Numerical study on notched steel plate with center hole strengthened by CFRP

Steel members could be damaged and fail to fulfill the requirements of safety after long-term service. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthening turns out to be an excellent method for prolonging its service life. The strengthening technique has been extensively studied in recent decades, however, few researchers concerned about the simulation of steel plates with center hole strengthened by CFRP. Therefore, its mechanical performance was investigated numerically in this study. The numerical results were compared with the experimental results and an acceptable agreement was reached, which verified the validity of the numerical model. A parametric study was conducted, in which the interfacial stress distribution change with CFRP elastic modulus, thickness and strengthening form was analyzed. For fully covered CFRP strengthening, increasing of elastic modulus and thickness of CFRP plates can enhance the stiffness of steel plates, however, it has insignificant effect on debonding load and obvious decrease on ultimate load. While the partially covered CFRP bonding strengthening can also upgrade the stiffness with CFRP elastic modulus and thickness, the effect to both of debonding load and ultimate load is minimal.     

Compressive behavior of post-heated circular CFST short columns externally strengthened with CFRP sheets

Due to the increasing usage of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) members in structural engineering, there will be more chances of fire hazards on these structures in the near future. Externally bonding carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites has emerged as a popular method for repairing damaged steel-reinforced concrete members. However, limited research is available to evaluate the behavior of CFRP strengthened CFST members. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the compressive behavior of the post-heated circular CFST short columns externally strengthened with CFRP sheets. A total of twenty-one specimens are tested to investigate the influence of temperature and the number of CFRP layers on the mechanical behavior of repaired specimens. The ultimate strength is obtained from monotone static tests. The extensometer technique based on gauge strain is used to measure strains of electric gauges glued to the external surface of specimens. The results indicate that the increase in the number of CFRP layers leads to a significant change in the mechanical properties of post-heated CFST columns. Furthermore, it is shown that increases in the number of CFRP layers remarkably enhance the ultimate strength and initial stiffness of specimens subjected to the same heat treatments, while deteriorate the ductility. Based on extensive experimental analysis, simplified formulae are proposed to estimate the compressive ultimate strength of all specimens tested, providing reasonably good correlation with the experimental results. Besides, the proposed formulae are compared with some existing empirical models, and validity of the proposed formulae is evaluated.     

Nonlinear three-dimensional FE analyses of RC beams retrofitted using externally bonded CFRP sheets with or without anchorages

In this study, behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams retrofitted using carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips and anchorages is investigated by performing nonlinear finite-element (FE) analyses. The main aim of the study is testing the applicability of current FE techniques in the field of CFRP-retrofitted concrete elements. In the study, effect of CFRP strip width, presence of fan-type anchorages and CFRP patches were considered as main variables. In the study, eight RC beams with varying cross sectional properties along beam length are simulated. The simulated beams were tested in a former experimental study. The nonlinear FE analyses are conducted using the ANSYS FE software. The results obtained from the former experimental study are compared with the FE analyses results. From the results, it is observed that when properly modeled, FE simulations are efficient tools to estimate the nonlinear behavior of CFRP-retrofitted RC beams and similar structural elements.     

Experimental study on bond behavior between corrosion-cracked reinforced concrete and CFRP sheets

Bond behavior between corrosion damaged reinforced concrete and carbon fiber reinforced concrete polymer (CFRP) sheets was experimentally investigated. Forty ordinary strength concrete blocks (150 × 150 × 200 mm) were reinforced at one side across the 200-mm-dimension using three conventional ?12 mm steel bars at a spacing of (30, 40, and 50 mm) at a concrete clear cover of 15 mm. Thirty blocks were subjected to a cyclic treatment in 3% chloride solution until corrosion initiated and resulted in three different global cracking widths of up to 0.90 mm. Both control and corrosion damaged blocks were attached to CFRP sheets over their steel reinforced zone at bond lengths and widths ranging from (90 to 150 mm) and (50 to 150 mm), respectively, with CFRP bond length-to-bar spacing ratio kept constant at 1/3. Near-end pull-off tests were carried out using a special setup, mounted on a Universal Testing machine. Corrosion cracking caused significant reductions in bond strength, and slippage at ultimate stress at (41 and 68%), respectively. Other bond characteristics such as stress at first slippage, and bond stiffness and toughness were reduced, as well, by as high as (83, 44 and 67%) of those of control specimens, respectively. Corrosion cracks were more detrimental for smaller bond length and width values; especially after first and second corrosion stages, where bond failure was categorized by concrete skin peeling-off.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of thin 304 stainless steel sheets by friction stir welding

Friction stir welding (FSW) was performed on 304 stainless steel sheets. The welding speed was varied from 30 to 70 mm/min. Because the FSW of thin plates is sensitive to heat input. The surface of the welds is smooth and without any macroscopic cracks and cavities only when the rotation speed is 50 mm/min. The stir zone had equiaxed grains with austentic structure due to dynamic recrystallization. There was not any evidence for the presence of sigma phases being found in this study. Meanwhile, there was a weak region in the advancing side because of the flow of plastic metals. However, compared with the base material, mechanical properties of the joint are maintained in a comparatively high level.     

碳纤维薄板与混凝土界面的粘结性能研究

采用试验与有限元分析相结合的方法，研究碳纤维薄板与混凝土界面的粘结力学性能及剥离破坏机理，结果表明，界面粘结强度比混凝土抗剪强度高，随着载荷的不断增加，界面剪应力的分布和峰值位置逐渐变化，最终导致混凝土在界面发生剥离破坏．     

两种波纹深度板片传热及阻力特性的对比实验研究

通过实验的方式和对比的方法对两种不同波纹深度板片组成的可拆板式换热器的传热及阻力特性进行研究,每种深度板片组成的板式换热器采用硬板63°/63°、软板29°/29°和混合板63°/29°三种波纹角度组合,此实验采用水/水换热,设置了两种工况,一种是冷热两侧等流速,另一种是固定热侧流速,计算两种工况下传热系数和压降的数值,描绘出对应的曲线。实验证明相同波纹夹角板片组合,该浅密波纹板片的传热系数均高于普通波纹板片,平均高于140 W/(m²·K),即传热系数平均提高1.9%,在混合板中两者传热系数的差别在300 W/(m²·K)以上,提高达4.8%,阻力的变化趋势与传热系数相同。推导出每组设备适用于一定Reynolds数范围的Nusselt数方程和摩擦系数方程,与已有研究成果对比分析,证明了该实验的正确性,同时也揭示这两种波纹板片的传热和阻力性能有优化的余地,为进一步的研究指明了方向。该实验也表明,除深度外的几何尺寸和结构均相同的两种波纹板片,虽然外形接近,但对应的Nusselt数和摩擦系数关系式却不相同,而且差别很大。     

Experimental study of the fire resistance of walls and floors constructed with steel studs and steel joists

Steel‐framed houses using light‐gauge steel as a structural member have been developed and constructed since the early 2000s as a new construction pattern in the low‐rise construction market in Korea. Generally, the steel frames consist of two major load‐carrying elements such as load‐bearing wall and floor construction made up of approximately 1.0‐mm cold‐formed light‐gauge steel and light‐weight boards. Therefore, the steel frames are very simple to construct and make the construction period shorter than the ordinary construction type or concrete‐based construction. In Korea, regardless of the construction material types, the building regulation requires 1‐h fire rating for apartment buildings of four stories or under. To meet the fire resistance, new models of load‐bearing wall and floor should be developed. From the fire test results, two layer gypsum boards of 12.5 mm in thickness reinforced with glass fiber were proven satisfactory to provide 1‐h fire resistance with load‐bearing wall and floor. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

活性炭混合钢渣烧结烟气脱硫脱硝实验研究

采用混合法用钢渣与活性炭制备混合钢渣活性炭吸附剂，对其进行XRF, BET, SEM和FT-IR等表征，于可编程电加热固定床反应器中进行模拟烧结烟气脱硫脱硝实验，考察反应温度、SO2浓度及[NH3]/[NO]浓度比、O2含量等因素对混合钢渣活性炭的吸附及催化性能的影响。结果表明，模拟烧结烟气中SO2初始浓度0.06vol%, NO初始浓度0.04vol%, O2含量15vol%及反应温度120℃条件下，最高脱硫脱硝率分别为79%和34%。按浓度比[NH3]/[NO]=1通入还原剂NH3时，脱硫脱硝率均升高，表明钢渣具有一定催化还原作用。脱硝率随反应温度升高而下降，O2含量提高有利于混合钢渣活性炭对SO2和NO的吸附。掺混钢渣降低了吸附剂的比表面积，但钢渣中含一定量Fe2O3，具有一定催化还原作用，有利于NO吸附。同时，加入钢渣也是对固废资源的合理利用，达到“以废制污”的目的。     

Stainless steel coupled with carbon nanotube-modified epoxy and carbon fibre composites: Electrochemical and mechanical study

The aim of this work is the study of the electrochemical and mechanical behaviour of stainless steel (SS304) adhesively bonded with carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced epoxies to either SS304 or carbon-reinforced composites substrates. For metal to metal (MtM) joints, the shear strength of nano-reinforced adhesives was studied using single lap shear specimen geometries. The lap shear strength was improved by almost 50% and the highest shear strength appeared for 0.6% CNT weight content in the adhesive. The metal to composite joint performed altogether better compared to the MtM joint, although the CNT inclusion had an adverse effect on the lap shear strength attributed to the physical property change of the epoxy. Although the incorporation of CNTs was found to increase the galvanic effect, it also enhanced corrosion protection, as the modified adhesives exhibited increased resistance to uniform corrosion and localised corrosion and prevented the electrolyte from reaching the substrate.     

碳酸化预养护钢渣制备钢渣水泥的性能试验研究

应用碳酸化技术对比表面积287m2/kg的钢渣粗粉进行预养护,从而制备大掺量钢渣水泥,并对其性能进行了试验研究。试验结果表明,碳酸化钢渣的fCaO含量降低,水化活性提高。碳酸化预养护钢渣较未碳酸化的钢渣制备的钢渣水泥强度及安定性有显著提高;钢渣水泥的密度、比表面积、标准稠度用水量和凝结时间等基本物理量与碳酸化钢渣粗粉的掺入量有关;在满足水泥强度和压蒸安定性的条件下,碳酸化钢渣粗粉的掺量可达50%。     

NAFC、LCFC板及其与轻钢龙骨自攻螺栓连接性能

进行了 NAFC、L CFC板及其与轻钢龙骨自攻螺栓连接性能试验研究 ,得到了 NAFC、L CFC板的力学特性及其采用自攻螺栓与轻钢龙骨连接的承载力及荷载 -位移特征 ,结果表明 NAFC、L CFC板具有轻钢龙骨复合承载体系所需的结构性能 ,均可作为轻钢龙骨体系合适的结构板材 ;两种板材均有明显的方向性 ,纵向纤维受力结构性能明显好于横向纤维受力 ;板材与龙骨间自攻螺栓连接的性能与板的性能有明显对应关系 ,承载力主要由自攻螺栓孔边板的承压强度控制。     

An experimental study on the retrofitting effects of reinforced concrete columns damaged by rebar corrosion strengthened with carbon fiber sheets

This paper presents the results of an experiment study on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) columns damaged by rebar corrosion and the retrofitting effects of damaged RC columns strengthened with carbon fiber sheets (CFS). In the experiment, a cyclic horizontal loading test was carried out using RC columns damaged by different degrees of rebar corrosion and strengthened with CFS. As a result, it was revealed that the deterioration of their structural behavior was mainly caused by the decline in the confining effect due to the falling off of concrete cover and the reduction of mechanical properties of corrosion rebar. In addition, the test proved that shear strengthening using CFS is an very effective retrofit technique that prevents bond splitting cracks and shear cracks from growing and improves the ductility of RC columns with corroded rebars due to the confining effect of CFS.     

不锈钢酸洗废混酸流化床焙烧再生特性的实验研究

废酸流化床法再生技术可高效回收酸和金属离子,具有广阔的应用前景。利用自行搭建的流化床热态实验装置,并结合SEM、离子色谱和XPS等表征手段研究了密相区温度、初始床料粒径对废混酸（HNO₃+HF）中酸与金属离子再生回收特性的影响规律。结果表明：流化床法可有效实现废混酸中酸和金属元素再生回收,金属氧化物在床料表面附着量随流化床密相区温度的升高而增加,850℃时达到峰值,继续升温后附着量小幅降低,同时增大床料初始粒径,金属氧化物在床料表面附着量将大幅提高;NO _x 、HF生成量随流化床密相区温度的升高而增加,750℃时达到峰值,继续升温后大幅回落,同时随着床料初始粒径增大,NO _x 生成量将小幅降低,而HF生成量峰值对应的密相区温度变化到800℃。     

Experimental and theoretical study on amino acid derivatives as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor on mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution

Amino acid derivatives, namely, 2-(2-oxo-2-phenothiazin-10-yl)ethylamino)-3-mercaptopropanoic acid (OPEM) and 2-(2-oxo-2-phenothiazin-10-yl)ethylamino)acetic acid (OPEA) were synthesized and investigated as inhibitors for mild steel corrosion in 15% HCl solution using the weight loss, polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The inhibition efficiency of both the inhibitors increased with increasing the temperature and concentration of inhibitor. The inhibitors OPEM and OPEA show corrosion inhibition efficiency of 97.5 and 95.8%, respectively, in 200?ppm concentration, at 333?K. Polarization studies showed that both studied inhibitors were of mixed type in nature. The adsorption of inhibitors on the mild steel surface obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the surface of inhibited and uninhibited specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The semiempirical AM1 method was employed for theoretical calculations and the obtained results were found to be consistent with the experimental findings.     

自转清洗包塑钢丝螺旋的动力学特性试验研究

本文围绕自转清洗包塑钢丝螺旋的动力学特性进行实验研究。钢丝螺旋的自转动力矩特性,与管内流速的关系呈现为随流速增大而增大的抛物线曲线;开始自转需要的管内流速与钢丝螺旋自身的螺旋角大小关系,则是先随着螺旋角增大而减少、后来随着螺旋角增大而增大,并且以44°螺旋角为最低;管内沿程阻力与钢丝螺旋螺距大小的关系,则是随着螺距增大而显著减少。     

Experimental and numerical study on the performance of hollow and concrete‐filled elliptical steel columns subjected to severe fire

This paper presents the results of an experimental and validated theoretical study to investigate the performance of steel columns with hollow and concrete‐filled elliptical sections subjected to hydrocarbon fire. The test programme involved 18 columns with 200 × 100 × 8‐mm, 300 × 150 × 8‐mm and 400 × 200 × 8‐mm elliptical sections representing slenderness of 50, 33 and 24, respectively. The 1800‐mm columns were subjected to the severe hydrocarbon fire curve and tested under loadings ratios of 20%, 40% and 60% of the EC3 ultimate strength. The paper presents the obtained experimental results including measured axial and lateral displacements, failure temperatures and failure time. A three‐dimensional model was built using the finite element method (FEM) and was validated using the obtained tests results. The finite element model showed an excellent agreement with tests results of failure temperatures, failure modes, and axial and lateral displacements. However, because of restrictions in the software capabilities, the mechanical–thermal behaviour of concrete including spalling was not considered in the model. The verified finite element model was used to conduct a parametric analysis involving a range of parameters of loading level and slenderness. The study has shown that the concrete‐filled sections have demonstrated an improved fire resistance when compared with the hollow sections under the low loading ratios. The FEM model has successfully predicted the unique thermal profile of elliptical section under fire, which was observed during the tests. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用钢渣微细粉制备高强度混凝土的试验研究

利用粉磨至不同比表面积的转炉钢渣微细粉取代部分水泥进行了C60混凝土的早期和后期强度及坍落度试验，考察了钢渣微细粉的比表面积及掺入量、水胶比和减水剂掺入量对混凝土性能的影响，并用PoreMaster——60孔测定仪测定了硬化混凝土的孔分布。试验结果表明，钢渣微细粉的比表面积为487m^2／kg、掺入量为15％-20％时，可获得令人满意的混凝土3d和28d抗压强度；随着水胶比的增大，混凝土3d和28d抗压强度显著降低，坍落度急剧增大；减水剂掺入量对混凝土坍落度影响明显，但对混凝土强度影响不大。     

Adhesive and anticorrosive properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) powders blended with phosphonated copolymers on galvanized steel plates

Fluoropolymers with adhesive and anticorrosive properties were investigated by blending statistical phosphonated copolymers with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). In a first part, methacrylic monomers bearing dialkyl phosphonate and phosphonic acid groups were synthesized. Dimethyl(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl)phosphonate was obtained by carrying out a one‐step methacrylation of a commercial phosphonated alcohol. Then, a chemical conversion of the dimethyl phosphonate group to phosphonic acid groups was accomplished by two routes, including on the one hand a trimethylhalosilane and on the other hand an inorganic halide as dealkylation reagents. The resulting monomers were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and results were discussed. In a second part, the phosphonated monomers were copolymerized with methyl methacrylate in the presence of 2,2'‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) to give statistical copolymers in high yields. In a third and last part, copolymers were introduced into PVDF as adhesion promoters and anticorrosion inhibitors. Good dry and wet adhesion properties onto galvanized steel plates were obtained with blends containing mainly phosphonic acid groups. Results of corrosion tests show that the phosphonic acid groups maintain some level of adhesion, thereby preventing the spread of corrosion. However, the number of acid groups and their neighbors influence the adhesive and anticorrosive properties of the PVDF coatings. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2277–2287, 2002     

Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in hydrochloric acid by cationic arylthiophenes as new eco-friendly inhibitors: Experimental and quantum chemical study

This study describes the adsorption behavior of three arylthiophene derivatives namely: 2-(4-amidino-3-fluorophenyl)-5-[4-methoxy phenyl] thiophene dihydrochloride salt (MA-1217), 2-(4-amidinophenyl)-5-[4-chlorophenyl] thiophene dihydrochloride salt (MA-1316) and 2-(4-amidino-3-fluorophenyl)-5-[4-chlorophenyl]thiophene dihydrochloride salt (MA-1312) at C-steel in 1.0 mol·L^-1 HCl interface using experimental and theoretical studies. Electrochemical and mass loss measurements showed that the inhibition efficiency (IE) of the arylthiophene derivatives increases with increasing concentrations and exhibited maximum efficiency 89% at 21×10^-6 mol·L^-1 (MA-1217) by mass loss method. The investigated arylthiophene derivatives obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. From polarization studies the arylthiophene derivatives act as mixed-type inhibitors. Surface analysis were carried out and discussed. The mode of orientation and adsorption of inhibitor molecules on C-steel surface was studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Quantum chemical parameters as well as the radial distribution function indices and binding energies confirm the experimental results.