FY-3C中分辨率成像光谱仪数据的窄波段地表反照率验证研究

地表反照率数据对地表能量平衡和全球变化研究具有重要意义。基于2014年FY-3C卫星250 m分辨率的反射率数据和角度数据,选取非洲及北美洲的4个区域作为研究区,采用RossThick-LiSparseR模型作为BRDF(Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function)核模型反演了地表窄波段反照率,得到250 m分辨率的4个窄波段黑空、白空反照率。将反演得到的FY-3C地表窄波反照率产品与MODIS反照率产品（MCD43A3）数据进行了交叉验证,结果表明：FY-3C窄波段反照率与对应MODIS窄波段反照率对比的均方根误差在0.01~0.04,平均偏差(MBIAS)为0.09,FY-3C窄波段反照率与对应的MODIS窄波段反照率在可见光波段、近红外波段有较好的一致性。本研究提升了国产风云极轨卫星的应用范围,可为FY-3C地表反照率业务化产品提供算法支撑。     

基于MODIS影像的PM10反演——以北京市为例

提出了一种从MODIS影像上反演可吸入颗粒物浓度(PM10)的方法。该方法的基础为从MODIS影像上反演得到的3个可见光波段气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)计算的ngstrm-α。ngstrm-α与颗粒物粒径有关,根据ngstrm-α能够得到颗粒物有效半径,进而估算颗粒物浓度。反演的气溶胶光学厚度由AERONET北京站与香河站验证。PM10反演结果由北京市环保局发布的AQI反插得到的PM10(AQI)进行验证。结果表明:从MODIS影像上反演的3个可见光波段AOD与AERONET基站AOD具有良好的相关性,相关系数为0.923,均方根误差为0.149。该方法反演的PM10与PM10(AQI)相关系数为0.794,均方根误差为48.34(μg/m3)。     

从短波红外与红光波段反演华北地区气溶胶

针对MODIS数据监测华北地区陆地气溶胶存在的植被稀少和仪器老化的问题,开展了基于短波红外波段和红光波段地表反射率比值反演气溶胶。讨论了华北地区MODIS传感器红波段和短波红外波段地表反射率的时间变化特征,发现二者之间的比值较为稳定,据此去除地表反射贡献,建立了陆地气溶胶反演算法。利用2016年9月—2017年8月过境华北地区的MODIS数据进行了算法测试和验证,该算法能够同时在植被稠密和稀疏的地区获得反演结果,较好地反映了气溶胶的空间分布。与AERONET北京Radi站和香河站气溶胶产品对比表明,该算法对于城市和乡村区域的应用效果较好,与地面观测结果的相关系数高于0.9,但算法出现了整体低估;分季节验证结果表明,季节之间的差异较小。     

中国不同土地利用类型分光辐射地表反照率研究

选取2000～2015年遥感反演的地表反照率数据及2000和2015年两期土地利用数据,采用经典统计学方法分析不同土地利用类型分光辐射地表反照率的特征及其年际变化趋势。为了解土地利用类型的反照率特征、认知区域气候或陆面模式中能量模块的相关分光辐射变量的物理过程提供科学依据。结果表明:不同的土地利用类型具有差异明显的地表反照率特征,同种土地利用类型地表反照率的差异甚至超过了不同类别土地利用类型之间的差异,说明了地表反照率巨大的空间异质性;大部分土地利用类型在短波总辐射及分光辐射地表反照率满足:近红外短波可见光,说明短波地表反照率的上限值更大程度上取决于近红外波段的地表反照率;研究时段内,各土地利用类型在3个波段地表反照率分别呈现出了不同的变化趋势,但是大部分土地利用类型分光辐射地表反照率的年际变化速率较小,基本保持稳定。     

暗目标法从风云三号数据反演陆地气溶胶

针对2013年发射升空的FY-3C星的中分辨率光谱成像仪(MERSI)应用气溶胶反演较少的不足,开展了暗目标法反演陆地气溶胶的应用研究,为研究气候变化、大气环境监测等提供数据支撑。在MODIS暗目标法基础上,针对FY-3C/MERSI数据反演陆地气溶胶,使用6SV完成辐射传输计算建立大气参数查找表,采用IDL的HDF5读写接口完成数据提取与辐射定标,利用蓝光波段(470nm)与短波红外波段(2 130nm)的线性关系分离出大气信息,插值大气参数查找表得到气溶胶光学厚度(aerosol optical depth,AOD)。2014年5月15日华北地区的算法应用表明,该算法能较好地监测空气污染的分布。2014年5月的MERSI数据反演结果与同期AERONET香河站的气溶胶产品比对表明,该算法与地面观测结果有着较好的一致性,相关系数优于0.8。     

HJ-1A/B星地表反照率生成算法与检验

提出了适合环境与灾害监测预报小卫星-A、B星(简称HJ-1A/B星)CCD相机的大气订正算法,并基于不同地表特性和大气条件下的辐射传输模拟数据,建立HJ-1A/B星的窄波段向宽波段反照率转换的模型.利用多级灰阶靶标实测数据、敦煌检验场实测数据验证了大气订正算法以及转换模型的可靠性和精度,并将HJ-1A/B星影像数据计算的反照率产品与同时相的MODIS反照率产品进行对比分析.结果表明:文章提出的HJ-1A/B星CCD相机大气订正算法可有效校正大气影响;窄波段向宽波段反照率转换模型反演的反照率精度可靠;基于研究成果生成的HJ-1A/B星地表反照率与MODIS反照率产品一致性较好,满足后续遥感数据定量化模型研究的精度需要.     

利用MODIS资料计算不同云天条件下的地表太阳辐射

利用MODIS气溶胶和云产品卫星数据与大气辐射传输模式RSTAR,进行了晴空和有云条件下地表太阳辐射计算,并与香河综合辐射站的地基辐射测量值相比较。分析表明,晴空下二者相关性较好,相关系数平方R~2值为0.95,均方根误差RMSE为38.8 W/m~2。有云条件下,计算结果较差于晴空条件下,R~2值为0.88,RMSE为88.2 W/m~2。观测显示,香河站云—气溶胶共存现象较多,而MODIS仅按单一层的云进行微物理参数反演,导致模式输入参数误差,给地表太阳辐射计算结果引入误差。为了分析云-气溶胶共存状态对计算地表太阳辐射的影响,利用RSTAR计算了不同光学厚度的云和气溶胶在特定波段卫星观测的辐亮度值,并对于特定波段卫星接收的辐亮度值,用不同垂直结构的云和气溶胶分别反演其光学和微物理参数,再利用反演的结果分别计算相应的地表太阳辐射。结果表明:相对于单一云层的反演结果,云下气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)为0.1时,由反演误差所导致的地表太阳辐射估算误差较小;而随着AOD增加影响明显增大,在AOD为1.2时,相对误差达17.79%~18.38%。对于污染较重的华北地区而言,分析云覆盖下的气溶胶对地表太阳辐射的影响,有助于提高有云条件下地表太阳辐射的计算精度。     

气溶胶光学厚度、类型及廓线对CO2反演的敏感性分析

位于1.6和2.06 μm附近的短波红外波段可用于探测低层大气CO²信息,然而除大气分子(主要是CO²)吸收外,大气分子散射、气溶胶和云散射也是限制这些波段的卫星测量信号的主要因素,因此气溶胶光学参数及其垂直分布也必然制约着GOSAT(Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite)CO²的反演精度。利用正演模式DISORT分析气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、类型以及廓线对CO²反演精度的敏感性,旨在提高CO²反演精度。结果表明:①不同类型气溶胶AOD增大对CO²柱总量的影响各不相同,且CO²柱总量变化量的变化趋势也不相同,这取决于气溶胶的散射相函数与单次散射反照率的大小;②气溶胶类型变化会导致CO²柱总量变化,且这种变化随着AOD增大而增大;③对于满足指数分布的沙尘气溶胶,标高的低估会导致反演的CO²柱总量偏大,而气溶胶的集中分布导致反演的CO²柱总量偏小,且气溶胶层越高,反演的CO²柱总量越小。     

基于中国通量网的MODIS短波反照率验证与分析

遥感地表反照率产品的验证与分析是将其应用于环境研究的基础。采用中国通量网的地表实测短波反照率数据对MODIS反照率产品进行对比和分析,针对选取的8个地面站点,提取了2004年的MODIS反照率产品并进行验证。这些站点的植被覆盖情况涵盖了草地、森林和农业用地。结果显示MODIS在多数情况下能提供准确的地表反照率产品。针对各个站点的误差、均方根误差、相关系数分析都显示了这个结果,总体反演误差在0.002左右。较大的误差出现在有冰雪影响的时候,排除受积雪影响的数据,总体均方根误差可达0.028。分析了引起误差的原因并提出了改进意见。     

资源一号04星WFI数据气溶胶反演与验证——以北京市及北京周边地区为例

相比目前常用的传感器,资源一号04星(CBERS04)WFI传感器具有较优的时间分辨率、空间分辨率和幅宽优势,对区域气溶胶遥感估算具有较大的应用潜力。针对WFI数据,结合暗像元法和深蓝算法,构建动态查找表参与辐射传输计算,有效地反演出复杂地表上空的气溶胶光学厚度(aerosol optical depth,AOD)。结果表明,所提出的构建动态查找表并集成暗像元法和深蓝算法的方法,能较好地反映实际气溶胶分布情况;基于WFI反演的AOD空间分布与MODIS气溶胶产品基本一致,但具有更广的空间分布,更能反映区域AOD的分布细节;与AERONET站点AOD值间具有显著相关性(r>0.94),且67%的反演结果位于误差区间以内,但低值AOD容易出现高估现象。     

Validation of MISR land surface broadband albedo

Land surface broadband albedo is a critical variable for many scientific applications. Due to the scarcity of spectral albedo measurements of the Earth's surface environments, it is useful to construct broadband albedo from spectral albedo data obtained by multi‐angle satellite observations. The Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) onboard NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra satellite provides land surface albedo products from multi‐angular observations; however, the products have not been comprehensively validated. We convert MISR spectral albedos to total shortwave albedos and validate them using ground measurements at different validation sites. For most surface types, a published narrowband to broadband conversion formula was used, but a new conversion formula for snow and ice covered sites is developed in this study where the spectral range of the instrument is different. Several comparisons are made: (1) between MISR directional‐hemispherical reflectance (DHR) or albedo and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) DHR; and (2) between MISR spectral DHR and bi‐hemispherical reflectance (BHR). The results show that: (1) both the value and the temporal trends of the MISR shortwave albedo and the ground measured shortwave albedo are in good agreement, with the exception of the snow and ice sites; (2) the MISR DHR conforms well to MODIS DHR; and (3) the values of MISR DHR and BHR are nearly identical.     

Retrieval of land surface albedo and temperature using data from the Indian geostationary satellite: a case study for the winter months

The shortwave and longwave radiation budget at land surfaces is largely dependent on two fundamental quantities, the albedo and the land surface temperature (LST). A time series (November 2005 to March 2006) of daily data from the Indian geostationary satellite Kalpana‐1 Very High Resolution Radiometer (K1VHRR) sensor in the visible (VIS), water vapour (WV) and thermal infrared (TIR) bands from noontime (0900 GMT) observations were processed to retrieve these quantities in clear skies for five winter months. Cloud detection was carried out using bispectral threshold tests (in both VIS and TIR bands) in a dekadal time series. Surface albedo was retrieved using a simple atmospheric transmission model. K1VHRR albedo was compared with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) AQUA noontime albedo over different land targets (agriculture, forest, desert, scrub and snow) that showed minimum differences over agriculture and forest. The comparison of spatial albedo over different landscapes yielded a root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 0.021 in VHRR albedo (9% of MODIS albedo). A mono‐window algorithm was implemented with a single TIR band to retrieve the LST. Its accuracy was also verified over different land targets by comparison with aggregated MODIS AQUA LST. The maximum RMSD was obtained over agriculture. Spatial comparison of VHRR and AQUA LSTs over homogeneous and heterogeneous landscape cutouts revealed an overall RMSD of 2.3 K. An improvement in the retrieval accuracy is expected to be achieved with atmospheric products from the sounder and split thermal bands in the imager of future INSAT 3D missions.     

Snow optical properties for different particle shapes with application to snow grain size retrieval and MODIS/CERES radiance comparison over Antarctica

We investigated the single scattering optical properties of snow for different ice particle shapes and degrees of microscopic scale roughness. These optical properties were implemented and tested in a coupled atmosphere-snow radiative transfer model. The modeled surface spectral albedo and radiance distribution were compared with surface measurements. The results show that the reflected radiance and irradiance over snow are sensitive to the snow grain size and its vertical profile. When inhomogeneity of the particle size distribution in the vertical is taken into account, the measured spectral albedo can be matched, regardless of the particle shapes. But this is not true for the modeled radiance distribution, which depends a lot on the particle shape. The usual “equivalent spheres” assumption significantly overestimates forward reflected radiances, and underestimates backscattering radiances, around the principal plane. On average, the aggregate shape assumption has the best agreement with the measured radiances to a mean bias within 2%.The snow optical properties with the aggregate assumption were applied to the retrieval of snow grain size over the Antarctic plateau. The retrieved grain sizes of the top layer showed similar and large seasonal variation in all years, but only small year to year variation. Using the retrieved snow grain sizes, the modeled spectral and broadband radiances showed good agreements with MODIS and CERES measurements over the Antarctic plateau. Except for the MODIS 2.13 μm channel, the mean relative model-observation differences are within few percent. The modeled MODIS radiances using measured surface reflectance at Dome C also showed good agreement in visible channels, where radiation is not sensitive to snow grain size and the measured surface bidirectional reflectance is applicable over the Antarctic plateau. But modeled radiances using local, surface-measured reflectance in the near infrared yielded large errors because of the high sensitivity to the snow grain size, which varies spatially and temporally. The CERES broadband shortwave radiance is moderately sensitive to the snow grain size, comparable to the MODIS 0.86 μm channel. The variation of broadband snow reflectance due to the seasonal variation in snow grain size is about 5% in a year over the Antarctic plateau. CERES broadband radiances simulated with grain sizes retrieved using MODIS are about 2% larger than those observed.     

An accuracy assessment experiment of the BRDF measured at coarse spatial resolution from space

The accuracy assessment of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) acquired from satellite sensors at coarse spatial resolution (1 or more km) is not straightforward. One possible strategy is to compare BRDF measurements from spaceborne and airborne sensors on a test area with appropriate characteristics of spatial homogeneity. This Letter describes an experiment based on this principle, aiming at the control of the BRDF measured by POLDER/ADEOS. The BRDF derived from the satellite data is compared with that derived from spatially averaged airborne POLDER data over a forested area of the Landes region. The magnitude and shape of the BRDF measured by both sensors are found to be consistent within an accuracy of 0.01 in reflectance units, except for the principal plane in the blue band where some inconsistency is found. Similar experiments could be used for the verification of other sensors data, such as those of MISR and MODIS onboard Terra, and POLDER 2 onboard ADEOS 2 in the near future.     

Accuracy assessment of the MODIS 16-day albedo product for snow: comparisons with Greenland in situ measurements

The accuracy of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 16-day albedo product (MOD43) is assessed using ground-based albedo observations from automatic weather stations (AWS) over spatially homogeneous snow and semihomogeneous ice-covered surfaces on the Greenland ice sheet. Data from 16 AWS locations, spanning the years 2000-2003, were used for this assessment. In situ reflected shortwave data were corrected for a systematic positive spectral sensitivity bias of between 0.01 and 0.09 on a site-by-site basis using precise optical black radiometer data. Results indicate that the MOD43 albedo product retrieves snow albedo with an average root mean square error (RMSE) of ±0.07 as compared to the station measurements, which have ±0.035 RMSE uncertainty. If we eliminate all satellite retrievals that rely on the backup algorithm and consider only the highest quality results from the primary bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) algorithm, the MODIS albedo RMSE is ±0.04, slightly larger than the in situ measurement uncertainty. There is general agreement between MODIS and in situ observations for albedo <0.7, while near the upper limit, a −0.05 MODIS albedo bias is evident from the scatter of the 16-site composite.     

Theoretical noise sensitivity of BRDF and albedo retrieval from the EOS-MODIS and MISR sensors with respect to angular sampling

The sensitivity of the semiempirical RossThick-LiSparse Ambrals BRDF model to random noise in observed multiangular reflectances was investigated through a study of the impact of angular sampling. The mathematical properties of (linear, additive) kernel-driven BRDF models allow the analytical derivation of so-called weights of determination or noise amplification factors which quantify the uncertainty in retrieved parameters such as nadir-view reflectance or albedo at various solar zenith angles, or in the BRDF model parameters themselves. The study was carried out using simulated angular sampling for the MODIS and MISR instruments to be flown on NASA's Earth Observing System AM-1 platform, as a function of latitude, day of year and sampling period. A similar study was carried out for comparison using the modified RPV BRDF model, a multiplicative model. Results show that the retrieved parameters, reflectance and albedo can be expected to have noise amplification factors that are less than unity, indicating that the retrievals are stable with respect to random noise under the angular sampling schemes occurring. The BRDF model parameters themselves were found to be more susceptible to noise than many of the derived products, especially for the modified RPV model. The effect of different angular sampling regimes on the uncertainty of derived information was further explored. This study provides an indication of the reliability to be expected from the operational BRDF/albedo products from the MODIS and MISR instruments. The findings may qualitatively also apply to AVHRR, SPOT VEGETATION and similar satellite angular sampling regimes.     

东北地区MODIS亚像元积雪覆盖率反演及验证

以中巴资源卫星数据作为地面“真值”影像,根据东北地区地理环境与气候特点对Salomoson亚像元积雪覆盖率模型参数进行修正,反演东北地区MODIS像元积雪覆盖率,并用不同方案对模型的稳定性和精度进行分析。研究结果表明,经修正后的Salomoson亚像元积雪覆盖率反演模型对不同地貌--景观单元具有稳定性,其中较小的波动源于积雪物理性质差异、大气效应、积雪影像分类误差及影像配准误差。在东北平原区,NDSI值在0.52~0.65时,模型反演精度高,但反演雪盖率总体偏低,主要是由NDSI基于对波段反射率的非线性转换引起的;雪盖率高估的像元主要分布在城区外围以及农村居民点,而覆盖城区、乡、镇以及居民点之间道路的像元雪盖率误差小,其原因是人类活动频率影响像元内积雪组分与非积雪组分的光谱特性的差异程度。与MODIS雪产品进行对比分析,积雪覆盖率提供较传统雪盖制图更加丰富的信息,然而对林区冠层下积雪覆盖二者均未给出准确估计。     

Retrieval of subpixel snow covered area, grain size, and albedo from MODIS

We describe and validate a model that retrieves fractional snow-covered area and the grain size and albedo of that snow from surface reflectance data (product MOD09GA) acquired by NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The model analyzes the MODIS visible, near infrared, and shortwave infrared bands with multiple endmember spectral mixtures from a library of snow, vegetation, rock, and soil. We derive snow spectral endmembers of varying grain size from a radiative transfer model specific to a scene's illumination geometry; spectra for vegetation, rock, and soil were collected in the field and laboratory. We validate the model with fractional snow cover estimates from Landsat Thematic Mapper data, at 30 m resolution, for the Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mountains, high plains of Colorado, and Himalaya. Grain size measurements are validated with field measurements during the Cold Land Processes Experiment, and albedo retrievals are validated with in situ measurements in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado. The pixel-weighted average RMS error for snow-covered area across 31 scenes is 5%, ranging from 1% to 13%. The mean absolute error for grain size was 51 µm and the mean absolute error for albedo was 4.2%. Fractional snow cover errors are relatively insensitive to solar zenith angle. Because MODSCAG is a physically based algorithm that accounts for the spatial and temporal variation in surface reflectances of snow and other surfaces, it is capable of global snow cover mapping in its more computationally efficient, operational mode.     

MODIS snow albedo bias at high solar zenith angles relative to theory and to in situ observations in Greenland

In situ measurements of snow albedo at five stations along a north-south transect in the dry-snow facies of the interior of Greenland follow the theoretically expected dependence of snow albedo with solar zenith angle (SZA). Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) measurements from 1997 through 2007 exhibit the trend of modest surface brightening with increasing SZA on both diurnal and seasonal timescales. SZA explains up to 50% of seasonal albedo variability. The two other environmental factors considered, temperature and cloudiness, play much less significant roles in seasonal albedo variability at the five stations studied. Compared to the 10-year record of these GC-Net measurements, the five-year record of MODIS satellite-retrieved snow albedo shows a systematic negative bias for SZA larger than about 55°. Larger bias of MODIS snow albedo exists at more northerly stations. MODIS albedos successfully capture the snow albedo dependence on SZA and have a relatively good agreement with GC-Net measurements for SZA < 55°. The discrepancy of MODIS albedo with in situ albedo and with theory is determined mainly by two related factors, SZA and retrieval quality. While the spatiotemporal structure, especially zonal features, of the MODIS-retrieved albedo may be correct for large SZA, the accuracy deteriorates for SZA > 55° and often becomes physically unrealistic for SZA > 65°. This unphysical behavior biases parameterizations of surface albedo and restricts the range of usefulness of the MODIS albedo products. Seasonal-to-interannual trends in surface brightness in Greenland, and in polar (i.e., large SZA) regions in general, and model simulations of these trends, should be evaluated in light of these limitations.