霍煤鸿骏火电厂水平衡测试

本文简要介绍了霍煤鸿骏自备电厂一期发电机组水平衡测试的过程,分析了水平衡测试的结果,并根据测试结果有的放矢地制定了节水措施,对降低发电水耗起到了重要作用。实践证明水平衡测试意义重大。     

基于动态规划法的多泥沙水源泵站优化调度研究

对多泥沙水源泵站的优化调度,主要以清水条件下算出的泵站稳态数据为基础,在一定的含沙率和下游所需流量下,运用泥沙公式求出泥沙水源条件下各种组合的水泵工作点;然后采用动态规划法,以抽取单位水量的耗能量最小作为目标函数,确定约束条件和递推方程,接着对模型求解,找出最优的开机组合。以某取水泵站为例进行了相关计算,计算结果表明:采用动态规划法,并运用相关的公式求出工作点;利用计算机语言,可以快速并准确地在满足条件下所有的水泵开机组合型式中寻找出最优的开机组合,以减少泵站的损耗,提高泵站的运行效率。借助于工程实例,对于含沙水流下泵站工作参数的推导、动态规划数学模型的建立以及调度目标函数的确定等过程进行了较为详细的介绍。     

The impact of ambient temperature on water consumption in Kuwait

This paper discusses the potential impact of ambient temperature on fresh water consumption in Kuwait. Data on monthly mean ambient temperature, expressed in terms of degree days, and monthly water consumption are analysed. It is argued that most of the variation in monthly consumption is caused by ambient temperature variation; this is estimated to account for about 20% of annual consumption. Since fresh water in Kuwait is produced in desalination plants, it is estimated that ambient temperature variation cost the equivalent of about one million barrels of oil in 1982.     

低质水的价格理论与实践

低质水就是现代城市建设中促进水资源高效利用的新产物,它是指将未经处理或简单处理的原水、中水系统的回用水等低品质水作为初级非饮用水,单设管网供应,用于冲洗厕所、园林绿化、清洗车辆、喷洒道路、景观用水等。低质水系统通常是局部或区域性的,在节约水资源和降低水处理费用等方面存在优势。本文针对低质水的价格进行了理论和实践上的探讨。     

Efficient water market mechanisms to cope with water scarcity

Water markets are increasingly being relied upon as an instrument to reallocate water between competing users under conditions of water scarcity, and within an environment of fully committed water resources. Without such a reallocation new irrigation developments cannot take place and economic developments will be forgone to the detriment of rural communities. There is therefore a need for continued development of a water market mechanism to ensure that this reallocation process can take place as efficiently as possible, and to alleviate the socio-economic impact of water scarcity. Since markets are still emerging around the world it is important to learn from operating markets. This paper discusses the operational mechanism of a water exchange in Victoria, Australia, and analyses the outcome of the first five years of operation.     

Organic matter balance in ECF kraft mill fiberline.

Organic matter balances of an ECF kraft mill fiberline were studied in three different operational conditions of the oxygen delignification stage by implementing mill measurements, collecting routine mill data and combining them in a modified PROCELL steady state model. Dissolved volatile solids was the basic measurement for organic matter in liquid streams. Normal operation of the O2D0E(O)D1E(OP)D2 fiberline was described successfully. It was also possible to describe exceptional operating situations in the oxygen delignification stage and their effects on other parts of the production process reasonably well in order to focus studies on aspects requiring further attention. The existence of organic matter lost through complete degradation and volatile organic compounds in unit processes as well as its sensitivity to yield and operational situations is shown. The different perspectives of pulp production and wastewater treatment can be brought closer to each other using the approach in this study. The variation in the fractions discharged to wastewater treatment, although a relatively small share of the overall organic matter balance, will continue to become more important also for pulp production when effluent streams are increasingly turned back to the production line through further closure. Studies like the one presented here, can contribute to the evaluation of this development.     

堵港蓄淡水库水体淡化预测研究

本文采用Delft3D三维分层模型研究堵港蓄淡水库水体淡化过程。用浙江省漩门二期堵港蓄淡水库长历时观测资料对模型进行验证和参数率定，水位、盐度及其分层的计算结果和观测资料基本吻合;在此基础上，该模型用于预测2004～2006年漩门二期堵港蓄淡水库在设计水文条件下运行时库内水体淡化过程及其效果。计算结果表明水库表层水体受径流影响较大，盐度下降很快，致使盐度分层明显，枯水年局部表层水体会出现返咸现象；深潭底部水体淡化很慢，应采取排盐措施。     

Performance of UASB septic tank for treatment of concentrated black water within DESAR concept.

Separation of wastewater streams produced in households according to their origin, degree of pollution and affinity to a specific treatment constitutes a starting point in the DESAR concept (decentralised sanitation and reuse). Concentrated black water and kitchen waste carry the highest load of organic matter and nutrients from all waste(water)streams generated from different human activities. Anaerobic digestion of concentrated black water is a core technology in the DESAR concept. The applicability of the UASB septic tank for treatment of concentrated black water was investigated under two different temperatures, 15 and 25 degrees C. The removal of total COD was dependent on the operational temperature and attained 61 and 74% respectively. A high removal of the suspended COD of 88 and 94% respectively was measured. Effluent nutrients were mainly in the soluble form. Precipitation of phosphate was observed. Effective sludge/water separation, long HRT and higher operational temperature contributed to a reduction of E. coli. Based on standards there is little risk of contamination with heavy metals when treated effluent is to be applied in agriculture as fertiliser.     

我国城市用水发展和用水效率分析

大量国内外统计数字表明,我国城市用水结构正在发生新的变化.城市用水总量经过了快速增长期后进入了平缓发展阶段;城市人均综合用水指标虽有较大幅度下降,但仍较部分发达国家平均水平高出1倍以上;单位用水量产生的GDP仅为发达国家的1/6～1/20;供水损失率也较高;节约用水的潜力还很大,用水效率有待提高.     

考虑湖泊调蓄的引江济淮工程旬水量调度方案

为挖掘引江济淮工程沿线湖泊调蓄能力在保障供水、降低泵站输水能耗方面的潜力,开展考虑湖泊调蓄的 跨流域调水工程旬水量调度研究,构建考虑湖泊调蓄的泵站-湖泊多目标旬水量优化调度模型,并采用遗传算法进 行求解,以制定满足用水单元缺水量最少、泵站能耗最小和湖泊不平衡量最小的泵站-湖泊联合调度方案。分析 引江济淮工程调度运行的不同典型运行工况,以自流引江工况为例讨论考虑湖泊调蓄的旬水量调度方案的优势。 结果表明,考虑湖泊调蓄的调度方案能有效提高供水保证率、降低泵站总输水能耗,可为引江济淮工程运行调度 提供决策支撑。     

基于广义ET的水资源与水环境综合规划研究Ⅰ:理论

在分析国内外水资源规划的发展历程的基础上,基于广义ET耗水控制理念探讨了区域水资源水环境综合规划的理论、内涵及其规划理念。分析了其调控机制、规划原则以及规划目标。确定以目标ET制定-方案设置-情景模拟-方案评价-方案推荐5个步骤为基于ET的水资源规划的决策思路,进而提出了七大总量控制规划指标,建立了规划框架。为综合解决全球气候变化和人类活动影响下日益严重的水资源和水环境问题提供了探索途径。     

Saline sewage treatment and source separation of urine for more sustainable urban water management

While energy consumption and its associated carbon emission should be minimized in wastewater treatment, it has a much lower priority than human and environmental health, which are both closely related to efficient water quality management. So conservation of surface water quality and quantity are more important for sustainable development than green house gas (GHG) emissions per se. In this paper, two urban water management strategies to conserve fresh water quality and quantity are considered: (1) source separation of urine for improved water quality and (2) saline (e.g. sea) water toilet flushing for reduced fresh water consumption in coastal and mining cities. The former holds promise for simpler and shorter sludge age activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (no nitrification and denitrification), nutrient (Mg, K, P) recovery and improved effluent quality (reduced endocrine disruptor and environmental oestrogen concentrations) and the latter for significantly reduced fresh water consumption, sludge production and oxygen demand (through using anaerobic bioprocesses) and hence energy consumption. Combining source separation of urine and saline water toilet flushing can reduce sewer crown corrosion and reduce effluent P concentrations. To realize the advantages of these two approaches will require significant urban water management changes in that both need dual (fresh and saline) water distribution and (yellow and grey/brown) wastewater collection systems. While considerable work is still required to evaluate these new approaches and quantify their advantages and disadvantages, it would appear that the investment for dual water distribution and wastewater collection systems may be worth making to unlock their benefits for more sustainable urban development.     

北京市城镇化与水资源系统的动态耦合分析

北京市城镇化进程在改善水资源利用效率的同时,也带来了水资源耗用量的增加和水污染程度的加剧。在合理构建城镇化与水资源系统指标体系的基础上,通过构建动态耦合模型,来对北京市城镇化系统与水资源系统的协调发展态势进行分析研究。分析结果表明:2005~2014年间,北京市城镇化系统与水资源系统的发展演化并不同步;城镇化系统发展呈现单边上升的趋势,而水资源系统的发展却具有波动性。两系统的动态耦合发展态势经历了协调发展、极限发展、再次协调发展共3个阶段,相互影响程度经历了由小变大再变小的过程,大致呈现出"倒U型"变化。根据研究结果,提出了北京市应放缓城镇化步伐,注重城镇化质量,以及发展高新技术以减少水资源污染等合理化的建议。     

Hygienization of municipal sludge in automatically operated chamber filter presses with thermal vacuum drying.

This paper presents the state of the art of thermal vacuum drying in chamber filter presses for unattended automatic operation. The achieved results are exemplified by the treatment of the two stage digested combined primary, chemical and biological sludge created by the VEAS concept for nutrient removal from municipal wastewater at VEAS. The water removal rate in each stage of the drying process is described, with comments on the low energy needs. The advantages of one-sided heating, the capacity and the drying potential are discussed. The hygienization potential of the process is demonstrated by the effect on thermostable coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, salmonella, the spores of sulfite reducing anaerobic bacteria, f-specific bacteriophages, the seeds of the weed, wild oat, Avena fatua, and the parasite eggs of the potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis. A more complete paper with the VEAS-concept is found on the VEAS homepage (www.veas.nu).     

各生育期不同灌水下限对茄子生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响

为指导节水灌溉和增产,在茄子苗期、开花结果期和成熟采摘期进行不同灌水下限处理来研究各生育期不同灌水下限对茄子生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响。试验结果表明：株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部干重、总根长、总根鲜重和干重均随着灌水下限的降低而降低。与正常灌溉相比,苗期和开花结果期适当降低灌水下限对茄子的生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响不明显。而成熟采摘期时对水分最为敏感,此时降低灌水下限对茄子的生长、产量和水分利用率的影响较为显著。综合灌水量、茄子生长、产量、水分利用效率几个方面考虑,苗期灌水下限60豫,开花结果期灌水下限65豫,成熟采摘期灌水下限70豫是最合适的灌水下限。     

区域外调水水权分配模型及应用

提出外调水水权分配的5项原则,以此建立外调水水权分配的多目标优化模型。该模型综合考虑了城镇生活、生产、生态用水,并且体现了水权分配的公平性、高效性、可持续发展等原则。通过确定各目标函数权重,将该多目标模型转化为单目标优化模型进行求解。目标函数权重的确定采用综合赋权法,应用熵权法确定各目标函数的数学权重,再结合决策者意向得出经验权重,最后通过线性加权得出综合决策的权重。该权重确定方法既尊重了客观实际又考虑了决策者的意向,使得模型应用更加灵活。最后,将该模型应用到大连市外调水水权分配中,结果显示该模型具有较好的实用价值,可以用来指导区域调水工程规划及水资源优化配置。     

Freeze concentration for enrichment of nutrients in yellow water from no-mix toilets.

Separately collected urine ("yellow water") can be utilized as fertilizer. In order to decrease storage volumes and energy consumption for yellow water transport to fields, enrichment of nutrients in yellow water has to be considered. Laboratory-scale batch freeze concentration of yellow water has been tested in ice-front freezing apparatus: a stirred vessel and a falling film freeze concentrator (coolant temperatures: -6 to -16 degrees C). With progressing enrichment of the liquid concentrate, the frozen ice was increasingly contaminated with yellow water constituents (ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, TOC, and salts determined as conductivity). The higher the initial salinity of the yellow water and the lower the mechanical agitation of the liquid phase contacting the growing ice front, the more the frozen ice was contaminated. The results indicate, that in ice-front freezing devices multistage processes are necessary, i.e. the melted ice phase has to be purified (and the concentrates must be further enriched) in a second or even in a third stage. Energy consumption of this process is very high. However, technical scale suspension freeze concentration is reasonable in centralized ecological sanitation schemes if the population exceeds 0.5 million and distance of yellow water transportation to fields is more than 80 km.     

A systematic approach for estimating water losses in irrigation canals

In order to determine water losses in irrigation canals, a systematic approach was developed, consisting of two main components: a seepage simulation model and a hydraulic simulation model. The SEEP/W module of the Geo-Studio software was used to simulate the seepage rate, and the Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) hydrodynamic model was used for hydraulic simulation. Different operation scenarios were designed to investigate all possible situations in daily operation of water distribution and delivery systems. The seepage simulation results show that the seepage losses were higher at the bottom and corners of the canal, because the hydraulic gradient was affected by the hydraulic load. The hydraulic simulation results show that due to physical and management infrastructure (using non-automated and operator-based regulation structures), operational losses accounted for a significant volume of losses compared to seepage losses. In most operation scenarios, the maximum seepage loss was 10%, and the remaining 90% was related to operational losses. It is concluded that any factor (decrease or increase of inflow to the canal) that causes an increase or decrease of operational losses is ultimately a determining factor in reducing or increasing total losses. Therefore, management approaches should be adopted to improve performance of the system and reduce losses, especially operational losses, by improving the operation methods of water level regulation and off-take structures.     

运用层次分析法对南京市节水型洗车方式推广探讨

运用层次分析法(AHP),从南京市洗车业现状出发,分析了制约南京市节水型洗车方式难推广的因素,提出了9条可供参考的对策,并得出了这些对策对于解决南京市推广节水洗车难的问题的权重。     

核电站淡水用水特征综合分析研究

鉴于当前我国尚无核电行业用水定额标准,核电项目水资源论证工作面临困难,影响到核电项目的取水许可审批和管理。在水利部及广核集团的支持下,开展了我国首个核电站淡水水量平衡测试。基于测试成果,解读核电站用水工艺流程,分析了核电站在正常运行期及大修期各用水项（包括总用水、核岛及常规岛用水、厂内生活用水、澄清池轴封用水、循泵轴封用水与冲洗用水等）的用水特征及规律,挖掘各用水项与生产工艺之间的内在联系及特点,推算各用水项与电厂发电量、装机容量等参数之间的关系。结果显示,两台二代百万千瓦核电机组年淡水实际用量不及设计值的1/3;核电用水环节中常规岛用水量最大,约占总用水量的30%;核电用水量与发电量并无明显的相关性,其单位发电量取水量及装机容量取水量值较小,不及火力发电行业限值的30%。研究成果为核电站的用水设计提供参考,也为今后核电项目的水资源论证管理及取水定额的制定提供依据。