Optimising by response surface methodology the dyeing of polyester with a liposome‐encapsulated disperse dye

Optimisation of conditions for dyeing polyester with liposome‐encapsulated CI Disperse Red 50 was performed using response surface methodology. The effects of temperature, time, and lecithin:dye ratio on the colour strength of dyed fabrics were investigated by a central composite design. The coefficient of determination, the probability value in analysis of variance, and the normality plot of residuals demonstrated sufficient significance of the proposed fitness function. It was found that the temperature and time of the dyeing cycle were effective factors in the dyeing of polyester fabrics with encapsulated dye. It was also established that the colour yield of dyed fabrics was above 25 in the case of a dyeing time of >80 min, a lecithin:dye ratio of ≤2, and a temperature of ca. 128 °C. Comparison of colour strengths produced by liposome‐encapsulated dye and commercial dye revealed that there was approximately the same build‐up on polyester. Dyeings from encapsulated CI Disperse Red 50 exhibited very similar fastness to dyeings from conventional CI Disperse Red 50.     

Evaluation of colour fastness and thermal migration in softened polylactic acid fabrics dyed with disperse dyes of differing hydrophobicity

This paper addresses the relative effects of softeners having different properties and their method of application (exhaust vs pad) on the colour fastness of poly(lactic acid) fabrics dyed with a range of disperse dyes with different levels of hydrophobicity. A comparison was made with a correspondingly finished polyethylene terephthalate fabric. Possible relationships between the levels of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the dye, and softener, and the colour fastness were explored. Finally, the amount of dye thermally migrated into the finish on the softened poly(lactic acid) and polyethylene terephthalate fabrics was examined in comparison with their colour fastness. Softened poly(lactic acid) fabrics dyed with CI Disperse Red 167.1 exhibited more thermal migration, and hence lower colour fastness, than the corresponding polyethylene terephthalate fabrics. Conversely, softened poly(lactic acid) fabrics dyed with Dianix Deep Red SF exhibited less thermal migration, and hence better colour fastness, than the corresponding polyethylene terephthalate fabrics. Overall, no clear relationship was found between the hydrophobic nature of the disperse dye and the hydrophobic character of the softener on the colour fastness.     

Dyeing of cotton and jute with tea as a natural dye

Cotton and jute fabrics were dyed with an aqueous extract of tea, containing tannins as the main colorant species. The dyeing was carried out with and without metal salts as mordants, using three different dyeing methods: pre-mordanting, meta-mordanting and post-mordanting. The resulting wash and light fastnesses of the dyed fabrics were good to excellent. The colour of the fabrics was investigated on computer colour matching system in terms of K/S , and CIELAB colour-difference values. Deep shades ( K/S = 3.9) were obtained for jute in acidic media, while cotton fabrics could be dyed in medium depths ( K/S = 2.0) under identical conditions of dyeing.     

Use of ultrasonic energy in reactive dyeing of cellulosic fabrics

The use of ultrasonic energy in dyeing cotton fabrics with monochlorotriazine and vinylsulphone reactive dyes has been studied spectrophotometrically. The dyeings carried out conventionally and by the use of ultrasonic techniques were compared in terms of percentage exhaustion, total amount of dye transferred to the washing bath after dyeing, fastness properties and colour values of the dyed materials. Overall results have shown that the use of ultrasound in reactive dyeing of cellulosic fabrics can result in energy savings, less water consumption, increased depth of colour and better process conditions.     

A novel and eco-friendly approach for dyeing polyester fabrics by liquid disperse dyes treated with deep eutectic solvent

Disperse dyes do not contain water-soluble groups and are difficult to dissolve in water, so they cannot be directly formulated into dyeing liquor. In the current dyeing process, the solubility of disperse dyes is mainly improved by adding dispersants. However, dispersants are not absorbed by fibres and survive in the dyeing effluent, aggravating the pollution of water bodies and causing difficulties in treatment. Therefore, the development of a novel, eco-friendly dyeing approach is important to overcome these problems. Herein, for the purpose of improving the solubility of disperse dyes and reducing the dosage of dispersants, a deep eutectic solvent consisting of choline chloride/ethylene glycol was employed instead of dispersant to dissolve CI Disperse Blue 79 and CI Disperse Red 343, thus forming liquid disperse dyes. The results show that both CI Disperse Blue 79 and CI Disperse Red 343 were well dissolved in choline chloride/ethylene glycol with excellent stability, and the dissolution behaviour was strongly associated with the dissolution temperature and time. Moreover, polyester fabrics can be dyed successfully with liquid disperse dyes, and it was observed that the K/S value and rubbing fastness were evidently improved at the same dyeing temperature with unchanged colour characteristics, and a higher K/S value could still be obtained by lowering the dyeing temperature. This work establishes a green dyeing process, which reduces dyeing costs and meets the demand for environmental protection. It is also expected to realise the liquid state of disperse dyes, which will help to promote the further development of textile dyeing.     

The quasi‐yarn‐dyed effect: triple dyeing of woven polyester/cationic dyeable polyester/viscose rayon blend fabrics by chemical treatments in the laboratory and on a pilot and an industrial scale

The aim of this study was to carry out triple dyeing of woven polyester/cationic dyeable polyester/viscose rayon blend fabrics with the required colour fastness and physical properties. The feel and final appearance of the fabric were achieved by partial removal of the viscose rayon moiety of the fabric through optimised causticisation treatments. The results of the triple dyeings obtained from laboratory and small‐scale experiments were successfully scaled up in authentic processing equipment. The final product, which has a yarn‐dyed effect, readily satisfied the requirements related to the colour fastness and physical properties.     

Change in colour of dyed aramid fabrics by sputter etching

The aramid fabrics Technora and Conex, dyed with CI Disperse Yellow 54, CI Disperse Red 60 and CI Disperse Blue 56, were treated with sputter etching and argon low-temperature plasma. The colour depth of Technora was considerably increased by sputter etching, whereas that of Conex was not. Changes in colour were investigated by the L*, C*, h colour system. The increase in colour depth due to sputter etching was greatly dependent on the decrease of metric lightness L* and the increase of metric chroma C*.     

竹/棉混纺织物活性染料染色使用代用碱固色的工艺探讨

通过代用碱TF-221和常规纯碱对活性染料浸染固色的对比实验,测定了碱剂在染色浴固着反应中pH值的动态变化值。通过染色K/S值、各项色牢度、上染速率的对比实验,讨论了代用碱TF-221在活性染料染色中代替纯碱作为固色剂的作用效果,并测定两种工艺染色后织物的强力变化,找到合适的固色工艺。实践证明:代用碱TF-221完全可以代替纯碱用于活性染料染色对竹/棉混纺织物染色时的固色,其固着浴pH值稳定范围符合活性染料的染色特征,可以获得与使用纯碱相当或高于的K/S值和染色牢度,且上色缓慢,起到匀染作用;染色后织物的强力无明显下降。     

Novel hydrolysable azo disperse dyes based on N‐ester‐1,8‐naphthalimide: dyeing of polyester–cotton blends

The dyeing of polyester–cotton blends with new alkali‐hydrolysable azo disperse dyes based on N‐ester‐1,8‐naphthalimide was investigated. Polyester–cotton blend fabrics were dyed using both one‐ and two‐bath methods. Dyes 3 and 4 offered lower colour yield on polyester using the one‐bath method. For the rest of the dyes, employing either the one‐ or two‐bath method resulted in a similar colour yield on polyester fabric. The results for fastness properties and colour yield of the dyeings showed that the dyes were suitable for dyeing polyester–cotton blends using the one‐bath method. The kinetic study of hydrolysis of the dyes in alkali media obeyed the pseudo first‐order reaction rate.     

A new dye‐modified poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide) polymer used as a dispersant for CI Disperse Red 60

A new dye‐modified poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide) polymer, in which the dye molecule (CI Disperse Red 60) is bonded onto polyether monoamine via a triazine ring, was synthesised for the preparation of dye aqueous dispersions and was characterised by Fourier Transform‐infrared spectroscopy, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and elemental analysis. This polymer exhibits unique dispersing performance for CI Disperse Red 60. The mechanism behind the improved performance is briefly discussed with the help of adsorption isotherms. The results indicated that the hydrophobic dye group of this polymer can strongly adsorb onto the dye particle surface through π–π interaction while its long hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) chains allow the formation of a thick layer around the dye particles. It was speculated that the adsorbed polymer molecule on the dye surface would form a brush‐like monolayer conformation. The dyeing performance of the prepared dye dispersions on polyester fabrics was also investigated. It was found that this polymer can effectively increase the apparent solubility of disperse dye. The dyed fabrics showed very good to excellent fastness to washing and rubbing, while the dyeing effluent was colourless.     

玫瑰红色素对羊毛和蚕丝的媒染性能

以FeSO4和ZnSO4·7H2O为媒染剂,采用玫瑰红提取液对羊毛和蚕丝进行染色,探讨了媒染温度、时间、媒染剂用量、玫瑰红提取液用量对媒染性能的影响,以及染色织物的牢度。结果表明,媒染剂FeSO4和ZnSO4·7H2O用量为2g／L、提取液用量为10mL、羊毛和蚕丝织物均为2g时,染色织物具有较深的色泽和良好的色牢度。     

Dyeing of nylon 66 with a disperse-reactive dye using supercritical carbon dioxide as the transport medium

Nylon 66 fabric was dyed with a disperse-reactive yellow dyestuff which was synthesised in our laboratory, using a supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing process. The structure of the disperse-reactive yellow dyestuff and its covalent bond with nylon 66 fibres were confirmed by FTIR, NMR, EA and MS analysis. The nylon fabric was also dyed with CI Disperse Yellow 3 and the dyeing results compared. Colour yield values were measured for both dyed fabrics, with those of the disperse-reactive dye showing much better values than CI Disperse Yellow 3. Wash fastness of the fabric dyed with the disperse-reactive yellow dye was tested by the ISO 2 method and showed excellent results. Light fastness was tested by the ISO 105 B05 method and the results were satisfactory. The results obtained indicate fabric immersed in supercritical carbon dioxide does not undergo any fibre damage.     

Dyeing properties of CI Acid Blue 193 and the non‐equivalent properties of CI Acid Black 194 produced by different manufacturers

This paper presents the results of research conducted into the colour properties of commercial metal complex dyes CI Acid Blue 193 and CI Acid Black 194. Three chromium(III) complexes with different colours were identified using thin‐layer chromatographic analysis and then separated by preparative chromatography. It was found that colour differences of the examined dyes depend on the ratio of the three components in CI Acid Blue 193 and CI Acid Black 194, and that these differences are typical for each of the commercial products. The colour differences of the components were expressed as ΔS, calculated as the difference in the areas under the absorption curve of the individual components in the range 400–700 nm after spectrum normalisation. The UV‐vis spectroscopic and CIELAB colorimetric properties (at 1% owf on polyamide) of eleven samples of CI Acid Black 194 were investigated. From these results, the proportions of the three components were derived. Theoretically, dyes sold under the same CI name are interchangeable. In practice, the obtained colour of the dyed material is different owing to the difference in composition namely the ratio of the components in the tested dyes. Consequently, the result of polyamide dyeing with the studied dyes CI Acid Blue 193 and CI Acid Black 194 is a redder or greener hue. It has been concluded from these findings that the production of identical dyeings may be impossible when dyes from different sources are employed.     

Reactive dyeing of silk using commercial acid dyes based on a three‐component Mannich‐type reaction

Acid dyes are employed for commercially dyeing silk, which results in ionic bonds between the silk fibroin and the dye. This generally leads to low wet fastness properties for dyed silk fabrics. In this work, three commercial acid dyes with aromatic primary amine structures were selected to dye silk using a Mannich‐type reaction, resulting in improved wet fastness of dyed silk by forming covalent bonds between silk fibroin and dye. The Mannich‐type reactive dyeing was applied to silk fabrics at both 30 and 90°C in trials. Dyeing at 90°C can shorten the dyeing time compared with dyeing at 30°C, even although dye exhaustion and relative fixation at 90°C were a little lower. The dyeing process was optimised when the dyeing temperature was 90°C, dyebath pH 4, dye‐to‐formaldehyde ratio 1:30 and holding dyeing time 60 minutes. The results showed that the dye exhaustion on silk fabrics for the three aromatic primary amine‐containing acid dyes exceeded 94% and their relative fixation was over 80%. Their washing and rubbing fastness reached grade 4 or higher. Hence, the colour fastness properties of dyed silk fabrics using the Mannich‐type reactive dyeing method is superior to the conventional acid dyeing method using the same aromatic primary amine‐containing acid dyes. The Mannich‐type reactive dyeing for silk fabrics at 90°C can be developed into a novel and rapid reactive dyeing method, promising an effective dyeing process with excellent colour fastness.     

Textile applications of photochromic dyes. Part 4: application of commercial photochromic dyes as disperse dyes to polyester by exhaust dyeing

A series of commercial photochromic dyes was applied to polyester fabric as disperse dyes. The photocoloration properties of the dyed fabrics were investigated by applying techniques previously established in our laboratories using an independent source of ultraviolet irradiation and traditional colour measurement instrumentation. The dyed fabrics showed reversible photochromism, developing pronounced colours from weak background colours on irradiation with ultraviolet light and returning to their original state when the ultraviolet light source was removed. However, the extent of photocoloration and the depth of background colour varied significantly with the particular dye used. The dyeing procedure was optimised by maximising the degree of photocoloration, expressed as the colour difference (ΔE₁) between the colour developed after ultraviolet exposure and background colour, while minimising the background colour, expressed as the colour difference (ΔE₂) between unexposed dyed and undyed fabrics. Optimum dyeing concentrations were determined. The colour development and fading properties, fatigue resistance and storage stability of the dyed fabrics were investigated.     

亚麻纤维微波染色工艺研究

亚麻纤维在传统高温轧染染色时的染色效果不理想,表现为颜色深度不够.通过采用微波条件对亚麻纤维进行染色的方法,来提高其轧染时的染色深度.对微波染色工艺条件包括微波强度、染色时间进行了研究.通过对微波染色与传统高温染色的效果对比,优化出了利用微波染色的工艺条件,并测定对比了利用微波染色与传统高温染色后对亚麻纤维力学强度的影响.微波染色工艺在一定程度上提高了亚麻纤维轧染时的染色深度,并有应用于工业实际生产的可能.     

分散翠蓝S-GL复配增效的研究

在分散翠蓝S—GL中加入分散翠蓝S—BBL使混合后的分散染料的强度和提升率有较大提高。当分散翠蓝S—BBL的加入量由5.60%升高到16.33％时，拼混染料的强度由123升高至224；染色提升率由4％提高至7％，对pH值稳定：混合染料在聚酯纤维上的各项牢度与分散翠蓝S—GL相当或略高。     

Compatibility of a disperse dye mixture in supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing

The compatibility of three disperse dyes, CI Disperse Orange 30, CI Disperse Red 167 and CI Disperse Blue 79, which are commonly used as a trichromatic combination for conventional dyeing, was studied in supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing. Both the dyeing rate and the build‐up of the selected dyes were measured. Experimental results showed that they were quite compatible. The dyeings of a binary combination (CI Disperse Orange 30 and CI Disperse Blue 79, mass ratio 1:1) and a ternary combination (CI Disperse Orange 30, CI Disperse Red 167 and CI Disperse Blue 79, mass ratio 1:1:1) at different dye concentrations showed an on‐tone uptake and presented the same metric hue angles. This proved that the selected dyes could form a useful trichromatic combination in supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing. Furthermore, the uptake and exhaustion of the single dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing were similar to those in aqueous dyeing, implying that the dyeing media play only a minor role in the dyeing of polyester fibres with disperse dyes.     

Electrostatic self‐assembly dyeing of cotton fabrics

A new approach to the dyeing of cotton fabrics using an electrostatic self‐assembly method was evaluated. Cotton fabrics were pretreated with 2,3‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonuium chloride and cationic charges were produced on the fabric surfaces. For the dyeing of cotton fabric, reactive and acid dyes were used. Oppositely charged anionic reactive/acid dyes and cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) were alternately deposited on the surface of cationised cotton fabrics. Ten multilayer films of dye/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) were deposited on the cotton fabric surfaces using a padder. The build‐up of the multilayer films and the level of colour strength (K/S) achieved are discussed. Samples of cotton fabrics were also dyed with the same dyes, but using the exhaust method, and both types of dyed samples were compared. The washing, rubbing and light fastness properties were evaluated for the dyed fabrics.     

Dyeing and fastness properties of polyamide fabrics using some acid‐based monoazo disperse dyes

A series of monoazo disperse dyes derived from naphthalimide containing butyric acid has been applied on polyamide fabrics. The build up and dyeing properties of these dyes such as leveling property, wash, light, perspiration for alkaline and acidic conditions, and rubbing fastnesses on polyamide fabrics have been investigated. The results showed that the applied dyes are capable of producing red to bluish red hues on polyamide fabrics. Because of the presence of both carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups on the molecular structure of Dye 3, it showed desired and more strength in respect to other used dyes. Comparing the build up of these dyes to commercial dyes such as disperse red 60 and disperse red 73 revealed that most of the used dyes have higher build up in comparison to the commercial ones. Measurement of fastness properties of dyed samples indicated that they have good wash (4–5), rubbing (4), perspiration (4–5), and heat fastnesses (4–5) and they possess less than moderate light fastness (3–4) on polyamide fabrics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.