一种新型共混复合纳滤膜的制备及性能研究

以海藻酸钠(ALG)和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)共混液为活性层铸膜液,聚砜(PSF)超滤膜为基膜,环氧氯丙烷(ECH)的乙醇溶液为交联剂,采用涂敷和交联的方法制得一种新型复合纳滤膜,利用红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和接触角测量仪等检测手段对复合膜进行了结构和性能的表征。结果表明,在1.0 MPa压力和30 L?h-1料液流量操作条件下,该复合纳滤膜对1000 mg?L-1 Na2SO4溶液的截留率为97.1%,通量17.3 L?m-2?h-1。以ALG和CMC共混液制备的复合纳滤膜比单一材料膜有更致密的膜面结构,截留率更高。该纳滤膜对不同无机盐的截留性能不同,表现出荷负电膜截留性能,这主要决定于荷电膜与电解质离子之间的静电作用力。     

戊二醛交联的壳聚糖硫酸酯/聚砜复合纳滤膜的制备及截留特性

采用均相合成的方法制备了一种典型的两性聚电解质--壳聚糖硫酸酯(SCS).以SCS的水溶液为复合纳滤膜活性层铸膜液,戊二醛为交联剂,聚砜超滤膜为基膜,采用涂敷与交联的方法制备了壳聚糖硫酸酯/聚砜(SCS / PSF)复合纳滤膜,采用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)对其表面和断面结构进行了表征, 并研究了活性层铸膜液的组成及制备条件对复合膜截留性能的影响.所制得的复合NF膜在13～15℃、0.30 Mpa下,对1000 mg·L-1Na2SO4和NaCl 溶液的截留率分别为91.2%、48.5%,通量分别为3.2、6.7 kg·m-2·h-1.SCS/PSF 系列复合膜对无机盐的截留顺序为: Na2SO4 ＞ NaCl ＞ MgSO4 ＞ MgCl2.实验结果表明SCS/PSF复合膜表面活性层因吸附电解质溶液中的阴离子而荷负电,并由此决定其对无机盐的截留性能.     

浸渍-界面聚合法制备荷电镶嵌膜

以聚醚砜为基膜,以荷正电的高分子材料聚环氧氯丙烷胺及荷负电的2,5-二胺基苯磺酸混合水溶液(无机相)与三酰氯的正己烷溶液(有机相)通过浸渍-界面聚合反应,合成了一种新型的荷电镶嵌膜.实验考察了荷电剂浓度、单体的浓度、界面聚合反应时间和热处理温度等因素对膜性能的影响.研究结果表明,优化工艺下所制备的荷电镶嵌膜具有良好的性能.在0.4 MPa下,膜对无机盐的截留率均低于40%,对PEG1000的截留率则达到了94.02%,该膜的纯水通量为11.1 L·m-2·h-1;能截留低分子量有机物而透过盐,表明该膜可以用于有机物与盐混合溶液的分离.     

聚电解质涂层/纳米纤维膜复合滤膜的制备

以静电纺丝法制备的PAN纳米纤维多孔膜为基膜,以层层自组装成膜技术制备的壳聚糖-海藻酸钠聚电解质涂层为表面选择性涂层,成功制备了聚电解质涂层/纳米纤维膜复合滤膜。用扫描电镜(SEM)对复合膜的微观形态进行表征。在操作压力为0.7MPa的条件下,分别过滤纯水以及质量浓度为1000mg/L的NaCl和500mg/L的MgSO4溶液,测试结果表明:盐离子截留率随聚电解质涂层层数的增加而增加,但同时复合膜的水通量随之明显降低。当聚电解质涂层层数为10时,水通量均在18L/m·2h左右,对MgSO4截留率为64.22%,对NaCl截留达到52.45%。     

氨基化氧化石墨烯界面聚合制备超薄复合纳滤膜

采用氨基化氧化石墨烯(NGO)为界面聚合水相单体,制备了超薄复合纳滤膜。研究采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)表征了NGO以及复合纳滤膜的化学组成和形貌。系统考察了水相单体浓度、有机相单体浓度对于制备的超薄复合纳滤膜性能的影响。该超薄复合膜在低压(0.2 MPa)下纯水通量可达27.8 L·m-2·h-1,对小分子染料有较高的截留率(甲基橙截留率74.8%,橙黄钠截留率96.0%,刚果红截留率98.5%,甲基蓝截留率99%),对于无机盐的截留率较低(Na2SO4截留率21.4%,Mg SO4截留率10.7%,Na Cl截留率5.3%,Mg Cl2截留率1.5%),展现出优异的染料/盐分离性能。同时制备的复合纳滤膜展现了较好的长周期稳定性以及抗污染特性。     

聚乙烯醇复合纳滤膜的性能研究

本文采用涂敷法制得聚乙烯醇 (PVA)复合纳滤膜 ,并对膜的分离性能、耐溶剂性、耐压密性进行了测试。结果表明 :该复合纳滤膜在 0 .6MPa操作压力下水通量为 12L·m-2 ·h-1,对 5 0 0mg/L的标准物质PEG6 0 0的截留率达到 90 .8% ,并随着操作压力的增加 ,水通量呈线性增加 ,截留率也相应上升 ,该膜具有较好的耐压密性 ,耐酸碱性和耐氧化性 ,并通过红外光谱分析复合纳滤膜致密层的化学结构     

TiO2纳米粒子对PVDF超滤膜的结构与性能影响研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同纳米TiO2溶胶含量的TiO2/PVDF超滤膜,探讨TiO2溶胶及其含量对膜性能及结构的影响,并利用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱和接触角测量仪表征了复合膜的结构.结果表明,经纳米TiO2溶胶改性后,TiO2/PVDF复合膜的孔隙率、接触角和结构等都发生了显著的变化,在TiO2溶胶添加质量分数为4％时条件下,膜的孔隙率为74.5％,水通量为430.6L·m-2·h-1,截留率为82.5％.     

多层羧甲基壳聚糖复合膜的制备及性能

以PES微滤膜为基膜,采用多层涂覆法制备了多层羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)复合膜,测定了复合膜对BSA溶液(1 g/L)的过滤性能及其因素的影响。实验结果表明,膜的浸涂层数显著影响膜的通量和对BSA的截留率,在压差为0.2 MPa、pH=5.5时,8层CMCS复合膜对BSA溶液的截留率达到90%,初始通量为54.8 L/(m~2·h)。与商业PS50超滤膜相比,制备的8层CMCS复合膜初始通量是PS50超滤膜的2.2倍,而PS50超滤膜对BSA的截留率为98%,大于8层CMCS复合膜的截留率。对比8层CMCS复合膜对BSA的初始和平均截留率表明,BSA在膜上的吸附能提高膜的截留率。     

基于MXene中间层的复合纳滤膜制备及其盐水分离性能研究

通过湿法化学刻蚀得到单层MXene纳米片后，采用旋涂法将MXene纳米片负载至基膜上作为中间层制备聚酰胺复合纳滤膜，并探讨了MXene不同负载浓度对复合纳滤膜通量及盐截留性能的影响。结果表明引入MXene作为中间层，使得圆泡状形貌在所得膜表面形成，当旋涂1 mL浓度为0.1 g/L MXene时，通量为24.2 L/(m²·h)，硫酸钠截留率为97.4%，相比传统膜(通量12.9 L/(m²·h)，硫酸钠截留率96.3%)性能提升明显。随着MXene旋涂负载浓度增加，通量逐渐减小，而硫酸钠截留率则存在先增加后减小再稳定的趋势，截留率最高可达98.8%(通量16.3 L/(m²·h))。     

杂萘联苯聚醚砜超滤膜的研制

以杂萘联苯聚醚砜(PPES)为膜材料,N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,采用相转化法制备了非对称超滤膜.结果表明,聚合物浓度的变化、添加剂含量的变化、凝胶浴温度或停留蒸发时间的改变都会影响超滤膜的性能,所制得的PPES超滤膜在0.1 Mpa的操作压力下对PEG10000的截留率高于95%,纯水通量可达632 L·m-2·h-1.     

(Ba_(1-α)Sr_α)_(4.8)(Sm_(0.7)La_(0.3))_(8.8)Ti_(18)O_(54)陶瓷的微波介电性能

采用固相合成法制备了(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54(α=0.1～0.5)系陶瓷,表征了该陶瓷的相组成和显微结构,测试了微波介电性能.结果表明:α=0.3时,(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54系陶瓷为单相的新钨青铜结构固溶体.α>0.3时,相继出现了第二相BaLa2Ti4O12和La0.66TiO2.993.随α的增加,(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54系陶瓷的相对介电常数(εr)先增大后有所波动,品质因数(Qf)先增大后减小,谐振频率温度系数(τf)单调减小.α=0.3时,在1 350℃烧结的陶瓷的微波介电性能最佳:εr=98.77,Qf=5184GHz,τf=10.9×10-6/℃,优于不掺杂的BaO-Sm2O3-TiO2陶瓷的.     

Fe~(3 )、Zn~(2 )、Mn~(2 )、Cu~(2 )、Ca~(2 )、Mg~(2 )等离子共存体系中Ca~(2 )、Mg~(2 )的测定

叙述了Fe3 、Zn2 、Mn2 、Cu2 、Ca2 、Mg2 等离子共存体系中采用六次甲基四胺 -铜试剂沉淀除去Fe3 、Zn2 、Mn2 、Cu2 等干扰离子 ,用EDTA滴定钙镁的方法 ,该方法钙的回收率在 99.7%～ 10 0 .3 % ;镁的回收率在 10 0 .0 %～ 10 0 .4% ,标准偏差为 0 .0 2 2。     

(K_(0.485)Na_(0.485)Li_(0.03))NbO_3-Pb(Zr_(0.53)Ti_(0.47))O_3压电陶瓷的压电性能与微观结构

采用传统电子陶瓷制备技术和工业原料制备了新型(1-x)(K0.485Na0.485>Li0.03)NbO3-Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3少铅压电陶瓷,研究了该体系陶瓷的压电性能及微观结构.X射线衍射分析表明:在1250℃烧结3h的条件下,所有陶瓷样品都具有纯的钙钛矿结构和高致密性,并且在室温下形成了正交相和四方相共存的结构.x=0.75时,陶瓷的压电性能达到最佳:压电常数d33=363 pC/N,机电耦合系数kp=63%,相对介电常数εr=1 590,介质损耗tanδ=1.70%.     

Adhesion of calcium phosphate coatings on polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA)

Calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings can be applied to improve the biological performance of polymeric medical implants. For clinical applications, a strong adhesion of the coating to the polymeric substrate is important. Therefore, the adhesion of rf magnetron-sputter-deposited CaP coatings on five polymers was studied: polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). To influence the adhesion, the interface was varied in six different ways, e. g. by a plasma or ion-beam pretreatment, or by using a Ti interlayer. The adhesion was determined by using scratch, tensile and 180^° bend tests. Especially the polymers PE and PS needed a bombardment by energetic particles prior to or during coating deposition, to enable the formation of chemical bonds between the coating and the polymer, which gave adhesion. On PLLA and PDMS, being oxygen containing polymers, it was easier to establish a strong interface. An overtreatment of the polymeric substrates gave worse adhesion, probably due to the formation of weak low molecular weight (LMW) layers on the polymer. On PTFE, the use of a Ti interlayer was necessary to prevent the PTFE from UV degradation during coating deposition, as this caused cohesive failure within the PTFE. The results showed that each polymer requires a different approach for obtaining optimal adhesion. The observed adhesion could often be explained in the terms of processes occurred during the pretreatment of the polymers or the deposition of the coating.     

Ternary Complexes of cis-(NH(3))(2)PtCl(2) (cis-DDP) With Guanosine (guo), Cytidine (cyd) and the Aminoacids Glycine (gly), L-Alanine (ala), L-2-Aminobutyric Acid (2-aba), L-Norvaline (nval) and L-Norleucine (nleu)

The ternary complexes of formulae cis-[(NH(3))(2)Pt(nucl)(amac)]NO(3), where nucl = guo and cyd (guanosine and cytidine) and amac = the deprotonated aminoacids glycine (gly), L-alanine (ala), L-2-aminobutyric acid (2-aba), L-norvaline (nval) and L-norleucine (nleu), were prepared from the reactions of the binary chelated ones cis-[(NH(3))(2)Pt(nucl)(amac)]NO(3) with the nucleosides.They were characterized by (1)H, (13)C and (195)Pt NMR and IR spectra, together with elemental analysis and conductivity measurements. The aminoacids coordinate with Pt(II) in the ternary complexes with their terminal -NH(2) groups, guo through N(7) and cyd through N(3). Ligand-ligand hydrophobic interactions were also observed in the ternary complexes and were stronger with longer aliphatic chains of the aminoacids. The (3)E sugar conformation increased by 5-7% in the ternary systems, as compared to the free nucleosides, while the percentage of the gg conformation remained almost constant and the one of the anti conformation of the sugar increased also slightly. Finally, the h conformer around the C(alpha)-C(beta) bonds of the aminoacids reached a maximum in the binary systems and decreased again considerably in the ternary ones.     

Ba(Zr_(0.055)Ti_(0.945))O_3含量对[(Na_(0.80)K_(0.16)Li_(0.04))_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)]TiO_3陶瓷性能的影响

系统研究(1-y)[(Na0.80K0.16Li0.04)0.5Bi0.5]TiO3-yBa(Zr0.055Ti0.945)O3无铅压电陶瓷,获得压电应变常数高达185pC/N的0.94[(Na0.80K0.16Li0.04)0.5Bi0.5]-TiO3-0.06Ba(Zr0.055Ti0.945)O3压电陶瓷。样品的晶体结构为三方相、四方相共存,处于准同型相界(morphotropic phase boundary,MPB)附近。该类陶瓷室温MPB的摩尔(下同)含量为0.050y0.065。样品y=0.060在40°左右的(003)、(021)双峰与46.5°左右的(002)、(200)双峰分裂最明显。随着Ba(Zr0.055Ti0.945)O3含量的增加,铁电相-反铁电相相变温度(θd)升高、反铁电相-顺电相相变温度(θm)降低;θd和θm的温差越来越小,材料的弛豫性逐渐降低。     

La掺杂(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_(0.82)(K_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_(0.18)TiO_3系统无铅压电陶瓷的制备工艺探讨

采用传统陶瓷工艺,研究了制备[(Na0.5Bi0.5)0.82(K0.5Bi0.5)0.18]1-xLaxTiO3(x=0.00,0.01,0.03,0.05,0.10)无铅压电陶瓷的工艺条件对陶瓷的物相组成、显微结构和压电性能的影响。利用XRD、SEM等技术分析结果表明,合成温度的提高有利于主晶相的形成,且此系统烧成温度范围较窄,故需控制在合适的烧成温度下才能得到高致密度的陶瓷。同时,研究了极化工艺条件对材料压电性能的影响,结果表明,提高极化电场强度、控制适当的极化温度有利于提高材料的压电性能。