衍射增强成像的若干基础问题研究Ⅱ.衍射增强成像的边界效应和本底影响

在衍射增强成像原理的基础上,通过简单的实验模型分析了衍射增强成像(DEI)的过程与特点.在摇摆曲线顶部记录的峰位图像有很好的衬度,可以直接用于观察物体的内部结构.表观吸收图像的特点与传统X射线图像相似,但折射图像具有更好的边界衬度,而且腰位折射图像的成像效果比趾位折射图像的成像效果更好.同时也发现,分析晶体的本底信号会影响DEI成像的质量,但对折射图像没有任何影响,不会引起折射图像与实际物体之间的偏差.因而,折射图像用于辨别正常组织与病变组织、工业检测等方面具有很好的可信度.     

同步辐射衍射增强成像的肝纤维化成像研究

本文根据硬V射线衍射增强成像(Diffraction enhanced imaging,DEI)原理,对由人血白蛋白诱导的大鼠肝纤维化模型进行了成像研究.实验在北京同步辐射装置(Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility,BSRF)4W1A光束线形貌站完成.结果表明:正常及不同程度肝纤维化模型在DEI图像上差异显著,图像感兴趣区的光强分布及纹理测度也显示出这种差异.DEI成像为肝纤维化的诊断提供了一种潜在的影像学途径.     

用于大尺寸样品的同步辐射硬X射线衍射增强成像方法研究

作为 X 射线相衬成像的方法之一,衍射增强成像方法由于能获得较高的信噪比及分辨率而引起了人们的研究兴趣。北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)形貌学实验站也开展了该方法的探索研究。此前的衍射增强成像方法中,当白光 X 射线光束横截面尺寸为 20 mm×10 mm 时,经过双晶单色器后最大只能获得横截面尺寸为20 mm×4 mm 的均匀单色 X 射线,从而造成成像区域减小。在对通常衍射增强成像光路排列分析的基础上,提出了一种新的光学排列几何并进行了衍射增强实验。应用新光学排列几何首次获得了与入射白光 X 射线尺寸相当的、大的成像光斑均匀区域,因而新光学排列几何更适合于大尺寸样品的研究工作。同时,该光学排列几何成像分辨率可以达到微米量级并且更方便于实验操作。     

BSRF高灵敏度衍射增强成像系统搭建

作为一种重要的相位衬度成像方法,衍射增强成像(Diffraction Enhanced Imaging,DEI)是利用晶体的角度选择特性探测样品引起的X射线角度变化来获得样品衬度图像。晶体摇摆曲线是衍射增强成像装置的重要特征,理论上晶体的摇摆曲线越窄,则衍射增强成像灵敏度越高,所获得的图像衬度也会越好。在北京同步辐射装置(Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility,BSRF)4W1A成像实验站现有Si(111)晶体DEI装置的基础上,通过选用高精度转台并对晶体采取减少加工应力残余和降低安装夹持应力的措施,设计研制了基于Si(400)和Si(333)晶体的高灵敏度DEI实验装置,并利用标准样品和实际生物样品进行了实验验证。系统摇摆曲线测试及成像结果表明,所研制的成像装置可以开展二维和三维成像实验且具有更高的成像灵敏度。     

Sn-Pb合金枝晶生长的同步辐射X射线衍射增强成像研究

用北京同步辐射光源X射线衍射增强成像法对Sn-Pb金属合金的结晶过程进行实时成像研究,成功地获得枝晶生长行为及形貌演变的系列动态图像,为研究金属合金结晶理论提供直接的实验数据.实验观察到接近共晶成分的Sn-50wt.%Pb合金,在一定的温度梯度和冷却速率下呈现先等轴晶后柱状晶形貌生长.同步辐射X射线衍射增强成像技术为原位研究不透明的金属合金枝晶生长过程提供了崭新的实验手段,为验证或完善金属合金结晶过程的微观动力学模型提供了有效途径.     

衍射增强成像的若干基础问题研究Ⅰ.衍射增强成像的衬度与X射线能量的关系

为了探讨X射线衍射增强成像的衬度与X射线能量的关系,利用北京同步辐射光源4W1A光束线引出的硬X射线对大块正常和癌变的乳腺组织进行成像研究.在摇摆曲线顶部位置获得的图像(峰位图像)和表观吸收图像的衬度随X射线能量的变化关系是相似的,说明峰位图像和表观吸收图像包含的主要衬度相似,即吸收衬度,而折射图像的衬度随X射线能量的增大总体上呈现下降趋势.综合来看,对于乳腺类的软组织来说,DEI成像在低能量端有很好的衬度,反映了衍射增强成像更适合于主要由轻元素组成的物体的成像.     

评价衍射增强成像空间分辨率的方法

衍射增强成像是X射线成像领域的前沿科技。相比于传统的吸收成像,衍射增强成像能大幅提高图像的衬度,尤其是对于由C、H、O、N等低原子序数元素构成的物体,这一特性使得衍射增强成像在医学诊断方面具有突出的应用价值。目前还没有系统评价衍射增强成像空间分辨率的方法。本文通过构建成像系统的调制传递函数模型,推导出衍射增强成像的空间分辨率计算公式,从而对衍射增强实验平台的整体性能进行综合评价。调制传递函数综合考虑了摇摆曲线几何、CCD像素尺寸、闪烁体荧光弥散效应对系统空间分辨率的固有影响,并详细分析了系统调制传递函数各因素对空间分辨率的影响规律,为衍射增强实验平台的物理设计及设备选型提供理论依据。     

同步辐射X射线光斑信息对扫描相干衍射成像的影晌

本文采用拓展重叠关联迭代引擎算法,系统地模拟研究了x射线光斑尺寸、扫描点数及波前形貌对扫描相干衍射成像重建图像质量的影响。结果表明,在实际入射光斑尺寸不易确定时,算法中初始猜测光斑尺寸可以由模拟入射光斑最大光强值的1％对应边界确定。对物体进行扫描时,入射光斑个数大于7×7且重叠度优于70％可以重建出较好的图像。入射光斑的振幅和位相分布对重建图像质量也有着显著影响。     

同步辐射X射线掠入射衍射实验技术及应用

利用北京同步辐射装置漫散射实验站的五圆衍射仪,建立了掠入射X射线衍射实验方法。对Si表面生长的Ge/Si量子点及其在Si表层产生的应变进行了成功测量,表明此方法可以有效地提取表面层的微弱信号。实验结果表明,Ge/Si量子点的形成除了在Si衬底表层形成了晶格具有横向膨胀应变的区域之外,还在Si衬底中形成了具有横向压缩应变的区域。     

Principle of diffraction enhanced imaging （DEI） and computed tomography based on DEI method

In the first part of this article a more general DEI equation was derived using simple concepts. Not only does the new DEI equation explain all the problems that can be done by the DEI equation proposed by Chapman, but also explains the problem that cart not be explained with the old DEI equation, such as the noise background caused by the small angle scattering reflected by the analyzer. In the second part, a DEI-PI-CT formula has been proposed and the contour contrast caused by the extinction of refraction beam has been qualitatively explained, and then based on the work of Ando＇s group two formulae of refraction CT with DEI method has been proposed. Combining one refraction CT formula proposed by Dilmanian with the two refraction CT formulae proposed by us, the whole framework of CT algorithm can be made to reconstruct three components of the gradient of refractive index.     

Study of transmission grating diffraction efficiencies for soft X—ray

Tansmission grating spectrometers are extensively used to measure absolute X-ray spectra in a photon-energy range below 1000eV.the transmission grating,as its dispersive element,must be calibrated to obtain its diffraction efficiencies.Calibrations of absolute diffraction efficiencies of the transmission grating at photon energy of 844eV have been caried out on Bejing synchrotron Radiation Facility.With the aid of grating model,all of the grating structure parameters have been determined and the absolute diffraction efficeencies in a photon-energy range below 2000eV have also been calculated and discussed.     

In-line X-ray phase-contrast imaging of murine liver microvasculature ex vivo

Imaging blood vessels is of importance for determining the vascular distribution of organs and tumors.Phase-contrast X-ray imaging can reveal the vessels in much more detail than conventional X-ray absorption method.Visualizing murine liver microvasculature ex vivo with phase-contrast X-ray imaging was performed at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.Barium sulfate and physiological saline were used as contrast agents for the blood vessels.Blood vessels of <Φ20μm could be detected by replacing resident blood with physiological saline or barium sulfate.An entire branch of the portal vein (from the main axial portal vein to the ninth generation of branching) could be captured in a single phase-contrast image.It is demonstrated that selective angiography based on phase contrast X-ray imaging,with a physiological material of low Z elements (such as saline) being the contrast agent,is a viable imaging strategy.Further efforts will be focused on using the technique to image tumor angiogenesis.     

An experimental study of dual-energy CT imaging using synchrotron radiation

The measurement of electron density is important for medical diagnosis and charged particle radiotherapy treatment planning.Traditionally,electron density is obtained by CT imaging using the relationship between CT-number and electron densities established beforehand.However,the measurement is not accurate due to the beam hardening effect.In this paper,we propose a simple and practical electron density acquisition method based on dual-energy CT technique.For each sample,the CT imaging is conducted using two selected X-ray energy from synchrotron radiation.A post-processing dual-energy reconstruction method is used.Linear attenuation coefficients of the scanned samples are obtained by FBP reconstruction.The effective atomic number and electron density are got by solving the dual-energy simultaneous equations.Different phantoms and breast tissues were scanned in this experimental study under 10 keV and 30 keV monochromatic X-rays.The distribution of effective atomic numbers and electron densities of the scanned phantoms were obtained by Dual-energy CT image reconstruction,which agrees well with the theoretical values.Compared with conventional methods,the measurement accuracy is greatly improved, and the measurement error is reduced to about 1%.This experimental study demonstrates that DECT imaging based on synchrotron radiation source is applicable to medical diagnosis for quantitative measurement with high accuracy.     

Nondestructive X-ray imaging of inner structure of soft tissues in phase contrast

An experimental study on nondestructive X-ray imaging of inner structure of soft tissues in phase contrast has been conducted with Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF). Modification to the beamline setup was made to enlarge the X-ray beam section and consequently larger samples could be imaged. In-line setup was employed for experiments. Results on a series of samples were given and soft-tissue details of less than 50μm inside a fresh goldfish were obtained. Diagnosis of tumor in its early stage was also investigated taking SD rats as the model. Tumor at the size of -100μm was observed. Potential of this technique in clinic diagnosis was discussed.     

同步辐射相衬成像对组织形态结构及相关抗原表达的影响

利用北京同步辐射装置（BSRF）4W1A光束线提供的硬X射线,以类同轴全息法、衍射增强法（Diffraction enhanced imaging,DEI）,对兔正常骨、骨缺损;小鼠正常肺、肺癌;大鼠正常肝、肝纤维化、肝硬化等固定样品进行了同步辐射硬X射线相衬成像观察.在此基础上,成像组织及空白对照组织均按常规方法制片后进行HE染色,在光学显微镜下观察组织细胞形态结构;采用免疫组织化学技术检测其相关抗原Ⅷ、S-100、FN、泛素的表达,并根据抗原表达强度进行半定量分析.结果显示,成像组与空白对照组的骨、软骨、肝、肺组织染色均匀,结构清晰,无细胞损伤;两组骨、肝、肺相关抗原表达无明显差异.表明在以同步辐射硬X射线相衬成像方法观察固定组织的过程中,不会对骨、软骨、肝、肺组织的形态结构及一些相关抗原表达造成损伤和影响.