植物单宁的生物活性研究进展

单宁是一类高分子量水溶性多酚类化合物的总称,广泛分布于植物的各个部位,它以膳食多酚的形式被人体摄入。单宁分为水解单宁和缩合单宁(原花青素)两大类,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗菌、保护心脑血管等多种生物活性。本文综述了水解单宁和缩合单宁的吸收、代谢,以及其生物活性的研究进展,以期为植物单宁的研究提供一定参考。     

黑果枸杞、枸杞、黑加仑中原花青素含量对比研究

目的对比黑果枸杞、枸杞、黑加仑中原花青素的含量。方法用香草醛-盐酸法显色,用分光光度法测定黑果枸杞、枸杞、黑加仑中原花青素的含量。结果在所测的样品中,原花青素的平均含量为：黑果枸杞5.04%,枸杞0.48%,黑加仑0.58%。结论黑果枸杞中原花青素的含量相对最高,是较理想的提取原花青素的植物资源。     

葡萄和葡萄酒中单宁的研究进展

单宁是葡萄与葡萄酒中重要的酚类物质,对葡萄与葡萄酒的品质有着重要的影响。该文介绍了单宁的概念与分类,单宁在葡萄果实中的存在形式及其在果实成熟过程中的变化,单宁在葡萄酒中的存在形式及其在葡萄酒酿造过程中的变化,以及单宁的提取、分析、检测方法等方面的研究进展,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

赤霞珠葡萄梗黄酮、原花青素和多酚的提取工艺优化

研究赤霞珠葡萄梗中黄酮、原花青素和多酚的提取工艺。以葡萄梗中黄酮、原花青素和多酚含量的综合评分为评价指标,采用正交设计优化赤霞珠葡萄梗黄酮、原花青素和多酚超声辅助双水相提取的条件。结果表明:超声辅助双水相提取的最优工艺条件为:料液比为1:40(g/mL)、超声时间为50 min、乙醇质量分数为24%、硫酸铵质量分数为20%。在此提取条件下,放大8倍赤霞珠葡萄梗中黄酮、多酚和原花青素的含量分别为72.85、122.21、87.67 mg/g,相对标准偏差在3%以内,说明该工艺具有可行性。     

不同产地黑果枸杞中原花青素和花青素含量研究

在溶剂提取法基础上,采用香草醛-盐酸显色法测定不同产地黑果枸杞果实原花青素的含量,采用消光系数法测定花青素含量,为人工种植高品质黑果枸杞提供理论依据。结果表明:原花青素含量范围为14.26⁹0.24 mg/g（烘干粉）,花青素含量范围为0.69⁸.40 mg/g,黑果枸杞果实中原花青素含量明显高于花青素含量。不同地区野生黑果枸杞中原花青素和花青素依次为青海格尔木>新疆阿克苏>青海诺木洪>新疆库尔勒>内蒙古额济纳旗。此外,格尔木人工露地种植黑果枸杞原花青素含量显著高于（p<0.05）格尔木野生的黑果枸杞,说明人工栽培黑果枸杞可能是一种更好的方式。在水、肥、阳光充足的条件下,选择性状表现好的品种,可实现北京人工栽培的黑果枸杞果实原花青素和花青素含量达到原产地人工栽培的水平。      

‘赤霞珠’种子成熟过程中缩合单宁的变化及其与颜色参数的相关性

以不同发育时期‘赤霞珠’葡萄种子为试材,探究种子成熟过程中可溶性和非可溶性缩合单宁及其结构单元含量的变化规律,结合种子表面颜色参数的变化,建立缩合单宁与种子表皮颜色参数之间的关系,为种子成熟度判断提供依据。结果表明,随着葡萄果实成熟,种子中可溶性缩合单宁呈现先增后降的变化趋势,其峰值出现在转色启动后1周左右,而非可溶性缩合单宁含量呈不断增加趋势。表儿茶素是种子缩合单宁的主要延伸单元,而表儿茶素没食子酸酯是主要的末端单元,它们的含量随种子成熟而呈现增加的态势;可溶性缩合单宁的平均聚合度在6.50～10.71,而非可溶性缩合单宁平均聚合度介于10.84～45.78,种子非可溶性缩合单宁含量变化与颜色指数a^*值呈显著正相关,而与L^*和b^*值呈显著负相关。     

外源单宁对‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒花色苷和缩合单宁特性的影响

为探明添加外源单宁对葡萄酒品质的影响,以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’为材料,通过在不同发酵时段添加Tannin VR Supra(TS)和Tannin VR Color(TC)两种单宁产品,检测葡萄醪及葡萄酒中花色苷和缩合单宁的组分及含量。结果表明,添加TS对葡萄醪花色苷的影响不显著,但显著提高了缩合单宁的含量、平均聚合度和分子量,降低了末端亚基儿茶素的含量。添加TS+TC显著提高了苹果酸-乳酸发酵结束后葡萄酒中甲基花青素-3-O-葡萄糖苷,甲基花青素-3-O-(6-O-乙酰)-葡萄糖苷和甲基花青素-3-O-(6-O-反式对香豆酰)-葡萄糖苷的含量,但降低了花青素-3-O-葡萄糖苷的含量;随着陈酿时间的延长,添加外源单宁对花色苷的影响逐渐减小。添加TS显著提高了陈酿过程中葡萄酒的缩合单宁含量,而添加TS+TC降低了缩合单宁含量;添加两种外源单宁对葡萄酒缩合单宁聚合度和分子量无显著影响。综上所述,添加TS可增强葡萄酒缩合单宁特性,TS+TC可提高葡萄酒颜色稳定性但降低了缩合单宁含量。     

超声波辅助法提取白刺果籽中原花青素的工艺

采用超声波法,用乙醇作提取溶剂从西伯利亚白刺果籽中提取原花青素,研究了各种提取条件对白刺籽原花青素提取率的影响。实验结果表明,白刺果籽中原花青素提取的最佳工艺条件是:体积分数60%乙醇为浸提剂,超声波辅助提取,提取时间为20min,提取3次,料液比为1g:4mL。     

酿酒葡萄籽的化学成分及综合利用

本文就酿酒葡萄副产物葡萄籽的化学成分:油脂(亚油酸)、多酚物质(原花青素、单宁及白藜芦醇等)以及葡萄籽功效成分的提取与综合利用进行了综合评述.     

西拉葡萄果实成熟过程中果皮内非花色苷酚类物质的变化

利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)技术研究西拉葡萄果实成熟过程中果皮内非花色苷酚类物质的变化.结果表明:在葡萄成熟过程中共检测到27种非花色苷酚类物质,其中黄酮醇类物质舍量最高,黄烷-3-醇类次之.各类非花色苷酚类的含量在转色开始逐渐上升,到转色后1～2周达到最大值,随后缓慢下降;采摘前2周,除了酚酸类物质含量趋于稳定、白藜芦醇含量下降之外,其它非花色苷酚类物质含量再次升高.     

Thermovinification of grapes from the Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir varieties using immobilized yeasts

This study examined the thermovinification technique using yeasts immobilized on calcium alginate for microvinification of the Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir grape varieties grown in Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The wines obtained by thermovinification were characterized by their chemical and sensory aspects. The varietal wines from Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir had an alcohol content of 9.3 and 10.9 % (v/v), respectively. The total acidity, volatile acidity and the alcohol/reduced dry extract ratio were consistent with the Brazilian standards established for identity and quality of wines. There was a significant reduction in the levels of anthocyanins, flavonoids and total phenolic compounds after aging in the bottle. The sensory evaluation presented an acceptability exceeding 60 % for both wines.     

Anthocyanin composition of Vranec,Cabernet Sauvignon,Merlot and Pinot Noir grapes as indicator of their varietal differentiation

The anthocyanin composition of red grape varieties Vranec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Pinot Noir was determined analyzing the skin extracts of the grape berries. The relative content of the identified anthocyanins was calculated and the obtained anthocyanic profiles were compared in terms of acylation and anthocyanidin distribution. The predominant anthocyanin in all varieties was malvidin-3-glucoside ranging from 35.8% in Cabernet Sauvignon to 67.1% in Pinot Noir. Vranec variety was characterized by high proportions of coumaroyl derivatives (22%) and peonidins (13%). The most pronounced difference among the studied grape cultivars was the relative amount of acetate derivatives accounting 35% in Cabernet Sauvignon, 22% in Merlot and 9% in Vranec. Different relationships among the anthocyanin groups of compounds were calculated and considered as parameters for differentiation of the cultivars. The relationship between coumarates and acetates in Vranec was significantly higher compared with Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon with obtained values of 2.37 versus 0.63 and 0.56, respectively. Moreover, the ratio between delphinidins and peonidins allows clear discrimination between the studied grape cultivars showing the greatest difference.     

Characterisation of Bobal and Crujidera grape cultivars,in comparison with Tempranillo and Cabernet Sauvignon: Evolution of leaf macronutrients and berry composition during grape ripening

We present characterisation data for two Spanish autochthonous grapevines, Bobal and Crujidera, in comparison with the well-known cultivars Tempranillo and Cabernet Sauvignon. Microsatellite markers were used for the molecular characterisation of Crujidera grapevines. Leaf macronutrient contents of the four cultivars were evaluated, as well as their changes at different vine developmental stages, and veraison was seen as the most suitable time to evaluate the nutritional status. Quantitative changes in some physiological parameters and the phenolic composition of the four grape varieties were measured during the last month of ripening. Polyphenols, tannins and anthocyanins increased with grape maturation, although the accumulation of these phenolic compounds and their patterns of evolution varied considerably with the cultivar. The biosynthetic potential of these grapes to produce resveratrol largely depended on the grape variety, with a remarkably high content found in Bobal berry skins.     

The influence of seed weight on the development and growth of berries and live green ovaries in Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon

Background and Aims:  Variation in berry size is observed at harvest. Although the growth of seeded berries has been described, no such data are reported for seedless berries or live green ovaries that occur in wine cultivars. This study describes the growth of individual berries in relation to seed development.
Methods and Results:  Regular measurements of berry diameter described the growth of Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon. Seeded berries had typical double sigmoid growth curves, whereas seedless berries, which developed more slowly from midway through Phase I, continued to grow in Phase III if a seed trace was present. Berries without a seed trace did not enlarge after Phase II. Live green ovaries failed to grow after a small initial expansion post-cap fall.
Conclusion:  Seeded berries had double sigmoid growth as a result of cell division and expansion, whereas the growth of seedless berries and live green ovaries was the result of cell expansion alone. Seed development is necessary for cell division within the mesocarp.
Significance of the Study:  Seed development is essential for the full development of Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon berries. The data suggest that divergence of berry development from a characteristic growth curve may be linked to the extent of seed development.     

Mass-spectrometry evidence confirming the presence of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside in the berry skins of Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir (Vitis vinifera L.)

Background and Aims: Anthocyanins are a group of important phenolic compounds which are responsible for the colour of red grape and wine. This study aimed to confirm the existence of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside in Vitis vinifera grape berry skins. Methods and Results: The anthocyanin profiles in the berry skins of Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography – electronic spray ionization – tandem mass spectrometry. Besides 17 anthocyanins that are commonly determined in the berries of these two varieties, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside was also detected at trace levels. Conclusions: The mass-spectrometry evidence confirmed the existence of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside in non-teinturier V. vinifera grapes. Significance of the Study: This finding will be beneficial for the further understanding of anthocyanin profile and its biosynthesis in grape berries.     

河南不同地区赤霞珠葡萄表皮酵母菌多样性研究

该研究采用富集分离方法,从河南省内不同地区（安阳、长垣和漯河）葡萄种植园的赤霞珠葡萄表皮分离酵母菌,并利用分子生物学技术结合形态观察对菌株进行鉴定。结果表明,共分离得到193株酵母菌,为10种表型,且被鉴定为4个属6个种,分别为仙人掌有孢汉逊酵母（Hanseniaspora opuntiae）、葡萄有孢汉逊酵母（Hanseniaspora uvarum）、陆生伊萨酵母（Issatchenkia terricola）、橡树假丝酵母（Candida quercitrusa）、葡萄酒有孢汉生酵母（Hanseniaspora vineae）和Pichia terricola。其中,H. opuntiae和H. uvarum分布范围广,且漯河地区所蕴含的酵母菌种类最多。不同地区的赤霞珠葡萄表皮蕴含着多种类型的酵母菌资源,且不同地区的酵母菌种类及数目上的分布存在一定差异。