medium fluidized bed were investigated. The drying mechanism in an inert medium fluidized bed can be classified into adhesion-dispersion, evaporation and disintegration steps. The drying rate increases with the increasing inlet gas temperature and velocity; the rates being about 10 times those reported for an agitated pan dryer. However, the drying rate decreases slightly as the mass ratio of starch to inert particles increases. Also, the drying rate exhibits a maximum at an optimum bed porosity. The drying rate data obtained in an inert medium fluidized bed have been correlated with the relevant dimensionless groups, i.e. Stefan and particle Reynolds numbers based on the theory of isotropic turbulence.     

Drying characteristics of millet in a continuous multistage fluidized bed

The effects of gas velocity, inlet gas temperature and the solid feed rate on the drying efficiency, the outlet solid moisture content, bed temperature in each stage, the outlet gas humidity and temperature in a rectangular acryl multistage fluidized bed (0.172 m×0.192 m×1.5 m-high) with a downcomer (0.04 m-I.D.) were investigated. The experiments were performed by using 1.9 mm millet particles. The final moisture contents of the solids increased with increasing the solid feed rate. The drying efficiency increased with increasing the wetted solid feed rate but decreased with increasing the inlet gas temperature. The drying performance of the multistage fluidized bed was compared with the single-stage fluidized bed and found to be superior under identical operation conditions. The model predicted values were well matched with the experimental data in the multistage fluidized bed dryer. This paper is dedicated to Professor Dong Sup Doh on the occasion of his retirement from Korea University.     

Modeling and Drying of Carton Packaging Waste in a Rotary Dryer

This research aims at modeling the rotary drying of carton packaging waste and analyzing the energy performance of the process. Drying data were obtained in a semi-pilot rotary dryer, 0.45 m diameter and 2.7 m rotating drum long, operating with an air velocity of 1 m/s and air inlet temperature of 90°C and 10 rpm. Under the operating conditions employed, the analysis of the data showed that the energy performance of the drying process increased from 5 to 75% as the inlet wet solid feed rate increased from 1.8 to 19 kg/h. In addition, at this latter wet-solid feed rate, the reduction of the air velocity in the dryer to 0.8 m/s also led to an increase in the performance of drying process from 80 to 94%. Furthermore, with a 95% confidence interval, the model used was adequate to predict the air and solid temperature as well as the air humidity and the solids moisture content.     

Simulation Study for Pneumatic Conveying Drying of Sawdust for Pellet Production

Pneumatic conveying drying (PCD) is a combination of heat and mass transfer and pneumatic handling technology. This technology has been extensively used in chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries, as well as many others. The PCD technique is beneficial for agricultural products, because it can achieve high-quality drying with reduced heat damage in a very short time. In this study, one-dimensional and three-dimensional mathematical models for the drying of sawdust particles in a pneumatic dryer were developed and verified with experiments. The three-dimensional modeling was done with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package (ANSYS FLUENT, Ver. 13.0, Ansys, Inc.), in which the gas phase is modeled as a continuum using the Euler approach, and the droplet/particle phase is modeled by a discrete phase model with a Lagrange approach. One-dimensional analysis was performed in MATLAB (Ver. 7.0). The experiments were carried out to validate the model in a pneumatic dryer with a horizontal length of 1 m, vertical height of 1.1 m, and diameter of 0.14 m. Sawdust, a raw material used for producing pellets, was prepared from well-seasoned pinewood timber. The initial moisture content of the sawdust was 22% (wb). The hot air inlet temperature in the dryer was fixed at 100°C. The variations in air pressure, air velocity, air temperature, and particle moisture content were investigated along the length of the dryer. The final moisture contents of sawdust and air temperature were reduced by 2% (wb) and 5°C, respectively. The simulated values were in good agreement with the experimental values. The developed model was then employed for the design of a pilot-scale pneumatic dryer (length 7 m and diameter 0.14 m). The final moisture content of the sawdust particles was reduced to 14% (wb) when the dryer length was increased from 1 to 7 m. In addition, the modeling was performed using buffers in the pilot-scale dryers. The use of a buffer noticeably increased the drying efficiency.     

One-dimensional phosphate flash dryer model for design application

The present paper studies the design of a bench scale flash dryer for phosphate particles using a one-dimensional steady-state model. The model was based on the two-fluid theory considering momentum, heat, and mass transfer between the solid and gas phases for a dilute gas–solid suspension flow and for which solid interactions were neglected. The set of coupled nonlinear differential equations of the model was solved using a Runge–Kutta method. A sensitivity analysis for inlet air and solid velocity, air temperature and pressure, air and solid moisture content, and for tube diameter and length was performed to design phosphate bench scale flash dryer to reduce the solid moisture content from 18 to 2%. An analysis of the results enabled choosing the appropriate conditions for experiments of phosphate drying for a hot air stream inlet of 200°C, in a flash dryer of 1.7?m length and 0.2?m internal diameter.