配制酒生产(六)

九、配制酒的色、香、味(一)色酒的色泽是评价酒的感官质量的一个重要因素,可用食用色素调色。食用色素可分天然色素和合成色素二大类。1.天然色素天然色素分动物色素、植物色素和微生物色素三种。(1)动物色素:主要有胭脂虫色素和紫胶虫色素两种。色调呈橙红色至紫色,随PH值变化。对热、光,及发酵时均很稳定,酸性下更稳定。(2)配制酒中常见的植物色素:     

红曲色素实验小结

一 简介: 红曲霉色素是由红曲霉菌经固体或液体培养产生的色素,属天然色素,它是几种不同结构的色素的混合物,可分离得到红曲霉素(monascin. C_(24)H_(30)O_6),红曲霉红素(MonascornbinC_(33)H_(26)O_5)、红曲霉黄素(Monasscoflavin C_(17)H_(24)O_4)及红班红曲霉素(Rubropumctatin)等儿种色素。因菌种及培养条件不同,所得到的色素种类及数量比例也不同。按其在溶剂中的溶解状况又可分为水溶色素及醇溶色素二类。     

各国(地区)食用色素的使用现况与比对分析

食用色素分为焦油色素、天然色素和其他3类。按化学结构,食用焦油色素分为偶氮类、三芳基甲烷类、氧杂蒽类、荧光酮类、喹啉衍生物和靛系染料,天然色素分为四吡咯(卟啉类)衍生物、异戊二烯衍生物、花青苷类衍生物、酮类衍生物、醌类衍生物和其他类。食用色素的编码有INS、E-Number、CI以及部分国家(地区)对合成色素的代号。本文分类介绍了中国大陆、CAC、俄罗斯、欧盟、美国、加拿大、日本,以及中国香港、中国澳门和中国台湾10个国家(地区)的食用色素管理规定与允许使用品种。对各国(或地区)食品添加剂标准表述方式、禁止使用色素的规定、对焦油色素应用态度差异、允许使用色素(焦油色素、天然色素和其他类)品种的使用差异,以及食用色素使用范围与限量差别进行了比对分析,提出了我国出口食品生产应根据出口国(或地区)标准确定色素的使用,我国对进口食品应根据其来源确定重点关注色素品种与限量的建议,并分析了食用色素应用发展的趋势。     

蓝莓色素的光热和化学稳定性研究

目的探讨光照、温度、pH、氧化还原剂、食品添加剂和金属离子对蓝莓色素稳定性影响。方法从蓝莓果实中提取纯化得到蓝莓色素,以色价、总花色苷和总多酚含量为指标考察色素的稳定性。结果蓝莓色素为水溶性色素,具有较强的光热稳定性,短时间(12 h)中等强度的光照(9000 lux以内)和50℃以内的加热处理(2 h以内)对酸性条件下的(pH3.0)蓝莓色素的影响较小。在pH4的条件下蓝莓色素颜色艳丽,稳定性好。蓝莓色素耐氧化还原性差,食品添加剂中蔗糖和柠檬酸具有护色作用,麦芽糊精对蓝莓色素有一定不良影响,Vc对色素有破坏作用。金属离子中,Zn~(2+)、Ca~(2+)有护色作用,K~+、Mg~(2+)对色素无影响,Na~+、Cu~(2+)和Fe~(2+)有不同程度的不良影响。结论蓝莓色素的光、热稳定性较化学稳定性强。     

国外栀子蓝色素的开发现状

近年来国外日益倾向于用天然色素在食品中染色。常用的天然色素有:从葡萄皮(花色素苷)、紫根(紫朱草素,shikonin)抽提而得的红色色素,从栀子抽提而得的黄色色素等从植物取得的色素;红曲霉属(monascus)菌体产生的红色色素,培养属于蓝藻类的螺旋藻属所得菌体抽提出来的蓝色     

红曲色素的研究概况

0　前言用诱人的色泽、外观吸引消费者的注意历来是食品工业的一个重要目标。食品着色剂虽然可提高食品的感官特性 ,但通常缺乏营养价值。食品着色剂有合成色素和天然色素两种 ,天然色素大部分来自植物 (如各种花青素、类胡萝卜素 ) ,部分来自动物 (如胭脂红 )、矿物(如二氧化钛 )和微生物 (如红曲红 )。自 185 6年合成色素用于食品以来 ,天然色素亦得到了广泛应用。自发现Ａｚｏｒｕｂｉｎ和Ｔａｒｔａｒｚｉｎ致敏以来 ,合成色素的数量已大大减少 ,天然色素引起了世界范围的广泛注意。由于微生物所产色素的安全性较高 ,因而表现出较大优越…     

两种超声提取法对黑米色素稳定性的影响

采用避光超声水提(蒸馏水为浸提剂)和醇提(95%乙醇∶0.1 mol/L盐酸液(85∶15,v/v)为浸提剂)法提取黑米色素,探讨pH、温度、光照、氧化剂、还原剂等因素对黑米色素稳定性的影响。结果表明,醇提色素和水提色素的最大吸收波长分别在540、495 nm。醇提色素在中强酸介质中稳定,但其热稳定性差;而水提色素的热稳定性较好。醇提色素和水提色素在避光下均呈现较好的稳定性,但醇提色素稳定性更佳。醇提色素的抗氧化活性较高,还原剂对其增色效果明显。该研究内容将为黑米色素的提取、保存和优化设计提供参考。     

蓝莓果渣花青素的超声提取及组成分析

以蓝莓加工废弃物果渣为原料,优化蓝莓花青素提取工艺。试验结果表明,最佳提取条件为超声功率200 W(超声提取2 s,间歇4 s)、提取温度30℃、提取时间20 min、乙醇体积分数70%(pH 2.5)、料液比1∶30(g/mL),花青素提取率达9.99 mg/g。采用高效液相色谱对花青素粗提物进行成分分析,得到5种蓝莓花青素,即锦葵色素(36.26%)、飞燕草色素(24.08%)、矢车菊色素(22.08%)矮牵牛色素(12.53%)和芍药色素(5.05%)。     

食用色素的研究现状与前景

对食用色素(天然食用色素和合成色素)的研究现状、合成色素的检测方法、发展趋势进行了综述。     

红曲霉在加工食品上的利用

一、红曲霉色素的特性 1、红曲霉色素 所谓红曲霉色素就是用红曲霉生产的红色天然色素。该红曲霉是与生产豆酱、酱油等所用的黄曲霉是同族的霉菌。主要种类有赤红曲霉、紫色红曲霉、马来加红曲霉等,这些红曲霉生成了红曲素(黄色)、红曲黄素(黄色)、红斑素(红色)、红曲红素(红     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the