不同热漏对热机功率效率特性的影响

建立了一个包含多种不可逆性的不可逆热机模型,并将热漏分为外热漏和内热漏两种方式。在此基础上求得存在热阻、热漏和内不可逆损失的定常态流不可逆卡诺热机的功率、效率关系。分析了两种热漏方式对热机最优性能的影响,发现内热漏对热机功率效率特性的影响不同于外热漏,而且与摩擦、涡流和非平衡等不可逆效应也不同;内热漏不能归结于外热漏作为整个热机的热漏或合并为除热阻和热漏外的其他不可逆性。分析表明,当有内热漏存在时,一定温比下热机的最佳功率和最佳效率工作状态分别对应不同的面积比。所得结果对热机设计具有一定指导意义。     

热漏对热机最佳功率与最佳效率特性的影响

对于有限时间热力学,以往文献对于卡诺热机最佳效率与最佳功率间关系的分析大多只考虑了热阻和装置热漏(本文称为外热漏),而没有考虑到工质热漏(本文称为内热漏)的影响。将热漏分为外热漏和内热漏两种方式,经过分析得出了由于内热漏损失使热机存在最佳功率和最佳效率两种不同工作状态,指出了内热漏的影响不同于外热漏,也不可将内热漏简单归结于内不可逆的重要结论。     

热漏对热机功率效率特性的影响

本研究热漏对热机最优性能的影响,导出存在热阻和热漏损失的定常态流不可逆热机的最佳功率、效率关系,所得结果不同于仅存在热阻损失的内可逆热机的功率效率特性关系,且与实际热机特性较为一致,由此指出了一些献的“不可逆循环”模型的不完备之处。     

导热规律服用q∞（△T）^n广义不可逆卡诺热机的最优性能

考虑工质与热源间热阻损失,用一常数项表示热漏损失和常系数项表示循环中除热阻和热漏外其余不可逆性，建立不可逆卡诺热机模型。基于另一类较为普遍的导热规律Q∞（△T）^n，导出热机的功率和效率最佳特性关系，由详细数值计算分析了热漏、内不可逆性和导热规律的影响特点。     

一类广义不可逆普适热机循环的生态学性能

用有限时间热力学的方法分析了热漏、热阻和其它不可逆效应对一类定常流普适热机循环模型性能的影响,导出了由两个绝热过程、两个等热容加热过程以及两个等热容放热过程组成的循环的功率、效率和生态学性能,并由数值计算分析了循环过程对循环性能的影响特点。所得结果包含了存在热阻、热漏和内不可逆损失的Diesel、Otto、Brayton、Atkinson、Dual和Miller循环的特性。     

不可逆变温热源斯特林热机的?生态学性能研究

基于?的生态学目标函数,使用一种新的指标——?生态指标对不可逆变温热源斯特林热机进行了分析。在热机高低温热源的热容均为有限的前提下,考虑斯特林热机的热阻、回热损失、内不可逆性以及热漏对其影响。研究了回热器的回热效率和高低温热源的热容的比值等参数对斯特林热机的功率、效率和?生态学指标的影响,并将结果与另一种生态目标函数的结果进行了比较,得到最佳功率输出功率和热效率。     

导热规律服用q∝(ΔT)n广义不可逆卡诺热机的最优性能

考虑工质与热源间热阻损失 ,用一常数项表示热漏损失和常系数项表示循环中除热阻和热漏外其余不可逆性 ,建立不可逆卡诺热机模型。基于另一类较为普遍的导热规律Q ∝ (ΔT) n,导出热机的功率和效率最佳特性关系 ,由详细数值计算分析了热漏、内不可逆性和导热规律的影响特点     

复杂热源下不可逆诺维科夫热机最大功率输出

考虑实际热机工作下的旁通热漏和内部耗散等不可逆因素,建立了包括连续均匀分布、三角形分布、二次分布和帕累托分布等四种不同的统计概率分布高温热源温度下的广义不可逆诺维科夫热机模型,导出了热机最大输出功率及相应的热效率和熵产率随高温热源温度、内部不可逆性等因素变化的关系式。结果表明：热漏和内部耗散分别对热机性能有着不同的影响,热漏使统计热源温度分布下最大功率输出对应的热效率减小,同时也增大了熵产率,但对热机的最大功率输出无影响;内部耗散不可逆性使热机的最大输出功率及相应热效率均明显减小,但使熵产率先增大后减小;熵产率随高温热源温度的标准差增大而减小。研究结果对太阳能发电厂性能提升具有一定理论指导意义。     

具有热阻、热漏、内不可逆性和补燃的联合卡诺型热机有限时间火用经济性分析

在原有的不可逆联合动力循环模型的基础上,建立了一个存在热阻、热漏、内不可逆性和补燃的不可逆定常流联合热机模型。研究其在傅立叶导热定律下循环的火用经济性,并对其进行优化,导出最佳纯利润功率、效率的解析式和基本优化关系,讨论了价格比和补燃系数对纯利润功率的影响。     

包含7种热机模型的普适不可逆热机循环火用经济性能优化

用有限时间热力学方法分析了热漏、热阻和其他不可逆效应对工作在两恒温热源之间的普适定常流不可逆热机循环性能的影响,导出了由两个绝热过程、两个等热容加热过程以及两个等热容放热过程组成的循环的功率、效率和利润率的特性关系．并由数值计算分析了循环过程对循环性能的影响特点。所得结果包含了内可逆和不可逆Carnot、Diesel、Otto、Atkinson、Brayton、Dual、Miller循环的有限时 [火用]经济性能。     

Performance analysis of an irreversible Miller heat engine and its optimum criteria

An irreversible cycle model of the Miller heat engine is established, in which the multi-irreversibilities coming from the adiabatic compression and expansion processes, finite time processes and heat leak loss through the cylinder wall are taken into account. The power output and efficiency of the cycle are optimized with respect to the pressure ratio of the working substance. The optimum criteria of some important parameters such as the power output, efficiency and pressure ratio are given. The influence of some relevant design parameters is discussed. Moreover, it is expounded that the Otto and the Atkinson heat engines may be taken as two special cases of the Miller heat engine and that the optimal performance of the two heat engines may be directly derived from that of the Miller heat engine.     

Optimum performance characteristics of an irreversible solar-driven Brayton heat engine at the maximum overall efficiency

An irreversible cycle model of a solar-driven Brayton heat engine is established, in which the heat losses of the solar collector and the external and internal irreversibilities of the heat engine are taken into account, and used to investigate the optimal performance of the cycle system. The maximum overall efficiency of the system is determined. The operating temperature of the solar collector and the temperature ratio in the isobaric process are optimized. The influence of the heat losses of the solar collector and the external and internal irreversibilities of the heat engine on the cyclic performance is discussed in detail. Some important curves which can reveal the optimum performance characteristics of the system are given. The results obtained here are general, and consequently, may be directly used to discuss the optimal performance of other solar-driven heat engines.     

An irreversible heat engine model including three typical thermodynamic cycles and their optimum performance analysis

An irreversible Dual heat engine model, which can include the Otto and Diesel cycles, is established and used to investigate the influence of the multi-irreversibilities mainly resulting from the adiabatic processes, finite time processes and heat leak loss through the cylinder wall on the performance of the cycle. The power output and efficiency of the cycle are derived and optimized with respect to the pressure ratio of the working substance. The maximum power output and efficiency are calculated. The influence of the various design parameters on the performance of the cycle is analyzed. The optimum criteria of some important parameters such as the power output, efficiency and pressure ratio are given. Several special interesting cases are discussed. The results obtained are general, so that the optimal performance of irreversible Otto and Diesel cycles are included in two special cases of the Dual cycle and may be directly derived from that of the Dual heat engine. Moreover, the performance characteristic curves of the three heat engines are presented by using numerical examples.     

Optimization of power and efficiency for an irreversible Diesel heat engine

A cyclic model of an irreversible Diesel heat engine is presented, in which the heat loss between the working fluid and the ambient during combustion, the irreversibility inside the cyclic working fluid resulting from friction, eddies flow, and other irreversible effects are taken into account. By using the thermodynamic analysis and optimal control theory methods, the analytical expressions of power output and efficiency of the Diesel heat engine are derived. Variations of the main performance parameters with the pressure ratio of the cycle are analyzed and calculated. The optimum operating region of the heat engine is determined. Moreover, the optimum criterion of some important parameters, such as the power output, efficiency, pressure ratio, and temperatures of the working fluid at the related state points are illustrated and discussed. The conclusions obtained in the present paper may provide some theoretical guidance for the optimal parameter design of a class of internal-combustion engines.     

Effect of variable heat capacities on performance of an irreversible Miller heat engine

Based on the variable heat capacities of the working fluid, the irreversibility coming from the compression and expansion processes, and the heat leak losses through the cylinder wall, an irreversible cycle model of the Miller heat engine was established, from which expressions for the efficiency and work output of the cycle were derived. The performance characteristic curves of the Miller heat engine were generated through numerical calculation, from which the optimal regions of some main parameters such as the work output, efficiency and pressure ratio were determined. Moreover, the influence of the compression and expansion efficiencies, the variable heat capacities and the heat leak losses on the performance of the cycle was discussed in detail, and consequently, some significant results were obtained.     

线性唯象传热定律下广义不可逆卡诺热机的频率特性

以广义不可逆卡诺热机模型为研究对象,考虑工质与热源间传热服从线性唯象定律,研究热机性能与循环频率的关系.得到了不同于内可逆情况下的输出功率、效率以及可利用温差与循环频率和吸、放热时间比的关系式,通过数值计算,分析了热漏、内不可逆性的影响特点.结果表明,在任一循环吸、放热时间比下,存在一个最佳循环频率,使循环输出功率达到最大;存在热漏时,任一循环吸、放热时间比下,存在一个最佳循环频率,使循环效率达到最大.     

Assessment of Bejan’s heat exchanger allocation model under the influence of generalized thermal resistance,relaxation effect,bypass heat leak and internal irreversibility

This article reports an analytical investigation of the optimal heat exchanger allocation and the corresponding efficiency for maximum power output of a Carnot-like heat engine. To mimic a real engine, the generalized power law for the resistance in heat transfer external to the engine, relaxation effect in heat transfer, bypass heat leak and finally internal irreversibility of the power producing compartment of the engine is taken into consideration. From the engineering perspective the temperature ratio of the heat source and sink as well as to that of hot end and cold side of the working fluid is considered not to be the controllable parameters. A parametric study is presented for the other possible controllable variables. Selection of a power law over a linear model has a significant effect on the optimal heat exchanger allocation for maximum power output and the corresponding efficiency. For a higher degree of relaxation effect the drop in the maximum power efficiency is prominent along with the shift of equipartitioned allocation of heat exchanger inventory. Bypass heat leak and internal irreversibility exhibits relatively less pronounced effects on the maximum power efficiency and on the optimal heat exchanger allocation. Thus the endoreversible formulation of thermodynamic model is physically realistic. Strikingly when the optimal allocation of the heat exchanger inventory obeys the principle of equipartition in macroscopic organization for the linear law of the external heat resistance, the thermal efficiency appears to assume the representative documented value. Hence the linear model due to Bejan is also capable of capturing the essential features of a real power plant.