Optical measurements for turbulence characterization in RFX-mod edge

The edge of the reversed field pinch experiment RFX-mod (R=2?m,?a=0.46?m) is characterized by a complex magnetic topology and strong pressure gradients. A set of fast spectroscopic diagnostics has been designed to characterize both main plasma edge parameters and turbulence, including coherent structures (blobs) and radial profiles of the thermodynamic variables. Measurements of the edge radial profiles of electron density (n(e)), temperature (T(e)), and pressure (P(e)) are obtained by a thermal helium beam diagnostic, which locally measures the ratios of the spectral lines emitted by a neutral He cloud puffed into hydrogen plasma discharges. A gas puff imaging system allows the high frequency (1 MHz bandwidth) measurement of the fluctuations of He?I emissivity in the same positions. The system measures both the intermittent behavior of the edge turbulence and n(e), T(e), and P(e) profiles of the corresponding coherent structures, with a resolution down to 6?μs. The optical diagnostics are complemented by a set of triaxial magnetic coils to simultaneously characterize the edge magnetic field.     

Two-dimensional measurement of edge impurity emissions using space-resolved extreme ultraviolet spectrometer in Large Helical Device

A space-resolved extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer working in wavelength range of 50-500 A? has been developed to measure two-dimensional distribution of impurity spectral lines emitted from edge plasma of Large Helical Device (LHD), in which the magnetic field is formed by stochastic magnetic field with three-dimensional structure called ergodic layer. The two-dimensional measurement of edge impurity line emissions is carried out by scanning horizontally the observation chord of the space-resolved EUV spectrometer during single LHD discharge. Images of CIV (312.4 A?) and HeII (303.78 A?) are presented as the first result. The results are compared with ones calculated from the edge chord length in the ergodic layer of LHD plasma.     

Recent developments of the JET far-infrared interferometer-polarimeter diagnostic

The far-infrared diagnostic provides essential internal measurements of the plasma density and magnetic field topology (q-profile via Faraday rotation angle) in real-time. The diagnostic capabilities have recently been extended in a number of key areas. Fast interferometer data, with 10?μs time resolution, and a new MATLAB code have allowed improved analysis of the evolution of density profiles during fast events such as vertical plasma displacements, edge localized mode, pellet fuelling, and disruptions. Using the polarimeter measurements in real-time, a new calibration procedure has been developed based on a propagation code using the Mueller matrix formalism. A further major upgrade of the system is presently underway: adding a second color laser to the vertical channels and implementing a new phase counter based on analog zero crossing and field-programmable gate array boards.     

电子回旋共振离子推力器放电室等离子体静电探针诊断

电子回旋共振离子推力器是一种无阴极静电型推进装置,具有比冲高、无电极烧蚀和寿命长的优点,可用于深空探测和长寿命卫星。在其放电室内存在着复杂的、紧密耦合在一起含电子回旋共振区的静磁场、微波电磁场和等离子体流场,弄清放电室内复杂的场结构对于推力器的结构和性能优化有着重要的作用。为此认为放电室中的离子未被磁化,采用朗缪尔探针直接诊断放电室内的电子温度和离子密度,再根据等离子体的准中性原则,认为离子密度就反映了电子密度。根据诊断结果可以分析出放电室内的氩等离子体场结构。气体流量分别为3 sccm和8 sccm、微波功率分别为10 W和34 W时,实验诊断得到电子温度分布在1 eV～6.8 eV范围内、离子密度分布在2×1016/m3～2.8×1017/m3范围内。     

Magnetic Properties of Ferromagnetic Cores in a Low-Frequency Uniform Field

Results of experimental studies on the magnetic properties of steel cores placed in a low-frequency uniform field are presented. Cylindrical steel rods differing in their steel quality and diameter are used as specimens. The frequency dependence of the effective complex magnetic permeability is shown to exist in low-frequency fields under a minimum surface effect. This dependence is different for various materials and manifests its features during changes with an increase in the field amplitudes upon magnetization reversal. The effect of the magnetic viscosity on the formation of the frequency dependence of the magnetic permeability is shown by an experiment with a ferrite rod. Hodographs for the signal in a measuring coil with a core, as well as associated amplitude spectra, which can be considered as magnetic spectra accurate to a constant factor, are presented.     

Magnetically driven filament probe

A radially movable probe has been developed for studies of filamentary transport in ASDEX Upgrade during edge localized modes (ELMs) by means of Langmuir tips and magnetic pickup coils. The probe is permanently installed at the low field side in the ASDEX Upgrade vacuum vessel and is not subject to limitations in probe size, as, for example, probes on a shared manipulator are. The probe is moved by a magnetic drive, which allows for easy installation in the vessel, and has moderate machine requirements, as it will only require an electric feedthrough and an external power supply. The drive gives a linear motion with a radial range of 5 cm within 50 ms, where range and velocity can be largely scaled according to experimental requirements. The probe has been installed in the outer midplane of the ASDEX Upgrade vessel, where ELM filaments are expected to have their maximum amplitude. Filaments are coherent substructures within an ELM, carrying a fraction of the ELM released energy towards the wall. The new probe allows to measure the structure of these filaments, in particular, parameters such as filament rotation (by time delay measurements) and size (by peak width analysis). Activating the drive moves the probe from a safe position behind the limiter to a position in front of the limiters, i.e., exposes the Langmuir pins to the scrape-off layer plasma.     

Interaction between Faraday rotation and Cotton-Mouton effects in polarimetry modeling for NSTX

The evolution of electromagnetic wave polarization is modeled for propagation in the major radial direction in the National Spherical Torus Experiment with retroreflection from the center stack of the vacuum vessel. This modeling illustrates that the Cotton-Mouton effect-elliptization due to the magnetic field perpendicular to the propagation direction-is shown to be strongly weighted to the high-field region of the plasma. An interaction between the Faraday rotation and Cotton-Mouton effects is also clearly identified. Elliptization occurs when the wave polarization direction is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the local transverse magnetic field. Since Faraday rotation modifies the polarization direction during propagation, it must also affect the resultant elliptization. The Cotton-Mouton effect also intrinsically results in rotation of the polarization direction, but this effect is less significant in the plasma conditions modeled. The interaction increases at longer wavelength and complicates interpretation of polarimetry measurements.     

Z(eff) measurement using extreme ultraviolet bremsstrahlung emission in LHD

Radial profile measurement of Z(eff) using visible bremsstrahlung (5300 A?) in the Large Helical Device (LHD) has often encountered difficulties because the intensity profile was largely deformed by the nonuniform visible bremsstrahlung emissions from the edge ergodic layer surrounding the core plasma. A space-resolved flat-field extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer has been newly adopted to measure the Z(eff) profile using the EUV bremsstrahlung continuum in the wavelength range of 70-75 A?. The EUV bremsstrahlung intensity profiles have been measured and checked for all the magnetic configurations with totally different magnetic field structures in the ergodic layer of LHD. It is found that the nonuniform bremsstrahlung emission from the thick ergodic layer can be entirely eliminated by use of the EUV emission with relatively high photon energy of 170 eV. As a result, the Z(eff) profile can be successfully measured for most of discharges regardless of magnetic field structures of the ergodic layer. The Z(eff) profiles measured in the EUV range are compared with those measured in the visible range at a magnetic configuration with the thinnest ergodic layer thickness. The result verifies that the use of the EUV bremsstrahlung continuum is an alternative way for the Z(eff) measurement in toroidal plasmas with nonuniform bremsstrahlung emissions at the edge. Typical results from the EUV bremsstrahlung measurement are presented showing a fairly flat Z(eff) profile with error bars of ±14%.     

脉冲磁处理金刚石结块的实验及磁场数值模拟

采用热压烧结方法制备金刚石结块,对金刚石结块进行脉冲磁处理。分别对经脉冲磁处理和未经磁处理的金刚石结块进行冲击韧性实验,检测经脉冲磁处理和未经磁处理的金刚石结块的冲击功,观察金刚石结块在冲击实验后的断口显微组织。对脉冲磁处理的磁场进行瞬态磁场数值模拟。实验结果表明,经脉冲磁处理后的金刚石结块冲击韧性平均提高35.4%,断口晶粒间隙明显减小。数值模拟结果说明,金刚石结块侧边缘磁场强度较大,磁场应力集中,周期变化的磁场应力会引发磁致振荡效应。实验和数值模拟结果表明,脉冲磁处理可以改善金刚石结块性能。     

Postprocessor development for ultrasonic cutting of honeycomb core curved surface with a straight blade

When ultrasonically cutting honeycomb core curved parts, the tool face of the straight blade must be along the curved surface’s tangent direction at all times to ensure high-quality machining of the curved surface. However, given that the straight blade is a nonstandard tool, the existing computer-aided manufacturing technology cannot directly realize the above action requirement. To solve this problem, this paper proposed an algorithm for extracting a straight blade real-time tool face vector from a 5-axis milling automatically programmed tool location file, which can realize the tool location point and tool axis vector conversion from the flat end mill to the straight blade. At the same time, for the multi-solution problem of the rotation axis, the dependent axis rotation minimization algorithm was introduced, and the spindle rotation algorithm was proposed for the tool edge orientation problem when the straight blade is used to machine the curved part. Finally, on the basis of the MATLAB platform, the dependent axis rotation minimization algorithm and spindle rotation algorithm were integrated and compiled, and the straight blade ultrasonic cutting honeycomb core postprocessor was then developed. The model of the machine tool and the definition of the straight blade were conducted in the VERICUT simulation software, and the simulation machining of the equivalent entity of the honeycomb core can then be realized. The correctness of the numerical control program generated by the postprocessor was verified by machining and accuracy testing of the two designed features. Observation and analysis of the simulation and experiment indicate that the tool pose is the same under each working condition, and the workpieces obtained by machining also meet the corresponding accuracy requirements. Therefore, the postprocessor developed in this paper can be well adapted to the honeycomb core ultrasonic cutting machine tool and realize high-quality and high-efficient machining of honeycomb core composites.     

基于梯度强化的微机器人磁场驱动建模研究

磁场驱动技术在微机器人操作领域已成为当前的研究热点.设计了一种梯度增强型磁场驱动系统,首先建立铁芯末端模型并设计末端形状,利用有限元法优化铁芯线圈参数以达到磁感应强度、磁场梯度、磁场均匀性和工作空间等系统指标要求;其次对所设计的磁驱系统进行ANSYS仿真和实验测试,得出该磁驱系统工作空间中心的最大磁感应强度为73.93...     

Short note on parallel illumination in the TEM

Parallel illumination conditions are required for several experiments in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The image rotation induced by the helical trajectory of electrons passing through the magnetic field of the TEM lenses inevitably induces an inclination of the beam relative to the optical axis in the object plane--even for an electron which travels parallel to the optical axis in the far field. This angle (shear angle) is vectorially added to the convergence angle; it depends both on the distance to the optical axis and the magnetic field. By using a beam tilt compensation method, the minimum shear angle is found to be of the order of 1 mrad for a field of view of 2 microm in a 200 kV TEM. In practice, "parallel illumination" can only be obtained for fields of view 1 microm.     

Analysis of magnetic probe signals including effect of cylindrical conducting wall for field-reversed configuration experiment

A confinement field is disturbed by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) motions of a field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma in a cylindrical conductor. The effect of the conductor should be included to obtain a spatial structure of the disturbed field with a good precision. For this purpose, a toroidal current in the plasma and an eddy current on a conducting wall are replaced by magnetic dipole and image magnetic dipole moments, respectively. Typical spatial structures of the disturbed field are calculated by using the dipole moments for such MHD motions as radial shift, internal tilt, external tilt, and n=2 mode deformation. Then, analytic formulas for estimating the shift distance, tilt angle, and deformation rate of the MHD motions from magnetic probe signals are derived. It is estimated from the calculations by using the dipole moments that the analytic formulas include an approximately 40% error. Two kinds of experiment are carried out to investigate the reliability of the calculations. First, a magnetic field produced by a circular current is measured in an aluminum pipe to confirm the replacement of the eddy current with the image magnetic dipole moments. The measured fields coincide well with the calculated values including the image magnetic dipole moments. Second, magnetic probe signals measured from the FRC plasma are substituted into the analytic formulas to obtain shift distance and deformation rate. The experimental results are compared to the MHD motions measured by using a radiation from the plasma. If the error included in the analytic formulas and the difference between the magnetic and optical structures in the plasma are considered, the results of the radiation measurement support well those of the magnetic analysis.     

磁控等离子体弧柔性成形试验研究

为进一步提高等离子体弧柔性成形的表面质量,利用磁场控制弧柱的摆动状态进而控制单位面积上等离子体弧的热流密度,使之达到预期目的。通过磁控等离子体弧柔性弯曲成形实验,研究了等离子体弧在交变磁场中的特性,分析了加入交变磁场对板材弯曲成形表面质量、弯曲成形速度的影响规律。研究结果表明,加入适当的交变磁场可明显改善成形件的质量。     

Note: design of a novel rotating magnetic field device

A novel device to produce a rotating magnetic field was designed, constructed, and tested. The system consists of a Helmholtz coil pair which is mechanically coupled to a dc electric motor whose angular velocity is controlled. The coil pair generates a uniform magnetic field; the whole system is rotated maintaining the coils energized using brushes. The magnetic field strength is uniform (≈5.8 mT) for a workspace of about 100 mm along the rotation axis. The system remains free of undesirable high amplitude mechanical vibrations for rotation frequencies below 10 Hz. We verified the performance of the apparatus by conducting experiments with magnetic swimmers.     

永磁悬浮非接触回转驱动系统

提出一种永磁悬浮非接触回转驱动系统,该系统由悬浮部分和非接触回转驱动两部分构成。悬浮部分采用运动控制方式,利用音圈电动机驱动永磁铁实现悬浮物竖直方向的稳定悬浮;回转驱动部分由直流伺服电动机驱动径向磁化永磁铁回转,形成变化磁场,非接触驱动悬浮物回转。本系统未在悬浮物中加入任何磁性材料,仅利用悬浮物表面剩余磁化点实现悬浮物的非接触回转驱动。介绍系统的悬浮与驱动原理,建立非接触驱动数学模型,并利用仿真与试验分析系统的回转驱动特性。分析结果表明：悬浮物的非接触回转驱动可以由伺服电动机驱动盘状永磁铁旋转来实现。铁球是否旋转与磁铁的数量无关;驱动磁铁的数量与系统的响应速度成正比,驱动磁铁的数量增多,输入速度和输出速度之间的线性度相对提高,旋转稳定。明晰本系统的非接触驱动特性,为隔离环境下铁磁性物品或零件的非接触操纵和姿态控制奠定了理论基础。     

Toward a full exploitation of the helium beam edge diagnostic

In this article, extension of the He beam diagnostic, which is routinely applied in fusion devices for the characterization of the edge electronic parameters-ne and Te-and their profile, to the measurement of ion temperature and plasma rotation is proposed. The theoretical background for these new applications is reviewed and examples of their use in TJ-II are provided. Also, the shortcomings and their possible solutions are addressed. Finally, the field of application of the technique to other beam-based diagnostics is discussed.     

Simulation of a tangential soft x-ray imaging system

Tangentially viewing soft x-ray (SXR) cameras are capable of detecting nonaxisymmetric plasma structures in magnetically confined plasmas. They are particularly useful for studying stationary perturbations or phenomenon that occur on a timescale faster than the plasma rotation period. Tangential SXR camera diagnostics are planned for the DIII-D and NSTX tokamaks to elucidate the static edge magnetic structure during the application of 3D perturbations. To support the design of the proposed diagnostics, a synthetic diagnostic model was developed using the CHIANTI database to estimate the SXR emission. The model is shown to be in good agreement with the measurements from an existing tangential SXR camera diagnostic on NSTX.     

Edge and core Thomson scattering systems and their calibration on the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak

A new 10 channel Thomson scattering (TS) system was installed on the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak to measure radial profiles of electron density and temperature at the plasma edge with high radial resolution. Together with the already existing TS system, which is now used for the core plasma, electron density and temperature profiles extending from the edge to the core are now obtained in a single discharge. The TS systems are relatively calibrated by an optical parametric oscillator.     

Characterization of magnetic field rotation of steel sheet under uniaxial stress

The rotation of magnetic field strength on a steel plate caused by uniaxial stress has been known for years. However, previous study investigated this phenomenon rather experimentally using hall plates and searching coils. This paper presents a fundamental study of magnetic anisotropy based on an analytic model using magnetic scalar potential. The magnetic field strength of the steel sheet can be solved mathematically by performing a special coordinate transformation. The calculated angular displacement due to stress induced magnetic anisotropy was later found to be highly consistent with FEM simulation results. Finally, the quantization of magnetic field rotation of an electrical sheet (ES) under variable tension stress was performed. Using 50CS470 ES sheet as the testing sample, it was discovered the rotation as much as 25° occurred when 50 MPa tension load was applied, corresponding to a permeability ratio of 2.8.