Nutritive value of mango seed kernel

Seed kernels of two cultivars (Chausa and Dusheri) of mango (Mangifera indica) were analysed for chemical composition, lipid classes, fatty acid composition, amino acid profile and chemical evaluation of protein quality. The seed kernels constituted about 18% of the total fruit and had 5% protein, 6–7% crude fat, 0.19–0.44% tannins, iodine value of 34–44 and saponification number 202–213. Oleic acid (42%) and stearic acid (39%) were the principal fatty acids in the oil. The in vitro digestibility was low in these cultivars, possibly due to the presence of tannins. Sulphur-containing amino acids (methionine+cystine) and isoleucine were the limiting amino acids in Chausa and Dusheri, respectively. The essential amino acid index and protein quality index were high, thus indicating the good quality of the protein in mango seed kernel.     

Composition and Food Potential of African Oil Bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla) and Velvet Bean (Mucuna uriens)

Fatty acids, protein and amino acids of African oil bean seed (Pentaclethra macrophylla) and velvet beans (Mucuna uriens) were studied. Crude protein of the defatted seeds were 341g and 196g per kilogram dry matter and the ether extract was 46 and 8%, respectively, for oil bean seed and mucuna. Essential amino acids composition compared fairly with that of isolated soybean protein. Lysine was high at 66.5 and 66.4g/kg crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) for oil bean seed and mucuna, respectively. Methionine was low but cystine was high. The fat had a high content of saturated fatty acids. It is suggested that the seeds may be a potential source of protein and oil.     

Production of guava seed protein isolates: Yield,composition and protein quality

The optimum conditions were determined for the preparation of protein isolates from ground, defatted guava seed flour. The isolates were obtained by micellisation and isoelectric precipitation techniques. The isoelectric point of guava seed protein was found to be pH 4.5 with a protein solubility of more than 85% above pH 9. Using 40–80 mesh particle size and extracting at pH 10 for 30 min, an isoelectric isolate was obtained by acidification to pH 4.5 which was 85.4% of the starting protein compared to 18.3% for micellisation protein obtained by twofold dilution with cold distilled water of 5% NaCl protein extract. The isolates were easily digested by the pepsin-pancreatin enzyme system and were comparable to casein. The amino acid composition showed that guava seed flour and isolates were deficient in sulphur-containing amino acids and in lysine, but contained the other essential amino acids in adequate levels. The micellisation isolate had higher fat absorption and emulsion stability than the isoelectric isolate, while other functional properties were almost similar.     

Amino acid composition,mineral contents and protein solubility of some lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus l. Walp) seeds coat

Seeds coat of four lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) varieties were subjected to standard analytical techniques in order to evaluate proximate, amino acid, mineral composition and protein solubility. The proximate analysis indicates moisture content in the range of (3.17–4.96%), crude protein (14.53–15.93%), fat (0.62–0.74%), crude fibre (32.59–33.59%), ash (2.43–3.88%), and carbohydrate (47.11–48.62%) on dry weight basis. The most abundant mineral element in the studied seeds coat was potassium 361.20–459.51 mg/100 g followed by sodium 71.27–102.51 mg/100 g and magnesium 83.20–95.23 mg/100 g. Calcium, phosphorus, iron and zinc were also present in significant amount while lead, cobalt and nickel were not detected. The amino acid profile demonstrates nutritionally acceptable results for the samples due to the high levels of essential amino acids in g/100 g protein such as lysine 6.42–7.41, leucine 7.51–8.37, arginine 4.42–7.02 and phenylalanine 5.01–5.49; when compared with FAO/WHO standard; with essential amino acids (TEAA) 49.47–51.07 g/100 g protein. Glutamic and aspartic acid were the most abundant amino acid in all the samples. The protein solubility profiles showed minimum values at pH 4 and more than 70% soluble at pH 10. The study has shown the potentials of lima bean seeds coat, an agro by-products in the development of new functional ingredients for food enrichment to provide an economic alternative raw material for food industries.     

Polyphenoloxidase activity from strawberry fruit (Fragaria ananassa,Duch., cv Selva): characterisation and partial purification

In this work, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) from Selva strawberry fruit (Fragaria × ananassa, Duch) was extracted, characterised and partially purified. The activity of PPO was analysed in crude extracts obtained from either fresh fruits or acetone powder. The presence of NaCl and Triton X‐100 in the extraction buffer caused a marked increase in enzyme extractability. The enzyme showed an apparent K_m value of 11.2 mM with pyrocatechol as substrate. The maximum enzyme activity was observed at 50 °C and pH 5.3–6.0 without SDS and pH 7.2 in the presence of SDS. The presence of SDS increased PPO activity at pH 7.2 but diminished it at pH 6.0. The enzyme showed high thermal stability and maintained activities equal to or greater than 50% of its maximum activity in the 2.6–9.3 pH range. One polyphenoloxidase isoenzyme was detected in crude extracts of all ripening stages, showing an isoelectric point of 7.3. The specific activity of PPO decreased continuously through fruit ripening. Maximum specific activities were found at the ‘small green’ and ‘large green’ ripening stages. A total enzyme extract was partially purified by means of (NH₄)₂SO₄ precipitation and cationic exchange chromatography in an FPLC system. The purification grade achieved was near 25. The partially purified enzyme showed an isoelectric point equal to 7.3 and a molecular mass of 135 ± 4 kDa for the native protein. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Nutritional and anti-nutritional characteristics of mucuna (Mucuna utilis) bean seeds

Some nutritional and anti-nutritional characteristics of mucuna (Mucuna utilis (Wight) Burck) bean seeds were studied. The mature seeds contained 264 g crude protein, 63 g crude fibre, 41 g crude fat, 37 g ash and 595 g carbohydrates kg^?1 DM. The essential amino acid profile compared well with the FAO/WHO scoring pattern except for a deficiency of sulphur-containing amino acids. Mineral composition was similar to those reported for most tropical grain legumes. Raw mucuna seed samples contained moderately high levels of anti-tryptic activity (2170 trypsin units inhibited g^?1 DM), but this was completely destroyed by cooking. The other anti-nutritional factors (phytate, cyanide and tannins) are probably of little nutritional significance provided that the beans are properly processed. The in-vitro protein digestibility of raw and cooked beans were 71·5 and 80·3 %, respectively. In view of the high L-DOPA contents reported in some mucuna cultivars, overconsumption of mucuna beans should be viewed with some caution until suitable processing methods are developed.     

文冠果种仁营养物质和脂肪酸组成与氨基酸的评价

以不同产地文冠果种仁为材料,对文冠果种仁营养物质、脂肪酸、活性成分、氨基酸等组成与含量成进行了测定与分析。并应用氨基酸比值系数法,以WHO/FAO氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,对其必需氨基酸的组成进行了评价。结果表明：文冠果种仁中粗脂肪的含量为56.2%,蛋白质的含量为25.9%,粗纤维含量为10.4%,灰分含量为2.4%。文冠果种仁含有丰富的P、Ca、K、Mg、Na、Cu等多种微量元素。文冠果种仁中含有13种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸约为91.74%。文冠果种仁中含有维生素C、维生素E、多酚、黄酮、甾醇等活性物质。文冠果种仁中含有17种氨基酸,氨基酸总含量为24.27%,其中8种人体必需氨基酸的总含量为8.44%,亮氨酸含量最高,为1.84%。其必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合食品法典委员会（WHO/FAO）的标准,其氨基酸的比值系数评分（SRC）为77.55。文冠果种仁营养物质、活性成分丰富,所含人体必需氨基酸的种类齐全,并且含有独特的功能性脂肪酸-神经酸,是有利于人体健康的优质食品原料。     

Nutrient composition and food potential of Parkia roxburghii,a less known tree legume from northeast India

The nutrient compositions of Parkia roxburghii kernels and pods (i.e. tender, immature and mature) were determined. Protein content of the kernel was 29% and that of pods 13–19%. Similarly, fat content was highest (34%) in the kernel and ranged from 1–16% in the pods. Unsaturated acids Oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids made up 63–68% of the total fat in the pods as well as the kernels. The total essential amino acids amounted to 33%, 36% and 39% in the tender, immature, mature pods, respectively, and 42% in the kernels. The essential amino acid pattern of the kernel was comparable to the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) amino acid requirement for preschoolers. However, the amino acid scores of the tender, immature and mature pods were 64, 84 and 92, respectively, with sulphur amino acids as the limiting amino acids in all the pod samples.     

Chemical, Functional, and Nutritional Properties of Egusi (Colocynthis citrullus L.) Seed Protein Products

Egusi (Colocynthis citrullus L.) kernels contain 52.0% oil, 28.4% protein (60% in defatted flour), 2.7% fiber, 3.6% ash, and 8.2% carbohydrate. They are good sources of essential amino acids, especially arginine, tryptophan and methionine, vitamins B₁, B₂, and niacin, and S, Ca, Mg, Mn, K, P, Fe, and Zn. The oil contains mostly oleic (15.9%) and linoleic (62.8%) acids. Protein isolates that differ in gel electrophoretic patterns and amino acid content can be prepared from the flour in one- or two-step water and sodium hydroxide extractions. The water and oil holding capacities of the flour are 0.7 and 2.6 ml/g, respectively. Thick (mayonnaise-type) emulsions form in the alkaline pH range and a stable foam forms at pH 5.0. Nutritionally, lysine is the most limiting amino acid (chemical score, 52.4).     

Lipase from Vicia faba minor

Lipase was partially purified from small faba beans by ethanol precipitation and Sephadex gel filtration and characterised by disc gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and molecular weight determination in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the properties of the enzyme conformed generally to those of lipases from other sources. The isoelectric point was pH 4·8, and electrophoresis at pH 9·3 revealed one lipase band in the R_f0·25–0·31 region. The molecular weight was 210,000 ± 20,000. The possible importance of lipase is discussed with respect to the degradation of small faba bean lipids and to chemical changes occurring during storage of processed faba beans.     

Chemical composition and nutritive value of lantana and sweet pepper seeds and nabak seed kernels

Abstract: Chemical analysis was carried out on lantana (Lantana camara) and sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seeds and nabak (Zizyphus spina‐christi) seed kernels. The proximate analysis (on dry weight basis) of sweet pepper seeds, lantana seeds, and nabak seed kernels showed the following composition: moisture 70.95%, 17.27%, and 4.22%; ash 4.88%, 1.81%, and 3.51%; fat 19.57%, 11.0%, and 30.19%; crude protein 19.28%, 6.3%, and 38.2%; and carbohydrate 56.3%, 80.9%, and 28.1%, respectively. For minerals, potassium was the most abundant element, followed by phosphorus and sodium. Also, zinc, iron, copper, and manganese were detected. Analysis of amino acids revealed that the first limiting amino acid was valine, for both lantana and sweet pepper seeds, but it was threonine for nabak seed kernels. Antinutritional compounds, including, phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor, and tannins, were detected in all seeds. Results of fatty acid compositions showed that the major fatty acid was oleic acid in both lantana (48.73%) and nabak oils (53.25%), but it was linoleic acid in sweet pepper oil (71.55%). Moreover, the degree of unsaturation of these oils was close to that of common vegetable oils. In all oils, there was absorbance in the ultraviolet (UV)‐B and UV‐C ranges with potential for use as broad spectrum UV protectants. It can be inferred that the seeds investigated are good sources of crude fat, crude protein, ash, carbohydrate, and some minerals. Furthermore, the oil extracts could be useful as edible oils and for industrial applications. Practical Application: The nutritional composition of the investigated seeds suggested that they could be used to meet part of the nutritional requirements of animal feeds. Also, they could be regarded as good sources of food ingredients and as new sources of edible oils.     

红毛藻营养成分分析与评价

为了对红毛藻的营养价值进行全面的分析及评价。采用国家标准生化测定法检测红毛藻（Bangia fusco-purpurea）的营养成分。测得红毛藻干品的水分、灰分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质以及粗纤维的质量分数分别为10.90%、10.00%、3.78%、39.42%和17.20%;检出含有18种氨基酸,必需氨基酸质量分数为总量的35.53%,鲜味和甜味氨基酸质量分数占总氨基酸的49.87%,谷氨酸的质量分数最高（4.79%）;测得脂肪酸总质量分数为3.77%,其中?棕-3系列的多不饱和脂肪EPA的质量分数最高,占总脂肪酸质量分数的39.26%;红毛藻中含有多种矿物质如 钾、钠、磷、镁、锰、钙、铁等元素,宏量及微量元素里质量分数最高分别为钾（2 627.17 mg/hg）和铁元素（31.80 mg/hg）。研究表明,红毛藻为高蛋白质和膳食纤维、营养价值丰富的经济海藻,具有较好的开发前景。     

On seed proteins Part 11. Purification,Chemical Composition,and Some Physico-chemical Properties of the 11 S Globulin (Helianthinin) in Sunflower Seed

An improved procedure for the isolation and purification of the 11 S globulin from sunflower seeds (helianthinin) is described, including a combined purification by gel chromatography and ionexchange chromatography. The protein has a sedimentation constant of s_{20, w} = 12.8 x 10^?13 s, a Stokes radius of 57 Å and a diffusion constant of 3.76 x 10^?7 cm² s^?1 (the last two derived from gel chromatographic analysis). Hence it follows a molecular weight of M_{s, D} = 305000. The isoelectric point determined by isoelectric focusing lies at pH 4.7. High contents of glutamic (26%) and aspartic (14%) acid and arginine (9.7%) as well as a low content of sulphur containing amino acids are characteristic for the amino acid composition. 59% of the acidic amino acids are present in an amidated form. The globulin contains 12 disulphide bridges per molecule.     

Influence of Tannin on Phaseolus vulgaris Protein Digestibility and Quality

The influence of tannin on protein digestibility and quality of black beans was evaluated using an enzyme-Tetrahymena thermophila bioassay. In vitro digestibility and t-PER (Tetrahymena-based PER) were inversely related to tannin content. Bioavailability, expressed by Tetrahymena growth, of black bean globulin G₁ in the presence of black bean condensed tannins correlated well (r=0.95) with the in vitro digestibility of the protein. Black bean condensed tannins complexed readily with black bean globulin G₁ to form insoluble precipitates from pH 2.0 to pH 8.0. Bean tannin-G₁ precipitates, at tannin-to G₁ ratios of 0.55 or greater, were resistant to pepsin digestion at pH 2.0. Digestion of bean tannin-G₁ precipitates was 69–74% at pH 8.0, using a multienzyme system of trypsin, chymotrypsin and peptidase.     

Nutritive value of some improved varieties of legumes.

The nutritional quality of some improved varieties of chick peas (Cicer arietinum), mash beans (Phaseolus mungo), mung beans (Phaseolus aureus) and cow peas (Vigna sinensis), grown in Pakistan, was measured chemically (including amino acid analyses) and biologically in N-balance experiments with growing rats. Lysine and total sulphur amino acids were lowered in varieties with a higher content of protein. The true protein digestibility (TD), biological value (BV) and net protein utilisation (NPU) of different varieties of chick peas, mung beans and cow peas varied between 85–89, 83–85 and 87–92%, 62–69, 54–56 and 55–59% and 55–60, 45–48 and 50–51%, respectively. The TD of protein was highest (89%) in chick peas, 6560 having a higher protein content (29.4%) while its BV was lowest (62%) as compared to the other varieties of chick peas. There was a significant correlation (r=0.97) between BV and the total sulphur containing amino acids and BV could be predicted from the regression equation; BV (%)= 33.03 + 10.56x methionine+cystine (g per 16 g N). This indicates that methionine+cystine are the first limiting amino acids in these varieties. Tannin content does not seem to affect the TD of mash and mung beans.     

2种牛肝菌分子鉴定及营养成分分析

对兴义产白葱牛肝菌和红葱牛肝菌子实体进行分子生物学鉴定,依据国际通用蛋白质评价模式对此2种牛肝菌蛋白质营养进行分析,并与来源于文献的砖红绒盖牛肝菌、黄皮疣柄牛肝菌和灰褐牛肝菌数据进行比较。结果表明:白葱牛肝菌学名是粉黄牛肝菌Boletus roseoflavus,红葱牛肝菌学名是兰茂牛肝菌Lanmaoa asiatica;子实体主要营养成分(g/100 g):粉黄牛肝菌含有蛋白46.20、脂肪2.0、粗纤维15.0、粗多糖4.70、可溶性糖9.60;必需氨基酸11.27、总氨基酸27.80、鲜味氨基酸总量10.84;兰茂牛肝菌含有蛋白56.0、脂肪2.0、粗纤维17.0、粗多糖7.20、可溶性糖7.60、必需氨基酸13.76、总氨基酸33.40、鲜味氨基酸总量13.04。粉黄牛肝菌和兰茂牛肝菌的必需氨基酸占非必需氨基酸指数(E/N)分别为0.68和0.70,必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量(E/E+N)为40.58%和41.20%,必需氨基酸总量达到FAO/WHO的标准模式,营养组成均衡、含量丰富;EAAI值(必需氨基酸指数)均为1.33,为优质蛋白源。     

A comparison of the protein nutritive value and composition of four cultivars of faba beans (vicia faba l.) grown and harvested under controlled conditions

Faba beans (Vicia faba L.) of four cultivars, one of which was harvested in batches during the 2 months prior to normal harvesting time, and for comparison, a sample of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) had similar amino acid compositions with sulphur amino acids limiting in all samples. Chemical scores ranged from 45–52 and all the faba beans, when fed to rats, gave biological values in close agreement with the chemical score. Diets containing two of the cultivars were supplemented with 0.1% methionine and in both instances an increase in biological value of 22 units was obtained. Kidney beans fed to rats at the same level of crude protein resulted in the death of animals in 7–9 days. The haemaggfulinin content of the faba bean samples was 8–16 times lower than in kidney beans. Early harvesting did not affect the nutritive value of the faba beans and no differences were observed between the different cultivars, none of which showed any evidence of toxicity.     

Solubilization of California Small White Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Proteins

California Small White beans contained 25.90% crude protein on dry weight basis. Albumins accounted for 11.30% of the total crude proteins. Alkali (1N NaOH) extractable proteins had an isoelectric pH of about 4.0. About 88% of the total crude proteins were recovered employing acid/alkali extraction. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analyses indicated that the acid soluble proteins were comprised of at least five components whereas the alkali soluble proteins consisted of at least two components.     

淡丰后梅梅仁成分分析、油脂组成和蛋白质的物理性质

以淡丰后梅（Prunus mume cv. Danfenghou）梅仁为材料,分析其常量化学成分,研究梅仁油脂及蛋白的功能特性。结果表明,梅仁的粗油脂含量为（31.49±3.39）%,粗蛋白含量为（32.44±0.14）%。油脂中脂肪酸组成以油酸（62.599 74%）和亚油酸（28.959 75%）为主,二者总量高达91.3%,不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量为92.599 51%。VE中β-生育酚含量为0.32 mg/g,γ-生育酚含量为0.10 mg/g。氨基酸分析及评分表明,梅仁蛋白的氨基酸种类多且含量丰富,限制性氨基酸为赖氨酸,含量最高的氨基酸为谷氨酸。十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果表明,梅仁蛋白由6 条亚基组成,分子质量范围为15～47 kD。梅仁蛋白的等电点为pI 5.0,梅仁蛋白的乳化性为0.039,乳化稳定性为42.63 min,起泡性为37.04%,泡沫稳定性为41.67%。加热组样品的疏水性数值为408.29±1.09,高于未加热组样品（295.21±12.38）。     

The effect of cooking with kanwa alkaline salt on the chemical composition of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

The effect of cooking with kanwa alkaline solution on the chemical composition of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) was analyzed. Crude lipids and water-soluble fractions were extracted from three flour samples obtained from raw black beans and black beans cooked in kanwa solution or distilled water. Heat processing resulted in significant reduction in crude lipids, proteins and neutral sugars. Neither heat treatment induced changes in the levels of palmitic, stearic, oleic or linoleic acids, present in the crude lipid fraction. There was a significant change in both the total amino acids and the total essential amino acids. Heat treatment in alkaline solution decreased the levels of isoleucine, lysine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine. There was also a decrease in the galactose content after this heat processing.