大功率机车车轮材料滑动摩擦磨损的试验研究

车轮短时间的滑行会带来剧烈的摩擦磨损。为了研究大功率机车车轮材料耐滑动摩擦磨损性能,利用SRV摩擦磨损试验机对3种新型车轮材料J1、J2、J3进行室温及高温条件下的滑动摩擦磨损试验,通过三维白光干涉表面形貌仪对磨痕的三维形貌进行记录和测量,比较了3种材料的摩擦磨损特点和耐磨性能;测试了车轮材料的力学性能,利用显微硬度对...     

Influence of Subsurface Structure on the Linear Reciprocating Sliding Wear Behavior of Steels with Different Microstructures

The present work investigates the influence of subsurface microstructure on the linear reciprocating sliding wear behavior of a number of steels with ferrite-pearlitic, pearlitic, bainitic, and martensitic microstructures under dry unlubricated condition. The change in the underlying microstructure with depth from worn-out surface of steel sample intimately relates to the associated hardness variation and wear volume. The present paper is not about comparison of wear resistance of steels with different structures; rather it is on mutual influence of wear and substructure for individual microstructure. Inherent toughness of the matrix and ability of microstructural components to get deformed under the reciprocating action of the ball decide the wear resistance of the steels. Bainite has good amount of stability to plastic deformation. Ferrite shows severe banding due to wear action. Work hardening renders pearlite to be wear resistant. Temperature rise and associated tempering of martensite are observed during wear.     

中低碳空冷贝氏体钢的冲击磨损性能

研究了4种碳含理分别为0.15%、0.18%、0.23%和0.30％的空冷贝氏体钢的冲击磨损性能,并用扫描电镜观察了磨损表面的貌特征。结果发现,随着碳含量的提高,冲击磨损速度降低,碳含量分别为0.18%,0.23%和0.30%的3种贝氏体钢的冲击磨损速率相近,前3种低碳空冷贝氏体钢的磨损表面除了有磨损犁沟外,还存在唇状裂纹,碳含量越低,磨损表面越粗糙,所研究的4种贝氏体钢中,当抗拉强度1550MPa,容易形成穿透性裂纹。     

Mechanical Behavior of Carbide-free Medium Carbon Bainitic Steels

The effect of bainitic transformation time on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated in a steel containing 0.4 pct C-2.8 pct Mn-1.8 pct Si. The microstructure was characterized using optical and transmission electron microscopy; it consisted of bainitic ferrite, martensite, and retained austenite. The volume fraction of bainite increased from 0.4 for the shortest bainitic transformation time (30 minutes) to 0.9 at the longest time (120 minutes). The above microstructures exhibited an extended elasto-plastic transition leading to very high initial work-hardening rates. The work-hardening behavior was investigated in detail using strain-path reversals to measure the back stresses. These measurements point to a substantial kinematic hardening due to the mechanical contrast between the microstructural constituents. The onset of necking coincided with the saturation of kinematic hardening. Examination of the fracture surfaces indicated that the prior austenite grain boundaries play an important role in the fracture process.     

Life Prediction of Newly Developed Ferritic Stainless Steels for Automotive Muffler

Corrosion mechanism of automotive mufflers was investigated by SEM （scanning electron microscope） and XRD （X-ray diffractomer） analysis. 409L and newly developed 439M steels were evaluated in terms of condensate corrosion tests for 5 periods, 10 periods and 20 periods separately. The relative lifetimes of 409L and 439M steels were predicted according to the extreme value analysis method and pitting corrosion models. Modelling studies dem- onstrated that the predicted relative lifetime of 439M ferrite stainless steel is 6.8 times that of 409L steels. The extreme value analysis method was also successfully used in the road test. The estimated maximum corrosion depth of the 439M muffler is 0. 55 ram.     

超低C贝氏体钢的进展

众所周知，具有低的C含量的贝氏体钢可以获得优良的强韧综合性能，主要原因是极低的C含量能降低或消除了贝氏铁素基体中的渗C体，因此钢的韧性能得到进一步的改善。为了保证贝氏体转变的淬透性良好，而马氏体转变的淬透性相对较低，应该适量添加其它合金元素。大量的研     

贝氏体钢的研究开发与应用

综述了国内外研究开发贝氏体钢的进展，评价了低，中碳贝氏体钢的性能及控制方法，以及新型高强高韧贝氏体钢的研究与应用前景。     

Creation of Air-Cooled Mn Series Bainitic Steels

The development and mechanical performances of new type air-cooled Mn series bainitic steels including granular bainitic steels, FGBA/BG duplex steels, CFB/M duplex steels, medium carbon bainite/martensite steels, cast bainitic steels invented by the authors are summarized. The novel series of bainitic steels are alloyed with Mn, and several series bainitic duplex microstructures can be easily obtained under the condition of air cooling through unique composition design. The invented idea, the principle of alloying design, the strengthening mechanism, and the evolution of the microstructure of new type air cooled Mn series bainitic steels are presented. Furthermore, the applications in different fields of these Mn series air cooled bainitic steels with different strength level are also introduced. It is suggested that the significance of the development of the air cooled Mn series bainitic steel can be summarized as follows： reducing costs of both raw materials and production; good combination of strength and toughness; self-hardening with high bainitic hardenahility by air cooling from hot working without additional quenching-tempering treatment or quenching procedure; large savings in energy resources; and reduced environmental pollution.     

Development of New High-Strength Carbide-Free Bainitic Steels

An attempt was made to optimize the mechanical properties by tailoring the process parameters for two newly developed high-strength carbide-free bainitic steels with the nominal compositions of 0.47 pct C, 1.22 pct Si, 1.07 pct Mn, 0.7 pct Cr (S1), and 0.30 pct C, 1.76 pct Si, 1.57 pct Mn, and 0.144 pct Cr (S2) (wt pct), respectively. Heat treatment was carried out via two different routes: (1) isothermal transformation and (2) quenching followed by isothermal tempering. The results for the two different processes were compared. The bainitic steels developed by isothermal heat treatment were found to show better mechanical properties than those of the quenched and subsequently tempered ones. The effect of the fraction of the phases, influence of the transformation temperatures, the holding time, and the stability of retained austenite on the mechanical properties of these two steels was critically analyzed with the help of X-ray diffraction, optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Finally, a remarkable combination of yield strength of the level of 1557 MPa with a total elongation of 15.5 pct was obtained.     

Recent Development of Air-Cooled Bainitic Steels Containing Manganese

The superiorities of air-cooled bainitic steels were described. A series of air-cooled bainitic steels containing manganese were developed and presented, which include low carbon granular bainitic steels, low carbon grain-boundary allotriomorphic ferrite/granular bainite dual phase steels, medium and medium high carbon bainite/martensite dual phase steel, low carbon carbide free bainite/martensite dual phase steels and casting bainitic steels.The development of ultra-low carbon bainitic steels in China was also introduced.     

Notch-Fatigue Properties of Advanced TRIP-Aided Bainitic Ferrite Steels

To develop a transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)-aided bainitic ferrite steel (TBF steel) with high hardenability for a common rail of the next generation diesel engine, 0.2?pct C-1.5?pct Si-1.5?pct Mn-0.05?pct Nb TBF steels with different contents of Cr, Mo, and Ni were produced. The notch-fatigue strength of the TBF steels was investigated and was related to the microstructural and retained austenite characteristics. If Cr, Mo, and/or Ni were added to the base steel, then the steels achieved extremely higher notch-fatigue limits and lower notch sensitivity than base TBF steel and the conventional structural steels. This was mainly associated with (1) carbide-free and fine bainitic ferrite lath structure matrix without proeutectoid ferrite, (2) a large amount of fine metastable retained austenite, and (3) blocky martensite phase including retained austenite, which may suppress a fatigue crack initiation and propagation.     

Microstructure Evolution during Recrystallization of Newly Developed Low Ni High Mn‐N Stainless Steels

Low cost stainless steels where nickel is replaced in a conventional Fe‐Cr‐Ni stainless steel by manganese and nitrogen were studied. In this work, three new steels based on the system (mass %) Fe‐18Cr‐15Mn‐2Ni‐2Mo‐XN were prepared and their microstructure after each treatment was evaluated by optical and scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. A good correlation between texture and microstructure evolution during annealing was established. A randomization of the texture during recrystallization of the austenite was observed. Recrystallization starts at temperatures above 850°C, and after annealing for 0.5 h at 900°C, the austenite is completely recrystallized, reaching the orientation density a value near 1. Precipitation of σ ‐ phase was observed in the samples annealed at temperatures ranging from 700 to 950°C.     

Development of New Type Mn-Series Bainitic Steels in China

The alloying design idea,strengthening-toughening mechanism,microstructure,mechanical performances,development and application in China of new type Mn-series bainitic steels are introduced.Mn-series air-cooling bainitic steels including granular bainitic steels,FGBA /BG duplex steels,CFB/M duplex steels,medium carbon bainite/martensite steels,cast bainitic steels are presented.The invented idea mechanical performances,development and application of second generation of Mn-series bainitic steels,i.e.water quenching Mn-series bainitic steels invented by the authors newly are introduced.The water quenching Mn-series bainitic steels cover severe series steels containing ultra-low carbon,low-low carbon,medium-low carbon,and high-low carbon content etc,which can reduce the amount of alloying content,increase hardening capability and improve weldability.It should be pointed out that the application of both air cooling and water quenching Mn-series bainitic steels are complementary and mutually reinforcing,and the new type Mn-series bainitic steels can meet the performance requirements of most steels used in engineering structure.Some newest technologies of Mn-series bainitic steels in China are discussed in this paper.It is suggested that the significance of the development of the Mn-series bainitic steels can be summarized as:significantly reducing costs of both raw materials and production;good combination of strength and toughness;excellent weldability;simple procedure;large savings in energy resources and reduced environmental pollution.     

The Effect of Microphases on Elongation of Nanostructured Bainitic Steels

Metallurgist - Nanostructured bainitic steel consisting of nanoscale bainitic-ferrite and retained austenite has been obtained by transforming at 200°C for 10 days. Despite the large volume...     

High-Temperature Sliding Wear Testing of Cathodic Arc Physical Vapor Deposition AlTiN- and AlTiON-Coated Hot Work Tool Steels

Thin hard coatings provide the much needed protection for steel thixoforming tools that must resist wear at high temperatures. The wear resistance of AlTiN- and AlTiON-coated hot work tool steel was investigated at 1023 K (750 °C), measured to be the cavity surface temperature shortly after the steel slurry was forced into the thixoforming die. The wear tests were repeated in exactly the same fashion with uncoated tool steel samples to identify the impact of AlTiN and AlTiON coatings on the high-temperature wear performance of X32CrMoV33 tool steel. The nature, the thickness, and the adherence of the oxide scales impact the tribological behavior. The poor adherence and limited ductility of ferrous oxides promote the failure of the oxide scale impairing the resistance to wear of the hot work tool steel at elevated temperatures. The substantial softening in the X32CrMoV33 hot work tool steel is also critical in the wear volume loss it suffers. AlTiN and AlTiON coatings, on the other hand, form a stable and protective oxide surface layer at high temperatures and therefore provide an enhanced resistance to oxidation. The latter is relatively more resistant to oxidation and is thus the better of the two coatings tested in the present work.     

Study of TRIP-Aided Bainitic Ferritic Steels Produced by Hot Press Forming

A study is reported to produce high strength ductile steels by controlled cooling following hot press forming, instead of quenching, as is practiced in the traditional press hardened steels. Heat treatments of several specially designed low carbon steels were carried out by interrupting the fast cooling from the austenization temperature at temperatures between T ₀ and Ms and then cooling in controlled rates to room temperature. The effect of the interrupt temperature and the cooling rate afterward on the microstructures and tensile properties was studied. The microstructures were characterized using dilatometry, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and TEM. A multi-phase microstructure including bainite, martensite, and retained austenite was obtained in the simulated hot press forming process. Volume fraction bainite was found to increase with an increase in interrupt temperature and a decrease in cooling rate. Structure–property correlations of the studied steels heat treated at different conditions were developed. Improved tensile properties were obtained by controlling the interrupt temperature and cooling rate which produced an optimum bainite content of 60 to 75 pct and retained austenite. Unfortunately, the bainite in the simulated samples was not completely carbide free even though the steels contained about 1.6 wt pct of Si.