Pyrrole/N‐p‐toluenepyrrole copolymers in the presence of surfactants: A promising material for glucose sensing

In this study, pyrrole/N‐para‐toluenpyrrole (Py/NptPy) copolymers were synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization method. The effects of different kinds of (anionic, cationic, and nonionic) surfactants on the properties of copolymer were investigated. The structural, morphological, thermal, and conductivity properties of the copolymers were investigated by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the four‐probe measurement device respectively. FTIR spectra of copolymers synthesized in different environments that support the formation of copolymer. SEM results show that the morphologies of copolymers synthesized in the presence of surfactant are more homogeneous and the particle sizes are smaller than that of polypyrrole (PPy). TGA results revealed that the thermal stabilities of Py/NptPy‐NaDBS (400°C) and Py/NptPy‐Tween 20 (260°C) copolymers were higher than surfactant free Py/NptPy copolymer (180°C) according to their initial decomposition temperatures. It was determined that the conductivity values of copolymers were higher than PNptPy. Glucose sensor properties of copolymer synthesized in the presence of tetradecylthreemethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB) were investigated with cyclic voltammetry (CV) method. Michaelis–Menten constant of Py/NptPy‐TTAB copolymer modified electrochemical biosensor was calculated as 5.30 mM. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 56:995–1003, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Morphology,structure, and conductivity of polypyrrole prepared in the presence of mixed surfactants in aqueous solutions

Polypyrrole (PPy) was prepared from different mixed‐surfactant solutions with ammonium persulfate as an oxidant. Three types of combinations were selected, including cationic/anionic, cationic/nonionic, and anionic/nonionic mixed‐surfactant solutions. The surfactants used in the experiments included cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (cationic surfactant), sodium dodecyl sulfate (anionic surfactant), sodium dodecyl sulfonic acid salt (anionic surfactant), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (nonionic surfactant), and poly(ethylene glycol) (nonionic surfactant). The morphology, structure, and conductivity of the resulting PPy were investigated in detail with scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and the typical four‐probe method, respectively. The results showed that the interaction between the different surfactants and the interaction between the surfactants and the polymer influenced the morphology, structure, and conductivity of the resulting polymer to different degrees. The cationic surfactant favored the formation of nanofibers, the addition of anionic surfactants produced agglomeration but enhanced the doping level and conductivity, and the presence of a nonionic surfactant weakened the interaction between the other surfactant and the polymer in the system. In comparison with the results for monosurfactant solutions, the polymerization of pyrrole in mixed‐surfactant solutions could modulate the morphologies of PPy, which ranged from nanofibers of different lengths to nanoparticles showing various states of aggregation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 1987–1996, 2007     

Shape-controlled fabrication of polypyrrole microstructures by replicating organic crystals through electrostatic interactions

Polypyrrole (PPy) microstructures with diverse shapes were synthesized in an aqueous inorganic salt medium including organic crystals and pyrrole (Py). A series of sulfobenzoic acid salt forms with various cations (K⁺, Na⁺, Li⁺, NH₄⁺) in different positions (para, meta, ortho) of the sulfonate group on the benzene ring were used to form organic crystals as sacrificial templates. Using these crystals, we produced five different shapes of PPy microstructures (hexagonal microplates, curled nanofibers, lozenge-shaped microplates, rigid rods, parallelogram microplates), which replicated the shapes of the organic crystal templates through electrostatic interaction between the anionic crystal surfaces and the cationic PPy chains. In contrast, PPy that was polymerized without crystals showed bulky agglomerates of 200-500 nm size. The electrical properties were dictated by the molecular structures of the organic salt molecules used. While the highest conductivity (200.3 Scm⁻¹) was observed in PPy using crystals of para-linked 4-sulfobenzoic acid monopotassium salt, the lowest conductivity (0.8 Scm⁻¹) was observed in PPy prepared in the presence of crystals of ortho-linked 2-sulfobenzoic acid monoammonium salt.     

Preparation and Characterization of Conductive Polypyrrole/Organophilic Montorillonite Nanocomposite

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was used as organic intercalative modifier to prepare organophilic montorillonite OMMT-P. PPy/OMMT nanocomposites were prepared by the oxidative polymerization of pyrrole (Py) intercalated into the interlayer of OMMT. The effect of Py, OMMT, oxidant, and dopant content on nanocomposites' conductivity were studied, and the conductivity of PPy/OMMT-P was achieved as high as 15.0 S·cm^?1 when the molar ratio of FeCl₃ and Py is 2.50, the mass ratio of Py and OMMT-P is 0.25, and the TSANa concentration is 0.025 g·ml^?1. The structure and properties of the nanocomposites are characterized with FT-IR, TG, and XRD.     

Polypyrrole–vinyl aniline modified cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin copolymers: a comparative study of the resin preparation

In this study, the synthesis of polypyrrole‐b‐vinyl aniline modified cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin (PPy‐b‐CFVAnR) block copolymers by a combination of condensation polymerization and chemical oxidative polymerization processes was examined. First, a cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin containing vinyl aniline units [4‐ vinyl aniline modified cycl?ohexanone formaldehyde resin (CFVAnR)] was prepared by a direct condensation reaction of 4‐vinyl aniline and cyclohexanone with formaldehyde in an in situ modification reaction. CFVAnR and pyrrole (Py) were then used with a conventional method of in situ chemical oxidative polymerization. The reactions were carried out with heat‐activated potassium persulfate salt in the presence of p‐toluene sulfonic acid in a dimethyl sulfoxide–water binary solvent system; this led to the formation of desired block copolymers. The effects of the oxidant–monomer molar ratio, dopant existence, addition order of the reactants, and reaction temperature on the yield, conductivity, and morphology of the resulting products were investigated. PPy‐b‐CFVAnR copolymers prepared with a resin‐to‐Py molar ratio of 1:40 showed conductivity in the range 3.7 × 10^?1 to 3.8 × 10^?2 S/cm. Oxidant‐to‐Py molar ratios of 0.5 and 1.0 were proposed to be the optimum stoichiometries for higher conductivity and yield, respectively, of the copolymer. The morphology of the copolymer (PPy‐b‐CFVAnR) was investigated with environmental scanning electron microscopy analyses. The results indicate that the surface of the copolymer was composed of well‐distributed nanospheres with average particle diameters of 60–85 nm. Also, the synthesized PPy‐b‐CFVAnR had a higher thermal stability than the pure CFVAnR. The chemical composition and structure of the PPy‐b‐CFVAnR copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and measurement. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 132, 42841.     

Nanosized polypyrrole affected by surfactant agitation for emulsion polymerization

Nanosized conductive polypyrrole (PPy) powders were prepared using emulsion polymerization with aid of high speed agitation. Different agitation speeds from 650 to 24,000 rpm were used with different anionic, cationic, and non-ionic surfactants. Then, the effects of the agitation speed and surfactant species were examined in terms of their physical and electrical properties of conductivity and powder size. Prepared PPy nanopowders exhibited high conductivity values of 10 S/cm regions, when sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) were used. The powder dispersion of the resultant PPy was also observed to be dependent on the agitation speed and surfactant type. The morphology shown by SEM and TEM revealed that the anionic SDBS surfactant could effectively disperse into nanosized aggregates of the PPy. The results showed that the combination of the anionic surfactants and high agitation in the emulsion polymerization could produce nanosized PPy powders with higher conductivity.     

Synthesis and characterization of nanosized polypyrrole–polystyrene composite particles

Nanosized polypyrrole–polystyrene (PPy–PS) composite particles were synthesized by the polymerization of pyrrole on PS nanoparticles in the presence of FeCl₃. The PS nanoparticles were prepared from microemulsion polymerizations using the cationic nonpolymerizable surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), the nonionic polymerizable surfactant ω‐methoxy[poly(ethylene oxide)₄₀]undecyl α‐methacrylate (PEO–R–MA‐40), or the cationic polymerizable surfactant ω‐acryloyloxyundecyltrimethylammonium bromide (AUTMAB). For the latexes stabilized by CTAB, the resulting PPy–PS composite particles exhibited relatively poor colloidal stability and the pressed pellets exhibited relatively low electrical conductivities (～10^?7–10^?3 S cm^?1). However, for the latexes stabilized by polymerizable surfactants, the resulting PPy–PS composite particles exhibited relatively good colloidal stability and relatively high conductivities (～10^?5–10^?1 S cm^?1). The effect of polymerizable surfactants on the colloidal stability of composite particles and the conducting mechanism of the composites are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1360–1367, 2004     

High-performance polymer/nanodiamond composites: synthesis and properties

Conjugated polymer/nanodiamond nanocomposites have been known as high-performance materials due to improved physical properties relative to conventional composites. In this attempt, novel conjugated polymer/nanodiamond nanocomposites were successfully prepared by in situ oxidative polymerization. Physical characteristics of the resultant nanocomposites were explored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope, differential scanning calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Structural analysis revealed the oxidative polymerization of various matrices [polyaniline (PANi), polypyrrole (PPy), polythiophene (PTh) and polyazopyridine (PAP)] over the surface of functionalized (F-NDs) and non-functionalized nanodiamonds (NF-NDs) thus ensuing NF-NDs/PAP/PANi/PPy, F-NDs/PAP/PANi/PPy, NF-NDs/PANi/PPy/PTh and F-NDs/PANi/PPy/PTh nanocomposites. FESEM images depicted the fibrillar morphology of resulting nanocomposites with granular arrangement of nanofiller in matrix. Thermal analysis results showed that the functionalized F-NDs/PAP/PANi/PPy hybrid had higher value of 10 % weight loss around 489 °C relative to F-NDs/PANi/PPy/PTh with T₁₀ at 471 °C. The glass transition temperature was found to be 99 and 105 °C for NF-NDs/PANi/PPy/PTh and F-NDs/PANi/PPy/PTh, respectively. On the other hand, NF-NDS/PAP/PANi/PPy and F-NDs/PAP/PANi/PPy showed higher T _g’_s of 109 and 118 °C. The conductivity of NF-NDs/PAP/PANi/PPy was 3.8 Scm^?1 and improved with the functionalized filler loading in F-NDs/PAP/PANi/PPy up to 5.4 Scm^?1, while NF-NDs/PANi/PPy/PTh and F-NDs/PANi/PPy/PTh had relatively lower values around 2.9 and 3.7 Scm^?1, respectively. New conducting nanocomposites may act as useful contenders in significant industrial applications such as polymer Li-ion battery.     

Synthesis of copolymer of aniline and pyrrole by inverted emulsion polymerization method for supercapacitor

Copolymer of aniline and pyrrole was synthesized by inverted emulsion polymerization method by oxidizing aniline and pyrrole using benzoyl peroxide in presence of sodium laurylsulphate surfactant and p‐toluenesulphonic acid. Copolymer samples were characterized by infrared, X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic techniques and compared their properties with the corresponding homopolymers. The optimum reaction conditions for the preparation of copolymer with reasonably good yield (1.72 g) and conductivity (7.3 × 10^?2 S/cm) were established. The synthesis procedure was extended to prepare copolymer samples using various protonic acids. Electrochemical characterization such as cyclic voltammetry, charge‐discharge and impedance were carried out on symmetrical supercapacitor cell consists of poly(aniline‐co‐pyrrole)‐p‐toluenesulfonic acid salt, wherein, the copolymer salt was synthesized using equal amount of aniline and pyrrole monomers. The values of specific capacitance, energy and power densities for poly(aniline‐co‐pyrrole)‐p‐toluenesulfonic acid system (PANI‐PPy) were calculated from charge‐discharge studies and are found to be 21 F/g, 5.7 Wh/Kg and 100 W/Kg respectively. Impedance analysis showed specific capacitance value (57 F/g) at 0.01 Hz at 0.22 V. Among the copolymer salts, copolymer prepared with sulfuric acid showed higher capacitance (66 F/g). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Conductive polypyrrole composite films prepared using wet cast technique with a pyrrole–cellulose acetate solution

Conductive polypyrrole‐cellulose acetate films were prepared from cellulose acetate (CA) solution of pyrrole (Py) using wet cast method. In the composite films, Py was used as a solvent for CA which was dissolved with different concentration. Then, to prepare PPy–CA composite film, the Py viscous solution of CA was cast on glass plate and immersed in FeCl₃ aqueous solution. When the CA film was formed in the aqueous solution, the polymerized PPy particles having about 1 μm diameter were formed in composite film. The resultant composite films were characterized, showing good film fabrication and electrical conductivity of around 6.9 × 10^?4 to 3.6 × 10¹ S/cm. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:78–84, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Investigation of the electroactivity,conductivity, and morphology of poly(pyrrole‐co‐N‐alkyl pyrrole) prepared via electrochemical nanopolymerization and chemical polymerization

The copolymerization of pyrrole (Py) with N‐ethyl pyrrole, N‐butyl pyrrole, and N‐octyl pyrrole (NOPy) was carried out by electrochemical and chemical oxidation. In the electrochemical method, copolymer thin films with different feed ratios of monomers were synthesized by the cyclic voltammetry method in a lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄)/acetonitrile (CH₃CN) electrolyte on the surface of a glassy carbon working electrode. The deposition conditions on the glassy carbon, the influence of the molar ratios of the monomers on the formation of the copolymers, and the electroactivity of the copolymers were investigated with cyclic voltammetry. Nanoparticles made of a conjugate of the copolymers with different feed ratios of monomers were prepared by chemical polymerization (conventional and interfacial methods) in the presence of iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃·6H₂O) as the oxidant. Nanostructural copolymers with higher conductivities were synthesized by simple tuning of the preparation conditions in a two‐phase medium. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and four‐probe conductivity measurement techniques were applied for the characterization of the obtained copolymers. The conductivity of the obtained copolymer by an interfacial method with chloroform as the organic phase was 20 times higher than the copolymer obtained via an interfacial method with toluene as the organic phase and 700 times higher than the copolymer prepared by the conventional method (for a molar ratio of 70 : 30 Py : NOPy). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

Synthesis of ultra-thin polypyrrole nanosheets for chemical sensor applications

Ultra-thin polypyrrole nanosheets (UPNSs) are fabricated by organic crystal surface-induced polymerization (OCSP) of pyrrole in an aqueous suspension containing hydrated crystals of sodium decylsulfonate (C₁₀SO₃Na) below the Krafft temperature using FeCl₃ as an oxidant. The hydrated C₁₀SO₃Na crystals are used as templates through electrostatic binding of the cationic polypyrrole (PPy) chains oxidized by Fe(III) ions on the anionic C₁₀SO₃Na crystal surface. The resulting UPNSs have a single layer thickness of ∼21 nm, widths between 2 and 6 μm, and lengths greater than 10 μm. The UPNSs are composed of a single continuous PPy domain. Moreover, the UPNSs exhibit higher conductivity (30.6 Scm⁻¹) and longer conjugation lengths than the PPy nanoparticles (2.4 Scm⁻¹) prepared using emulsion polymerization. We systematically investigate the UPNSs as gas sensors for detecting and quantifying toxic gases such as HCl and NH₃. The UPNSs exhibit much higher gas sensitivity and faster response times compared with the PPy nanoparticles.     

Adsorptive removal of anionic and non‐ionic surfactants from aqueous phase using Posidonia oceanica (L.) marine biomass

BACKGROUND: In this study, the capability of low‐cost, renewable and abundant marine biomass Posidonia oceanica (L.) for adsorptive removal of anionic and non‐ionic surfactants from aqueous solutions have been carried out in batch mode. Several experimental key parameters were investigated including exposure time, pH, temperature and initial surfactant concentration. RESULTS: It was found that the highest surfactant adsorption capacities reached at 30 °C were determined as 2.77 mg g^?1 for anionic NaDBS and as 1.81 mg g^?1 for non‐ionic TX‐100, both at pH 2. The biosorption process was revealed as a thermo‐dependent phenomenon. Equilibrium data were well described by the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting therefore a homogeneous sorption surface with active sites of similar affinities. The thermodynamic constants of the adsorption process (i.e. ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°) were respectively evaluated as ? 8.28 kJ mol^?1, 48.07 kJ mol^?1 and ? 42.38 J mol^?1 K^?1 for NaDBS and ? 9.67 kJ mol^?1, 95.13 kJ mol^?1 and ? 174.09 J mol^?1 K^?1 for TX‐100. CONCLUSION: Based on this research, valorization of highly available Posidonia oceanica biomass, as biological adsorbent to remove anionic and non‐ionic surfactants, seems to be a promising technique, since the sorption systems studied were found to be favourable, endothermic and spontaneous. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

The electrochemical copolymerization of pyrrole and bithiophene on stainless steel in the presence of SDS in aqueous medium and its anticorrosive performance

For the first time, the electrosynthesis of poly(pyrrole-co-bithiophene) copolymers (P(Py-co-BT) I, II, III) was carried out using the potentiostatic technique on stainless steel (SS) electrode from aqueous oxalic acid solutions containing fixed concentration of bithiophene (BT) and different concentrations of pyrrole (Py) in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). Corrosion protection behaviors of these copolymer-coated steels were investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution by potentiodynamic polarization, Tafel test technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Among the protective copolymer coatings, the P(Py-co-BT) II, which was obtained from polymerization solution containing 0.025 M Py, exhibited the best protection against corrosion. Hence, only this copolymer was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, FT-IR, UV–vis, conductivity measurement and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) by comparing with those of the polybithiophene (PBT) and polypyrrole (PPy) homopolymers. It was determined that this polymer was the polypyrrole-based copolymer. The incorporation of BT units into PPy chains not only increased dry conductivity but also developed the toughness of polymer.     

Pseudothermoset blends of poly (methyl methacrylate) and polypyrrole morphological,thermal, and conductivity studies

Blends of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/Polypyrrole (PPy) were synthesized by emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and in situ oxidative polymerization of pyrrole (Py) with varying concentrations of Py and ferric chloride. The influence of the varying concentrations of ferric chloride, Py, and MMA on the morphological, spectral, thermal, and conductance characteristics of the blends were investigated. Hydrogen bonding between PPy and PMMA was inferred from FTIR studies that indicate blend formation. DSC and TGA analysis of the blends were done. A curious thermal behavior was observed that the blends lost their elasticity and flexibility on heating and turned into rigid and brittle material. DSC thermogram did not show glass transition temperature, indicating molecular and chain reorganization on heating. We have therefore called these blends pseudothermoset. The physicomechanical characteristics of the films of the blends were found to deteriorate with the increased ratio of ferric chloride in the blend, causing a decrease in the conductivity. Maximum conductivity (percolation threshold) was found at 14 wt % loading of Py in the blend (1.6 × 10^?3 S cm^?1), which was further correlated with the morphology of the films. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 82–91, 2004     

Effect of poly(n‐isopropyl acrylamide‐co‐itaconic acid) on the chemical polymerization of pyrrole with (NH4)2[Ce(NO3)6]

The chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole (Py) by ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) in the presence of polyitaconic acid and its copolymers (Polymer) containing 75 and 50 mole% N‐isopropylacrylamide were investigated. The effects of copolymer composition and addition order of the components on the reaction mechanism were studied by following the absorption spectra of the soluble reaction products between 200 and 1100 nm. As to the UV‐visible, FTIR and conductivity results of soluble products obtained from Polymer‐CAN‐Py system, it was assumed that the pyrrole polymerization by chemical oxidation was inhibited in the presence of the water‐soluble polyelectrolyte because an important part of ceric ammonium nitrate was consumed to produce radicals on the chains. On the other hand, the role of the copolymers in the case of Py‐CAN was mainly to prevent precipitation of polypyrrole. Consequently, the reaction prepared according to the first order of addition of the reactants favour the formation of oligomeric pyrrole, while the second order of addition yields solution of colloidal polypyrrole interacting with polyelectrolytes. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Morphology control of conducting polypyrrole nanostructures via operational conditions in the emulsion polymerization

Polypyrrole (PPy) nanostructures with diameter smaller than 100 nm were synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactants. Hydrochloric acid was used as dopant, and a solution of potassium peroxydisulfate was used as initiator. The influence of polymerization temperature, feeding strategy, and the type of surfactant on the morphology and conductivity of PPy nanostructures were investigated and well‐described. A simple route just via controlling the operational conditions in the emulsion polymerization is reported to obtain nanostructured PPy with desirable morphology and relatively good conductivity. The analysis results demonstrated that the conductivity of samples is highly affected by their morphology whereas PPy nanofibers exhibited higher conductivity respecting the other morphologies (0.66 S/cm). © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44697.     

Electropolymerization and electrochemical properties of (N-hydroxyalkyl)pyrrole/pyrrole copolymers

In this study, the N-hydroxyalkyl derivatives of pyrrole (Py), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrole (HE) and N-(3-hydroxypropyl)pyrrole (HP), were synthesized. The corresponding homopolymers, PHE and PHP, together with the copolymers of Py/HE and those of Py/HP were prepared by galvanostatic polymerization. These monomers and polymers were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, SEM and electrochemical techniques. The result of potential-time profiles showed that a higher potential was required for HE and HP than Py for the polymerization. This was ascribed to the steric hindrance of high concentration of the N-hydroxyalkyl groups. However, a similar potential was observed for the copolymerization of Py/HE and Py/HP systems as that of Py due to the reduction of the steric effect by lower content of the substituent. The SEM micrographs showed a rougher morphology for the films synthesized from the solutions with higher Py/derivatives ratio. The cyclic voltammograms indicated that all the copolymers were larger, while the homopolymers had smaller anodic/cathodic currents and specific charges than PPy. This implied that the existence of the proper amount of the N-hydroxyalkyl pendant groups enhanced the ionic mobility of the pyrrole polymers. The results of charge/discharge measurements showed that the copolymer PYHP82 has the highest discharge capacity among the pyrrole polymers prepared.     

Emulsion polymerization of styrene: Simulation the effects of mixed ionic and non-ionic surfactant system in the presence of coagulation

A detailed model was developed for emulsion polymerization of styrene in batch reactor to predict the evolution of the product particle size distribution. The effect of binary surfactant systems (ionic/non-ionic surfactants) with different compositions was studied. The zero–one kinetics was employed for the nucleation rate, with the model comprising a set of rigorously developed population balance equations. The modeling incorporated particle formation by both nucleation and coagulation phenomena. The partial differential equations describing the particle population were discretized using finite volume elements. Binary surfactant systems, comprising sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as anionic, and a commercial polyether polyol (Brij35^®) as non-ionic surfactants, were examined with different mass ratios. Increasing non-ionic surfactant mass fraction in binary surfactant system showed the decrease of particle number due to intensifying the coagulation between particles. Broader particle size distributions with greater average particle size were obtained with non-ionic surfactant comparing those obtained with anionic one.     

A New High-Temperature Lithium Para-Toluene Sulfonate (LIPTSA) Salt for Rechargeable Batteries

Lithium para-toluene sulfonate [LIPTSA] was used for lithium rechargeable batteries, with poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA] as the base material. Tri block copolymer of PEO-PPO-PEO was used to increase the solubility of lithium salts in PMMA matrix. FTIR, TGA, XRD, impedance spectroscopy, and SEM were used for characterizations and morphological studies. LIPTSA salt is stable up to 375°C. The highest room temperature conductivity obtained was around 5 × 10^?4 Scm^?1. The SEM picture shows clearly the heterogeneous morphology (salt-rich phases) distributed throughout the PMMA matrix. The XRD picture indicates the presence of crystalline, which increases with an increase in salt concentration.