A Computational Methodology for Assessing the Time‐Dependent Structural Performance of Electric Road Infrastructures

An infrastructure adapted to dynamic wireless recharging of electric vehicles is often referred to generically as Electric Road (“e‐road”). E‐roads are deemed to become essential components of future grid environments and smart city strategies. Several technologies already exist that propose different ways to integrate dynamic inductive charging systems within the infrastructure. One e‐road solution uses a very thin rail with box‐section made of fibre‐reinforced polymer, inside which an electric current flows producing a magnetic field. In spite of the great interest and research generated by recharging technologies, the structural problems of e‐roads, including vibrations and structural integrity in the short and/or long period, have received relatively little attention to date. This article presents a novel computational methodology for assessing the time‐dependent structural performance of e‐roads, including a recursive strategy for the estimation of the lifetime of surface layers. The article also reports some numerical findings about e‐roads that will drive further numerical analyses and experimental studies on this novel type of infrastructure. Finally, numerical simulations have been conducted to compare an e‐road with a traditional road (“t‐road”), in terms of static, dynamic and fatigue behavior.     

山区道路选线探讨

论述了道路选线的重要性,阐述了在山区选线的特点、方法、步骤、设计指标及设计要点,并对如何使线形设计达到最优化进行了探讨,以积累山区公路选线经验,促进山区公路的建设。     

Q-PLOS,developing an alternative walking index. A method based on urban design quality

The Level of Service (LOS) is a measure to evaluate the degree of accommodation of different transport modes in a given infrastructure (road, railway, street, etc.). While the last decades have seen a growing interest regarding the use of level of service for managing and planning private and public transport infrastructures, shortcomings appear when it is used in the context of pedestrian mobility (i.e. the complexity of pedestrian mobility in terms of behaviour and the consideration of urban design factors associated with pedestrianisation). This paper aims to gain insight into the abovementioned issues by developing an alternative walking index, the Quality of Pedestrian Level of Service (Q-PLOS) method. This novel method is based on the quality of urban design for pedestrian and its relationship with walking needs. The city of Granada (Spain) provided the empirical focus. The paper found that the Q-PLOS was a more accurate measurement of pedestrian mobility characteristics. This was based on the relevance of specific factors linked to urban design together with public preferences about them. Finally, the obtained high-detailed outputs provide a platform to increment the effectiveness of level of service specifically for pedestrians that want to access to a public transport stop.     

Encoder–decoder network for pixel‐level road crack detection in black‐box images

Timely monitoring of pavement cracks is essential for successful maintenance of road infrastructure. Accurate information concerning crack location and severity enables proactive management of the infrastructure. Black‐box cameras, which are becoming increasingly widespread at an affordable price, can be used as efficient road‐image collectors over a wide area. However, the cracks in these images are difficult to detect, because the images containing them often include objects other than roads. Thus, we propose a pixel‐level detection method for identifying road cracks in black‐box images using a deep convolutional encoder–decoder network. The encoder consists of convolutional layers of the residual network for extracting crack features, and the decoder consists of deconvolutional layers for localizing the cracks in an input image. The proposed network was trained on 427 out of 527 images extracted from black‐box videos and tested on the remaining 100 images. Compared with VGG‐16, ResNet‐50, ResNet‐101, ResNet‐200 with transfer learning, and ResNet‐152 without transfer learning, ResNet‐152 with transfer learning exhibited the best performance, achieving recall, precision, and intersection of union of 71.98%, 77.68%, and 59.65%, respectively. The experimental results prove that the proposed method is optimal for detecting cracks in black‐box images at the pixel level.     

Road Infrastructure Data Acquisition Using a Vehicle-Based Mobile Mapping System

Abstract:   This study presents the technology of a vehicle-based mobile mapping system to maintain an updated transportation database. The mobile mapping system that integrates the global positioning system (GPS), the inertial navigation system (INS), and digital cameras has been developed to collect data on position and attributes of road infrastructure. The vehicle-based mobile mapping system works by having the GPS and INS record the position and attitude data, and digital cameras take road images. The stereovision system can determine the position of objects that are visible on the image pair in the global coordinate system with GPS and INS data. As field data acquisition is a very expensive task, a mobile mapping system offers a greatly improved solution. In this study, we successfully created a road infrastructure map with mobile mapping technology and proposed automatic algorithms for detecting and identifying road signs from road images. The proposed detection algorithm includes line and color region extraction processes and uses the Hopfield neural networks. The identification algorithm uses seven invariant moments and parameters that present geometric characteristics. With this combined method, we could successfully detect and identify road signs.     

道路设计的安全问题及防范对策

随着我国的经济、技术迅速发展,我国对基础设施的建设也越来越重视。道路建设作为一个地区重要的基础设施之一,不仅反映了当地的人文、地理,还是这个城市历史发展的见证,更是城市未来发展的有力保障。虽然我国在此取得了骄人的成绩,但是依然存在问题,特别是由于前期道路设计中出现的不足,会导致道路安全问题。论文从道路设计及其方法简述、道路设计的重要性、出现的问题和防范措施以及优化道路设计的意义几个方面进行分析,希望能为我国的道路建设尽点微薄之力。     

A 3D Model for Optimizing Infrastructure Costs in Road Design

In this article, the optimal design of a road joining two terminals is investigated. A geometric model is proposed including horizontal transition curves and vertical curves, obtaining parameterizations for the central axis of the road as well as for its entire surface. These parameterizations allow to express and compute, with great simplicity, the major infrastructure costs, including land acquisition, clearance, pavement, maintenance, and earthwork, where multiple layers of materials with different costs can be handled. The road design problem is formulated as a smooth constrained optimization problem and a two‐stage algorithm is suggested for its numerical resolution. Finally, numerical results are presented in an academic test and in a case study that propose designing a bypass in a Spanish national road (N‐640) to avoid crossing Monterroso's town center.     

关于大型设计企业开展工程总承包项目管理的思考

阐述了在工程总承包政策法规环境逐步完善的背景下,大型工业建筑和市政工程设计企业开展工程总承包项目管理的必要性,并提出了大型工业建筑和市政工程设计企业通过设计与施工的融合开展工程总承包项目管理的基本思路和组织方法。     

Financing road infrastructure by savings in congestion costs: A CGE analysis

Division of labor, outsourcing in manufacturing and just-in-time production require the provision of a good and sufficient road infrastructure system. The society is used to mobility, preference for it even increases, and the full benefit of competition can only be realized if special distances can be overcome at low cost of transportation. Since the 1970's, however, the negative aspects of an intensive extension of road infrastructure has dominated the political decision process in Germany.  The objective of this paper is to model the aspects of bottlenecks in road infrastructure, of congestion costs and of the effect of investment in infrastructure in a computable general equilibrium framework. A long-run “business as usual” simulation will show how congestion and its cost will develop over time. The increasing costs of congestion indicate a necessity to act. We will therefore raise the fuel tax to partly finance infrastructure investment. We will then compare the cost of the addition in infrastructure with the savings in congestion costs in order to see whether this policy measure is self-financing. Received: April 2000/Accepted: August 2001     

A network traffic assignment model for autonomous vehicles with parking choices

This article is the first in the literature to investigate the network traffic equilibrium for traveling and parking with autonomous vehicles (AVs) under a fully automated traffic environment. Given that AVs can drop off the travelers at their destinations and then drive to the parking spaces by themselves, we introduce the joint equilibrium of AV route choice and parking location choice, and develop a variational inequality (VI)‐based formulation for the proposed equilibrium. We prove the equivalence between the proposed VI model and the defined equilibrium conditions. We also show that the link flow solution at equilibrium is unique, even though both the route choices and parking choices are endogenous when human‐occupied AV trips (from origin to destination) and empty AV trips (from destination to parking) are interacting with each other on the same network. We then develop a solution methodology based on the parking‐route choice structure, where we adjust parking choices in the upper level and route choices in the lower level. Numerical analysis is conducted to explore insights from the introduced modeling framework for AV network equilibrium. The results reveal the significant difference in network equilibrium flows between the AV and non‐AV situations. The results also indicate the sensitivity of the AV traffic pattern to different factors, such as value of time, parking pricing, and supply. The proposed approach provides a critical modeling device for studying the traffic equilibrium under AV behavior patterns, which can be used for the assessment of parking policies and infrastructure development in the future era of AVs.     

Generative adversarial network for road damage detection

Machine learning can produce promising results when sufficient training data are available; however, infrastructure inspections typically do not provide sufficient training data for road damage. Given the differences in the environment, the type of road damage and the degree of its progress can vary from structure to structure. The use of generative models, such as a generative adversarial network (GAN) or a variational autoencoder, makes it possible to generate a pseudoimage that cannot be distinguished from a real one. Combining a progressive growing GAN along with Poisson blending artificially generates road damage images that can be used as new training data to improve the accuracy of road damage detection. The addition of a synthesized road damage image to the training data improves the F‐measure by 5% and 2% when the number of original images is small and relatively large, respectively. All of the results and the new Road Damage Dataset 2019 are publicly available ( https://github.com/sekilab/RoadDamageDetector ).     

谈运行速度在路线方案比选中的应用

综合分析了运行速度的理论科学性及其在我国的应用环境,提出了运行速度在路线方案比选中的应用方法及流程,并以项目实例说明了运行速度在某高速公路B路段路线方案比选中的应用方法,为公路路线设计提供了理论依据。     

Multiagent Simulation for Complex Adaptive Modeling of Road Infrastructure Resilience to Sea‐Level Rise

Infrastructure systems in coastal areas are exposed to episodic flooding exacerbated by sea‐level rise stressors. To enable assessing the long‐term resilience of infrastructure to such chronic impacts of sea‐level rise, the present study created a novel complex system modeling framework that integrates: (i) stochastic simulation of sea‐level rise stressors, based on the data obtained from downscaled climate studies pertaining to future projections of sea level and precipitation; (ii) dynamic modeling of infrastructure conditions by considering regular decay of infrastructure, as well as structural damages caused by flooding; and (iii) a decision‐theoretic modeling of infrastructure management and adaptation processes based on bounded rationality and regret theories. Using the proposed framework and data collected from a road network in Miami, a multiagent computational simulation model was created to assess the long‐term cost and performance of the road network under various sea‐level rise scenarios, adaptation approaches, and network degradation effects. The results showed the capabilities of the proposed computational model for robust planning and scenario analysis to enhance the resilience of infrastructure systems to sea‐level rise impacts.     

国道307清徐段改线工程路线走向比选

结合国道307清徐段实际情况对其进行了改线设计,分析了国道307清徐段改线路线的走向,并对A,B两种路线方案进行比较,分别阐述其优缺点,最终确定B方案为推荐方案。     

Geomorphological mapping for route selection and road construction at lower Kihansi in Tanzania

This paper reports the use of geomorphological mapping to obtain a better understanding of the terrain for the Lower Kihansi Dam Access Road in the Udzungwa Mountains. The long-term accessibility of the road and protection of the natural resources of the area were pre-conditions for the construction of this road, which was primarily to facilitate the transportation of equipment, machinery and personnel during construction of a 54,000 m³ concrete gravity dam related to a 180-MW hydropower station. Black and white vertical aerial photographs supplemented with field mapping were used to prepare a 1 : 5,000 geomorphological map of a possible route corridor. The mapping identified areas with unfavourable ground conditions which were subsequently studied and characterized in order to select the final route. In sections where it was not possible to deviate the road from the unfavourable areas, protection and stabilization measures were considered during the design and construction phases. The road was constructed successfully and without causing damage to the environment. Geomorphological mapping proved to be a useful tool in selecting the optimum route and appropriate construction method.      

有关城市中小型桥梁结构的耐久性设计分析

改革开放以来,随着我国经济的飞速发展,基础设施建设不断完善,城市中小型桥梁施工项目也在不断增多。桥梁工程是实现道（公）路跨越河道、交通立交的重要城市交通设施,其结构比普通的道路工程更加复杂,重要性也高于道路。因此,这就需要相关人员必须在设计、施工中充分认识到混凝土结构耐久性的重要性,进行最优化设计。本文主要是对我国城市中小型桥梁结构的耐久性设计情况进行探讨分析,并提出了自己的相应观点。     

柿之木坂集合住宅，东京，日本

这是一个位于东京中心区的住宅综合体。基地紧临一条交通主干道。沿着这条大街的正是在东京常见的沿路景观,中等大小的住宅综合体线性排布着。在基地另一边,是一片在谷地中的独栋住宅区。而在这个基地上,却需要设计一个针对单身人士的工作室公寓。通常,工作室公寓项目需要根据基地形状,设计一个拥有多种类型住宅单元的更高效的平面。因此,每个公寓的体量都决定于其自身的方便性,而不考虑周围环境。     

Sustainability appraisal in infrastructure projects (SUSAIP): Part 1. Development of indicators and computational methods

The process of translating strategic sustainability objectives into concrete action at project-specific levels is a difficult task. The multi-dimensional perspectives of sustainability such as economy, society, environment, combined with a lack of structured methodology and information at various hierarchical levels, further exacerbate the problem. This paper (Part 1 of a two-part series) proposes an analytical decision model and a structured methodology for sustainability appraisal in infrastructure projects. The paper uses the ‘weighted sum model’ technique in multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and the ‘additive utility model’ in analytical hierarchical process (AHP) for multi-criteria decision making, to develop the model from first principles. It discusses the development of key performance indicators encapsulated within the analytical model. It concludes by discussing other potential applications of the proposed model and methodology for process automation as part of integrated sustainability appraisal in infrastructure design and construction. Part 2 uses a case study to demonstrate the model application in infrastructure sustainability appraisal at design stages. The paper also discusses the challenges for sustainability research, and gives recommendations.     

Dijkstra路径寻优在变配电所选址中的应用

提出基于Dijkstra路径寻优算法的变配电所所址规划方法．改进传统方法利用变配电所至负荷点的直线距离作为电缆敷设长度而造成的选址偏差。在区域规划布局的基础上,利用Dijkstra路径寻优算法模拟变配电所至用电负荷点沿道路的实际最优路线．进而通过最小化区域供电线路投资费用确定变配电所最优所址,并通过实验与仿真,验证Dijkstra算法相比传统方法可节约电缆投资约5％以上。