部分痕量元素在煤粉炉中赋存特性

定量测定了1台220t/h煤粉炉进口煤样、底渣、飞灰中Mn、Cr、Pb、As、Se、Zn、Cd、Hg8种痕量元素的含量,分析了飞灰粒径、炉膛温度、含氧量以及痕量元素自身性质对痕量元素赋存、挥发特性的影响。根据痕量元素的赋存、挥发特性,将元素分成3类：第一类元素为Hg;第二类元素为Pb、Zn和Cd;第三类元素为Mn,Se介于第一类元素和第二类元素之间;Cr同时表现出第一类和第三类元素性质。研究发现,除Mn外,其它元素在飞灰中的富集程度随飞灰粒径的减小而增加;飞灰对各痕量元素吸附机理不同;炉膛温度升高能促进部分痕量元素的挥发;除Mn和Cr外,其它元素在飞灰中相对富集系数大于底渣;含氧量低并非促进所有痕量元素挥发;痕量元素分类应视具体情况而定。     

几种微量元素在煤燃烧过程中迁移规律的研究

文中采用Meij提出的相对富集系数，分析了煤粉炉中9种微量元素迁移变化规律。发现大多数微量元素有在飞灰中富集的趋势，并且飞灰粒径微小，相对富集系数越大。Zn、Cd、Cr在飞灰细微粒子中的富集程度随这些元素的沸点升高而减小，由于部分Cr在煤中以有机物形式存在，Cr并不遵循底渣中富集程度与沸点成正比。Mn和Cr在底渣和飞灰中含量相当，Mn的相对富集系数为0.8，而Cr的相对富集系数只有0.4。飞灰中未燃烬的炭以及具有高比表面性质的飞灰对Hg有吸附作用，Pb比Cd更容易从煤中挥发，而在烟气冷却过程中，更趋于在飞灰中沉积。     

锅炉燃煤方式对痕量元素分布的影响

综述了目前国内外锅炉燃烧方式对痕量元素分布的影响。测定了我国5台不同炉型和容量的工业锅炉底灰和飞灰中痕量元素的分布情况,结果表明：流化床燃烧时煤中痕量挥发性元素的蒸发较大;不易挥发痕量元素的分布不受炉型的影响;工业锅炉容量增大时,痕量元素在细颗粒上富集;飞灰颗粒越小,富集越多。     

无烟煤燃烧中的重金属排放及分布特性

为得到无烟煤燃烧中的重金属排放及分布特性,采用3.5 MW燃烧实验台进行中试实验,对无烟煤燃烧过程中的Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni和Cr等6种重金属的排放及分布特性进行了测试。实验结果表明:6种元素在飞灰中的质量分数均高于底渣,且富集于超细颗粒中,富集程度的顺序为:Pb,CdCu,ZnNi,Cr。其中,Pb和Cd在粒径约为1μm的飞灰中富集因子达到17~22。在燃烧产物中,重金属大部分分布在飞灰中,底渣和烟气中的比例很低。其中,Cd、Cu、Ni等元素全部分布在飞灰和底渣中,而Pb、Zn和Cr则少量分布在烟气中,以气态形式存在,Pb的质量分数最高、达到13.4%。     

大型燃煤机组颗粒物与痕量元素的排放特性

本文分别针对1 000 MW和660 MW燃煤机组在WFGD(湿法石灰石-石膏脱硫塔)后进行了颗粒物现场采样,研究了同一机组在不同负荷以及不同机组在相同负荷比例条件下,颗粒物及痕量元素的排放特性。实验采用称重式DGI(颗粒物采样器)系统对烟气中的颗粒物进行分级取样,计算颗粒物生成量以及痕量元素含量。试验结果显示:对比相同容量不同负荷工况下的结果,可以发现高负荷条件下颗粒物排放量增大,分析认为这是由于较大的负荷变化导致耗煤量增加,燃烧温度升高引起的;痕量元素在飞灰中的富集倍数随颗粒物粒径的变小而增大;颗粒物中痕量元素富集倍数AsCrPb,正比于其挥发特性AsCrPb。     

O_2_CO_2气氛下痕量元素迁移特性试验研究

在管式炉上进行徐州烟煤的燃烧试验,采用电感耦合等离子体光谱质谱联用仪(ICP-MS)对燃烧剩余灰渣进行测定.研究了不同温度和不同燃烧气氛(空气气氛和O2/CO2气氛)下痕量元素的迁移特性.结果表明,煤燃烧过程中,痕量元素Cr、Mn、Ni、Zn、Cd、Pb在灰渣中富集,As挥发率达70%以上.随着温度的升高,大部分痕量元素在灰渣中的含量降低,Mn、Ni、Cr在灰渣中的含量相对比较稳定.O2/CO2气氛下,各元素随温度的变化趋势并未受到影响,但整体上O2/CO2气氛下各痕量元素在灰渣中的含量要大于空气气氛下的,随着温度的升高,O2/CO2气氛和空气气氛下痕量元素在灰渣中的含量越来越接近,说明燃烧气氛对痕量元素迁移的影响随温度升高而减弱.     

城市污泥流化床焚烧炉飞灰中重金属迁移特性

对120 t/d城市污泥循环流化床焚烧炉飞灰中重金属迁移富集特性进行试验研究,对污泥、飞灰及不同温度、取样点的飞灰中Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb 8种重金属迁移富集特性进行了分析。试验结果表明:飞灰、底渣及入炉污泥中主要化学成分为Si O_2、Fe_2O_3、Ca O、Al_2O_3和P_2O_5,"Si0_2-Ca O-Al_2O_3-金属氧化物"体系构成了重金属吸附的载体,也为不同形态重金属的吸附提供了活性空间。Cd、As为易挥发性重金属,在炉膛内挥发的Cd、As及其化合物蒸气在503℃和475℃时几乎全部富集于飞灰颗粒;Cr、Mn、Cu、Zn主要通过夹带富集于飞灰颗粒,它们在尾部烟道不同温度区域飞灰颗粒上的富集程度相当,为难挥发性重金属。     

不同添加剂/吸附剂对循环流化床燃烧痕量元素迁移的影响规律

在6,k Wth流化床实验装置上进行了贵州烟煤的燃烧实验,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)研究不同添加剂/吸附剂对11种痕量元素(Be、Cr、Mn、Co、Cu、As、Mo、Cd、Sb、Ba、Pb)在燃烧产物中的富集规律.结果表明:活性炭和稻壳焦对痕量元素都有一定的吸附作用,稻壳焦可增加Be、Mn、Co、Cu、As、Mo、Cd、Sb、Ba、Pb这些元素在飞灰中的富集程度,降低了Cr在飞灰中的富集程度;活性炭对Cr、Mn、Cu、Mo、Cd、Sb、Pb的富集都有一定的促进作用.原煤中掺混Ca Cl2能提高Mn、Sb和Ba在飞灰中的富集程度,同时抑制了其他元素在飞灰中的富集;掺混NH4Cl对Co和Cu在飞灰中的富集有抑制作用,但作用很小,对其他的痕量元素在飞灰中的富集都有一定的促进作用,其中对Mo、Cd和Sb的促进最为明显.     

部分痕量元素在油页岩中的富集特性及挥发行为

选取吉林桦甸、广东茂名、吉林汪清、辽宁大平4个矿区的油页岩为研究对象,用电感耦合等离子发射光谱技术和原子荧光技术对油页岩中14种痕量元素的含量进行了测定.结果表明,油页岩中的痕量元素含量明显高于中国煤中对应元素的平均含量,特别是Mn、P、Ti.与国外煤相比,痕量元素As、Mn、Zn、V、Cu和Cr在我国桦甸油页岩中表现出高含量特性.与地壳丰度相比,油页岩中痕量元素具有比较明显的富集亲硫元素、贫亲铁和亲石元素的特征.同时,研究了燃烧温度对油页岩中痕量元素的挥发行为的影响.结果表明:所研究元素的挥发性均随燃烧温度的升高而增大,其中As、Pb和Zn表现出较强的挥发行为,茂名油页岩中的痕量元素在燃烧过程中表现出较高的稳定性.     

空煤比对煤气化过程中痕量元素迁移规律的影响

采用氢化物发生器和原子荧光光谱法联用(HG-AFS)和电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-AES),测定了常压流化床煤气化产物中As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Mg、Ni、Hg、Pb、V、Se、Sr、Zn 14种痕量元素含量,分析了空煤比对痕量元素在气化产物中迁移规律的影响。结果表明：在旋风高温焦中,CA、Ni富集,As、Co、Cu、V、Se、Hg耗散;空煤比对Mn、Sr、Hg、Se、As影响不大;随着空煤比增加,Pb、Zn、Cu、Co、Ni的相时富集系数(REs)略微增加,Cd、Mg的REs减少;V、Cr在低空煤比条件下有较高的REs。在布袋低温焦中,Cd、As、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn富集,Co、V、Se、Hg耗散;随着空煤比增加,Pb、Cu、Ni的REs增加;Cd、As、Cr、Se的REs减少。底渣中的Mn和Sr相对于高、低温焦而言有轻微的富集。随着空煤比增加,Cu、Zn在煤气中含量增加,Cr、Co、As、Hg在煤气中含量减小。     

Emission of trace toxic metals during pulverized fuel combustion of Czech coals

A study of the trace elements emission (As, Se, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, Hg, Tl, Pb, Ni, Sn, Sb, V, Mn and Fe) from pulverized coal combustion has been made at six heating and power stations situated in the Czech Republic. The amount of chlorine in coal has considerable influence on volatilization of some elements such as Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg and Tl, which is explained by the formation of thermodynamically stable compounds of these elements with chlorine. Generally, the affinities for Cl follows the order Tl > Cu > Zn > Pb > Co > Mn > Sn > Hg. The experimental data indicates enrichment of some of the trace toxic elements in the emissions (Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sn, Sb, Hg and Pb) and good agreement was obtained by thermodynamic equilibrium calculations with a few exceptions. In the case of Fe, Mn, Co, Cr and Sn calculated values are overestimated in the bottom ash and there are zero predicted amounts of these elements in the fly ash. In comparison, the results from experiments show up to 80% of these elements retained in fly ash. This implies that there exist additional steps leading to the enrichment by Fe, Mn, Co, Cr and Sn of small particles. Such mechanisms could include the ejection during devolatilization of small inorganic particles from the coal of bottom ash particles, or disintegration of the char containing these metals to small particles of fly ash. On the other hand, there are slightly overestimated or similar values of relative enrichment factors for As, V, Cu, Cd, Sb, Tl and Pb in the fly ashes and zero predicted values for bottom ashes. Our experimental results show about 5% or less of these elements are retained in bottom ashes, so they probably remain in the bottom ash inside unburned parts of coal. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mineralogy,geochemistry and leachability of ashes produced after lignite combustion in Amyntaio Power Station,northern Greece

The Kozani–Ptolemais–Amyntaio basin constitutes the principal coal field of Greece. Approximately 50% of the total power of Greece is generated by five power stations operating in the area. Pulverized lignite, a bottom ash, and a fly ash sample from the power plant of Amyntaio were subjected to a leaching procedure. The relative mass leached (RML) of three potentially toxic trace elements (Cu, Cr, Ni) was determined by use of AAS. Results indicate that the determined elements are more readily available in fly ash than in bottom ash or pulverized lignite. Mineralogical examination of the samples has revealed that calcite, gypsum, quartz, and feldspar are the constituents of lignite; quartz and calcite are found in fly ash particles; while gypsum, quartz, and calcite are found in bottom ash.     

Effects on enrichment characteristics of trace elements in fly ash by adding halide salts into the coal during CFB combustion

The effects on enrichment characteristics of trace elements (TEs) in fly ash by adding halide salts into the coal during coal combustion were conducted on a 6 kW_th circulating fluidized bed (CFB) experimental device. Results show that unburn carbon content in fly ash has little relationship with the concentration of TEs namely Hg, As, Pb, Cr and Mn. All the TEs are enriched in fly ash for the raw coal CFB combustion. Concentration of Hg and Mn increases with increasing the addition amount of CaCl₂, NH₄Cl and NH₄Br. As, Pb and Cr enrich in fly ash more strongly when adding more CaCl₂ into the coal while more addition of NH₄Cl and NH₄Br leads to the decrease of their enrichment compared to addition amount of 0.1 wt%. On the whole, putting halide salts into the coal results in the TEs enriched in fly ash, which benefits for TEs removal during the coal combustion. Combining this method with the chemical sequential extraction or thermal treatment of the fly ash will be a promising way to realize the TEs removal and their recovery.     

Physiochemical and leaching characteristics of fly and bottom ash

Bottom ash and fly ash are the by-products of coal in thermal power plants. They are the combustion wastes and contain many elements that may harmful to the environment. The present study investigates the physiochemical, mineral, and leaching characteristics of an Indian coal ash (bottom ash and fly ash). From the characterization of bottom ash and fly ash, it is found that the ash samples are enriched predominantly in silica, alumina, and iron oxides. A series of leaching experiments have been performed to analyze the tracing elements of metal at the different liquid to solid ratio (L/S). The L/S varies from 20:1 to 80:1. From the leaching results of the fly ash and bottom ash data, it is observed that the tracing elements of Mn, Mg, Cr, Zn, Ni, Pb, Fe, and Cu are the most abundant elements, while Hg, Mo, and Co are the least abundant elements.     

循环流化床锅炉降低飞灰含碳量研究

介绍了煤指数、床压、床温、流化风量、总风量和一、二次风比例、燃煤粒径对循环流化床锅炉飞灰含碳量的影响,并以某电厂440t/h循环流化床锅炉降低飞灰含碳量的优化调整为例,通过正交试验分析各因素影响情况。试验表明:总风量对锅炉飞灰含碳量的影响相对较大,其次是流化风量,再次是床压。通过调整入炉煤粒径分布,进一步降低飞灰含碳量。试验表明燃煤粒度对锅炉飞灰含碳量影响较大。     

硫铁矿在炉内结渣中所起作用的数值研究

以某台有结渣现象的国产300MW机组的1025t／h锅炉为对象,采用数值模拟对其中硫铁矿和煤粉及其飞灰颗粒的运动进行数值计算,通过对两者在炉内的运动和水冷壁附近颗粒浓度的比较,探讨结渣产生的机理和原因,并对与结渣有关的含硫量、FeS2密度、硫铁矿颗粒尺寸分布、缩小切圆直径的影响进行了数值研究。