MOCVD法透射式GaAs光阴极材料生长及性能研究

应用常压 MOCVD 装置制备了透射式 GaAs 光电阴极材料。p 型 GaAs 发射层掺杂浓度为10(?)～10~(19)cm~(-3),少子扩散长度为4.02μm。Al_xGa_(1-x)As 层的铝组份含量达0.83光谱吸收波长范围与设计值基本符合。用此方法生成的材料进行了阴极激活实验,制成了透射式 GaAs 光电阴极。     

负载型纳米金催化剂的合成、表征及性能研究

以SiO2和纳米Au颗粒为原料,采用自组装方法合成了负载型金催化剂。应用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线能谱(EDS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及原子吸收光谱(AAS)等对样品进行了表征。将该催化剂用于空气氧化环己烷反应的实验结果显示,其不仅具有较高的催化活性和稳定性,而且经简单处理即可重复使用多次。     

BT9钛合金中的硅化物分析

用高压透射电子显微镜和电子探针对双重退火的BT9钛合金锻材进行了分析。发现这种材料中存在着近似为球形的硅化物。这种硅化物由Ti、Zr和Si三种元素组成,具有四方的Ti_3Si型结构,为(Ti,Zr)_3Si型化合物。     

全息照相论文

全息照相是一种利用波的干涉记录被摄物体反射(或透射)光波中信息(振幅、相位)的照相技术.     

钒 钛微合金钢的析出特征

采用透射电子显微镜对碳萃取复型样进行了观测。碳萃取复型样由不同轧制条件下热轧成10mm棒材的两种商用钒微合金钢和一种商用钛微合金钢制备。 钒或钛微合金钢中的铜含量约为0.13％时,即使钢中的锰含量大于1％,首先会生成硫化铜,而不生成硫化锰。在钛微合金钢中,除生成硫化铜外,还观测到Ti_4C_2S_2型的球状碳硫化钛。 对钒微合金钢使用透射电子显微镜显示出,在先共析铁素体中有很细小的析出物(≈5nm),经鉴别为M(C,N)型(M=V和Cr,V/Cr≈5)碳化物或碳氮化物。此外,还观测到一些较粗的颗粒(≈0.1μm,V/Cr>15时),可能是温度较高时,在奥氏体中生成的氮化钒或碳氮化钒。 在钛微合金钢中观察到粗大的氮化钛颗粒(>5μm)以及很细小的(≈5nm,Ti/Cr≈9)MC型(M=Ti和Cr)析出物,或较粗大的(≈0.1μm,Ti/Cr>30)碳化物颗粒。     

锡掺杂金红石TiO2纳米棒的低温快速合成及其光电性能研究

采用水热合成法,在较低温度下通过仅引入Sn4+合成了金红石型棒状TiO2纳米晶。X射线衍射仪(XRD)及透射电子显微电镜(TEM)对不同Sn4+掺杂比例粉体的晶型及形貌的分析表明,Sn4+能促进TiO2由颗粒状的锐钛矿相向棒状的金红石型的转变,棒状纳米晶的形成是纳米颗粒沿着(110)晶面发生定向生长的结果,且形貌转变与晶相转变伴随发生。掺杂样品的光电转换性能研究结果表明,薄膜电极的光电转换效率与材料的晶相组分及其形貌之间有一定的关系,掺杂比例达到0.75%以后,样品的晶相组分及形貌不再随掺杂比例的增大而发生变化,进而光电转换效率不再变化。     

微波法合成硫化铋纳米棒

以柠檬酸铋、硫脲为反应原料,在表面活性剂存在下,采用微波法合成了直径为30～50nm的硫化铋纳米棒.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等对其进行了表征.考察了表面活性剂种类、用量对硫化铋纳米棒形貌和晶型的影响.结果表明:β-环糊精(β-CD)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)有利于形成硫化铋纳米棒,并且较低浓度的β-CD(约0.005 mol·L^-1)有利于形成分散性较好的硫化铋纳米棒.初步探讨了制备方法对硫化铋纳米棒晶型和合成时间的影响.结果发现,微波法制备纳米硫化铋与回流法相比,其晶格的生长方向不同,并且可以节省约80%的反应时间.     

锗纳米针状结构的制备与表征

以锗、二氧化锗为原料,铜片为沉积衬底,通过水热沉积过程制备出了锗纳米针状结构.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散光谱(EDS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)及高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)等检测手段对样品进行了分析与表征.结果表明,样品具有典型的针状特征,其长度大于10 μm,由单晶锗和无定形锗氧化物外层所组成.运用金属催化气-液-固和氧化物辅助生长机理,解释了锗纳米针状结构的形成与生长.     

以偏钛酸为原料在室温离子液体中水热制备二氧化钛光催化剂

以偏钛酸作原料,用1-烯丙基,3-甲基咪唑氯([AMIM][Cl])室温离子液体,在温度160℃下水热制备了锐钛矿型的纳米二氧化钛.借助于X射线衍射仪(XRD),透射电子显微镜(TEM),和紫外.可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)等手段分别对所制备光催化剂的晶型、形貌、光学特性和光催化性能进行了表征.结果表明:所制备的二氧化钛光催化剂为锐钛矿型,其平均晶粒大小为18.4nm,颗粒为类椭球状,在可见光区存在一定的吸收,光催化性能测试表明所制备光催化剂降解亚甲基蓝的能力高于商业品P.25,并且在可见光照射下表现出了一定的光催化活性.     

离子束沉积PtC_x纳米结构及其输运性能研究

采用离子束沉积的方法制备了PtCx纳米结构,并对材料的电子输运性能进行了研究。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱仪(EDX)分析了材料的微观结构和组成,利用原子力显微镜(AFM)分析了纳米结构的尺寸大小,利用高分辨率的透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析了材料的原子结构。采用电阻桥测试了PtCx纳米结构的电阻,其电子输运性能在低温保持器中进行测试。X射线能谱分析结果表明,由于材料金属含量低而表现出非金属性。高分辨率透射电子显微镜分析结果表明,材料为非晶PtCx纳米结构,与所观察到的输运性能一致。     

热模拟和电镜在材料研究中的运用

运用物理方法进行金属材料新品种开发对于降低成本和金属材料成分的合理性设计具有重大意义.主要论述了热模拟试验机在金属材料研究中的应用,同时探讨了电镜(扫描电镜、透射电镜)的优缺点以及电镜在钢铁材料研究中的应用.     

Thermodynamics of enzymatic transamination of F-GOT in normal fowl blood plasma. III. Relationship between temperature and velocity in F-GOT reaction (author''s transl)

Several methods of tissue preparation and different modes of operation of the scanning electron microscope were used to study the ultrastructure of rat liver. Rat livers were perfusion fixed with buffered 2 per cent paraformaldehyde or a mixture of 1.5 per cent paraformaldehyde and 1 per cent glutaraldehyde and processed as follows. Tissue blocks were postfixed in buffered 2 per cent osmium tetroxide followed sequentially by the ligand-mediated osmium binding technique, dehydration and cryofracture in ethanol, and critical point drying. They were then examined without metal coating in the scanning electron microscope operating in the secondary electron and backscattered electron modes. Fifty-micrometer sections were cut with a tissue sectioner, stained with lead citrate, postfixed with osmium, dehydrated, critical point dried, and examined in the secondary electron and back-scattered electron modes. Frozen sections (0.25 to 0.75 mum. thick) were cut by the method of Tokuyasu (Toluyasu KT: J Cell Biol 57:551, 1973) and their scanning transmission electron microscope images were examined either with a scanning transmission electron microscope detector or with a conversion stub using the secondary electron detector. Secondary electron images of the liver prepared by ligand-mediated osmium binding and subsequent cryofracture revealed such intracellular structures as cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, mitochondria, lipid droplets, nucleolus and nuclear chromatin, as well as the usual surface morphology, Lipocytes in the perisinusoidal space were readily identified. Backscattered electron images. Unembedded frozen sections had little drying artifact and were virtually free of freezing damage. The scanning transmission electron microscope image revealed those organelles visualized by the secondary electron mode in the ligand-mediated osmium binding-treated tissue.     

Laser-clad Ni70Al20Cr7Hf3 alloys with extended solid solution of Hf: Part I. Microstructure evolution

Coatings for superalloys for extended service in atmospheres at high temperature are of great interest at present. The addition of reactive elements (RE’s) such as Hf to these coatings has a pronounced effect on their high-temperature oxidation resistance. A laser-cladding technique was used to produce Ni-Al-Cr-Hf alloys with an extended solid solution of Hf in a nearstoichiometric Ni₃Al matrix. A 10 kW CO₂ laser with mixed powder feed was used for the cladding process. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) were employed for studies of microstructural evolution of alloys produced during the laser-cladding process. Microstructural studies reveal the formation of dendrites with a solid solubility of about 11 to 14 wt pct Hf and also a eutectic structure. Convergent-beam techniques and X-ray spectroscopy have been applied to characterize the phases formed during the cladding process.     

粉末热等静压9.75％钒成分冷作模具钢组织与力学性能的研究

通过气雾化制粉-热等静压工艺成功制备了含钒9.75％冷作模具钢.借助X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、电子能谱分析仪、透射电镜等研究了该成分钢种不同热处理状态的相组成、组织形貌.研究表明:退火态相组成为铁素体和MC型碳化物及少量M7C3型碳化物,碳化物呈近球形颗粒状、粒径大多在2μm以下,分布均匀;1 120℃真空淬火条件下,随...     

Effect of Substructure on Toughness of Lath Martensite/Bainite Mixed Structure in Low-Carbon Steels

The quantitative analysis of substructure in the martensite/bainite mixed structure, which is obtained from low-carbon NiCrMoV steels under different cooling conditions, was made by means of optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM), in order to research the effect on toughness. The test results indicate that the toughness of the steel is enhanced with the decrease in the packet and block size under the condition of the same prior austenite grain size mixed with different ratios of martensite and bainite while the lath width is about 0.38 μm. The calculation shows that both the packet and block boundaries have the same hindering effect on crack extension. Furthermore, the effect of the block width on impact energy is much larger than that of the packet. Therefore, the block can be used as microstructural substructure to affect the toughness in low-carbon martensite steels, suggesting that the block size is "the effective grain size" for controlling toughness.     

CSP生产的钒氮微合金钢的组织细化和析出物研究

 紧凑式带钢工艺（CSP）生产的钒氮微合金钢屈服强度超过600 MPa,韧性良好。采用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察发现,铁素体平均晶粒直径在3 μm左右,在铁素体晶粒内部分布着数十纳米和几纳米的两类V(C,N)析出物。细晶强化是主要的强化方式,在铁素体中析出的V(C,N)粒子起到了沉淀强化作用。分析了超细晶组织形成的主要原因。     

Heterogeneous Nuclei of Intergrowth Eutectic in Austenite-Bainite Steel Modified by Ce and Al

ＨｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｏｕｓＮｕｃｌｅｉｏｆＩｎｔｅｒｇｒｏｗｔｈＥｕｔｅｃｔｉｃｉｎＡｕｓｔｅｎｉｔｅＢａｉｎｉｔｅＳｔｅｌＭｏｄｉｆｉｅｄｂｙＣｅａｎｄＡｌＸｕＺｈｅｎｍｉｎｇ（许振明）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓＥｎｇｉｎｅｒ...     

Texture analysis by electron diffraction

Electron diffraction methods for the determination of individual grain orientations and selected area diffraction (SAD) pole figures are briefly reviewed. The standard techniques of orientation determination grain-by-grain are the interpretation of selected-area electron spot and microbeam Kikuchi diffraction patterns with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Electron-transparent thin samples are required. Specimen areas smaller than 500 nm or 10 nm in diameter, respectively, can be studied. Alternatively, selected area pole figures can be measured on a TEM. This technique is similar to the conventional transmission x-ray method. The orientations of grains in a bulk sample are obtained with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) from back-reflection Kikuchi patterns (i.e. electron backscattering patterns) or from channelling patterns. Spatial resolution is approximately 1 μn or 5 μm, respectively. Individual grain orientation and pole figure measurements can be performed on-line by interfacing the electron microscope with a computer. Outstanding advantages of texture measurement by electron microscopy over x-ray and neutron diffraction are the ability to image the microstructure of the sampled area which complements texture measurement, and the high spatial resolution in diffraction and imaging modes. Experimental results of individual grain orientation measurement may be represented by inverse pole figures, orientation distribution functions, and misorientation distribution functions.     

透射-电子背散射衍射技术表征双相钢中马氏体-奥氏体岛的相结构及晶粒取向

为研究高强度低屈强比双相钢中马氏体-奥氏体岛(M-A岛)的精细结构及晶粒取向差关系,利用自制的透射-电子背散射衍射(T-EBSD)样品台和透射电镜样品,在扫描电镜上完成了纳米级高分辨电子背散射衍射(EBSD)表征。通过优化工作电压、倾转角度、工作距离、探头距离、步长等参数,确定了最佳实验条件:工作电压为30kV,倾转角度为30°~38°,步长为15nm,最终获得了高质量的透射菊池花样,实现了微观组织的精细表征,将常规EBSD的分辨率提升了一个数量级。同时,利用透射电镜的高分辨透射电子显微术(HRTEM)进行了验证。EBSD分析结果表明,LYR690钢中M-A岛内部存在超细铁素体、铁素体与奥氏体混合相、残余奥氏体和马氏体等4种结构。残余奥氏体主要以两种形态存在:一种为数百纳米级别的独立晶粒,其与周边铁素体存在超过15°的大角度取向差;另一种为铁素体晶粒中分布的细微奥氏体结构,其与铁素体晶粒的取向差小于10°。     

透射-电子背散射衍射技术表征双相钢中马氏体-奥氏体岛的相结构及晶粒取向

为研究高强度低屈强比双相钢中马氏体-奥氏体岛(M-A岛)的精细结构及晶粒取向差关系,利用自制的透射-电子背散射衍射(T-EBSD)样品台和透射电镜样品,在扫描电镜上完成了纳米级高分辨电子背散射衍射(EBSD)表征。通过优化工作电压、倾转角度、工作距离、探头距离、步长等参数,确定了最佳实验条件:工作电压为30kV,倾转角度为30°~38°,步长为15nm,最终获得了高质量的透射菊池花样,实现了微观组织的精细表征,将常规EBSD的分辨率提升了一个数量级。同时,利用透射电镜的高分辨透射电子显微术(HRTEM)进行了验证。EBSD分析结果表明,LYR690钢中M-A岛内部存在超细铁素体、铁素体与奥氏体混合相、残余奥氏体和马氏体等4种结构。残余奥氏体主要以两种形态存在:一种为数百纳米级别的独立晶粒,其与周边铁素体存在超过15°的大角度取向差;另一种为铁素体晶粒中分布的细微奥氏体结构,其与铁素体晶粒的取向差小于10°。