BTE-OX biodegradation kinetics with MTBE through bioaugmentation.

The biodegradation kinetics of BTE-oX and MTBE, mixed all together, in the presence of bioaugmented bacterial populations as high as 880 mg/L VSS was evaluated. The effect of soil in aqueous samples and the effect of Tergitol NP-10 on substrate biodegradation rates were also evaluated. Biodegradation kinetics was evaluated for 36 hours, every 6 hours. Benzene and o-xylene biodegradation followed a first-order one-phase kinetic model, whereas toluene and ethylbenzene biodegradation was well described by a first-order two-phase kinetic model in all samples. MTBE followed a zero-order removal kinetic model in all samples. The presence of soil in aqueous samples retarded BTE-oX removal rates, with the highest negative effect on o-xylene. The presence of soil enhanced MTBE removal rate. The addition of Tergitol NP-10 to aqueous samples containing soil had a positive effect on substrate removal rate in all samples. Substrate percent removals ranged from 95.4-99.7% for benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene. O-xylene and MTBE percent removals ranged from 55.9-90.1% and 15.6-30.1%, respectively.     

Biodegradation kinetics of BTE-OX and MTBE by a diesel-grown biomass.

The biodegradation kinetics of BTE-oX and MTBE, mixed all together in the presence of diesel-grown bioaugmented bacterial populations as high as 885 mg/L VSS, was evaluated. The effect of soil in aqueous samples and the effect of Tergitol NP-10 on substrate biodegradation rates were also evaluated. Biodegradation kinetics was evaluated for 54 h, every 6 h. All BTE-oX chemicals followed a first-order two-phase biodegradation kinetic model, whereas MTBE followed a zero-order removal kinetic model in all samples. BTE-oX removal rates were much higher than those of MTBE in all samples. The presence of soil in aqueous samples retarded BTE-oX and MTBE removal rates. The addition of Tergitol NP-10 to aqueous samples containing soil had a positive effect on substrate removal rate in all samples. Substrate percent removals ranged between 64.8-98.9% for benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene. O-xylene and MTBE percent removals ranged between 18.7-40.8% and 7.2-10.3%, respectively.     

黄麻土工布降解对土壤肥力的影响

测定使用一段时间后的黄麻土工布相对重量及其纤 维素、木质素、果胶含量的变化。结果表明,各试验小区土工布均有不同程度降解。在覆盖土工布加裸露方式处理试验小区,土工布纤维素降低8.80%、木质素降低3.48%、果胶降低2. 21%;在覆盖土工布加种龙须草方式处理试验小区,土工布纤维素降低4.22%、木质素降低1. 52%、果胶降低0.39%。6个试验小区土壤全N,P,K含量分析结果表明,覆盖土工布试验小区与不覆 盖土工布试验小区相比,土壤N,P,K含量富集明显,土壤肥力增强。     

Drag-reduction behavior of an unusual nonionic surfactant in a circular pipe turbulent flow

The Alkyl Polyglucoside（APG） is a nonionic surfactant with no toxicity and with high biodegradability, its drag-reduction behavior in a circular pipe flow is measured, and the rheological characteristics are investigated with a rheometer with a cone-plate flow cell. From the measured results, the APG is shown to have a high drag-reduction capacity, whose shear viscosity is shear-ratedependent at high concentrations, while its solution at concentrations with drag-reduction effects is non-viscoelastic as verified by zero relaxation time in the relaxation process of the shear stress, which contradicts the general viewpoint that there is a correlation between the viscoselastic characteristics and the turbulent drag reduction for the drag-reduction surfactant. However, the APG solution is birefringent as observed through a birefringent test, which indicates that there are rod-shaped micelles in the solution under the shearing flow. The higher extensional viscosity inferred from the extensional phenomenon observed in the measurements of the shear viscosity could be responsible for the drag reduction property of this nonionic surfactant.     

Effect of photochemical pre-treatment on COD fractionation of a non-ionic textile surfactant.

The work presented in this paper is focused on the effect of photochemical (H2O2/UV-C) pretreatment on COD fractionation and degradation kinetics of a non-ionic textile surfactant. In the first part of the study, the COD of non-ionic surfactant was adjusted to 1000 mg/L in order to simulate real effluent originating from the textile preparation stage featuring desizing, scouring, washing and rinsing operations. The surfactant was subjected to H2O2/UV-C pretreatment for up to 120 min at a dose of 30 mM (980 mg/L) H2O2. The biodegradability studies for untreated and photochemically treated samples were evaluated on the basis of modeling of oxygen uptake rate (OUR) profiles. Modelling of OUR profiles conducted for untreated sample showed that single complex substrate was subjected to enzymatic breakdown and disintegrated into one readily and two types of slowly biodegradable substrates. After modelling the biodegradation of photochemically pretreated sample, the readily biodegradable COD fraction was reduced, on the other hand, more slowly biodegradable organics were generated. A higher disintegration rate was obtained for chemically pretreated samples. However, other kinetic constants of growth and hydrolysis processes were not affected considerably.     

Bioavailability of benzo[a]pyrene during NAPL-enhanced biodegradation in soil and in liquid culture.

The high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (HMW PAH) benzo[a]pyrene is generally persistent in the environment and its persistence may be due to bioavailability limitations. However, the presence of degradation-capable microorganisms and a suitable cosubstrate are also necessary. This is especially the case for benzo[a]pyrene because it may only be degraded by fortuitous metabolism. Non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL)-enhanced benzo[a]pyrene biodegradation and indicators of bioavailability were measured in soil and liquid culture. In soil, 14CO2 from 7-[14C]benzo[a]pyrene mineralisation and overall CO2 production were monitored for 83 d after treatment with different types of NAPLs in biometer flasks. Monitoring was followed by soil extraction and measurement of 14C residues and of the remaining NAPL by gravimetry. In liquid culture, 7-[14C]benzo[a]pyrene mineralisation was monitored after treatment with different NAPLs and followed by a radiocarbon mass balance of 14C residues. Results indicated that although benzo[a]pyrene may have been bioavailable in both media types, benzo[a]pyrene mineralisation only occurred when a suitable NAPL cosubstrate was present to facilitate biodegradation. In soil, rapid increases in the rate and onset of benzo[a]pyrene mineralisation were shown to occur in benzo[a]pyrene-contaminated soils that were treated with mineral oil, which was a relatively non-biodegradable NAPL cosolvent, plus a hexane fraction-NAPL which was biodegradable and contained suitable cosubstrate(s).     

Impact of temperature on biodegradation of bulk and trace organics during soil passage in an indirect reuse system.

Investigations on the behavior of bulk organics and trace organic compounds in a temperature controlled soil column system are reported. Objective of the research was to assess the importance of temperature for the degradation of bulk and trace organics. The analysis of the bulk organic behavior showed a fast mineralization of easily degradable organic carbon in the first few centimetres of the columns, which does not seem to be temperature-dependent. Along the further infiltration path an influence of the different temperatures on the bioactivity was clearly visible. However, a significant increase of mineralization potential of bulk organic compounds with increasing temperature was shown. The monitoring of the single organic pollutants Iopromide, Sulfamethoxazole and naphthalenedisulfonic acids showed that temperature has an influence on the degradation behavior of the monitored compounds. In most cases higher temperatures increased the mineralization potential.     

Aerobic phenanthrene biodegradation in a two-phase partitioning bioreactor.

The aerobic degradation of phenanthrene by a Pseudomonas migulae strain under classical mechanical aeration and under photosynthetic oxygenation (using a Chlorella sorokiniana strain) in a two-phase partitioning bioreactor (TPPB) constructed with silicone oil as organic phase was investigated. When traditional mechanical aeration was used, an increase in the aeration and/or in the agitation rate enhanced phenanthrene biodegradation. Thus, phenanthrene removal rates (based on the total liquid volume of cultivation) ranged from 22 +/- 1 to 36 +/- 2 mg/l h at 100 rpm and 1 vvm and 400 rpm and 3 vvm, respectively. On the other hand, during phenanthrene biodegradation using the algal-bacterial microcosm a maximum rate of 8.1 +/- 1.2 mg/l h at 200 rpm and 8000 lux of illuminance was achieved.     

Anaerobic biodegradation of estrogens--hard to digest.

Although many publications are available on the fate of estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2) and 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) during aerobic wastewater treatment, little is published on their fate under strictly anaerobic conditions. Present research investigated the digestibility of E1 and EE2, using digested pig manure, granular UASB sludge, UASB-septic tank sludge and activated sludge as inocula. Besides, actual concentrations were measured in a UASB septic tank treating black water. Under anaerobic conditions E1 is reduced to E2 but the extent of this reduction depends on type of inoculum. No significant loss of the sum of E1 and E2 and of EE2 was observed. Adsorption was responsible for a 32-35% loss of E1 and E2 from the liquid phase in the UASB septic tank and the effluent still contained considerable concentrations of respectively 4.02 microg/l and 18.79 microg/l for E1 and E2 with a large fraction present in conjugated form. No EE2 was detected in the UASB effluent.     

Optimal biodegradation of phenol and municipal wastewater using a controlled sequencing batch reactor.

This work presents the results of the application of an optimally controlled influent flow rate strategy to biodegrade, in a discontinuous reactor, a mixture of municipal wastewater and different concentrations of phenol when used as a toxic compound model. The influent is fed into the reactor in such a way to obtain the maximal degradation rate avoiding the inhibition of the microorganisms. Such an optimal strategy was able to manage increments of phenol concentrations in the influent up to 7000 mg/L without any problem. It was shown that the optimally controlled influent flow rate strategy is a good and reliable tool when a discontinuous reactor is applied to degrade an industrial wastewater.     

表面活性剂冲洗修复土壤油污染多相运移数值模型研究

数值模型是分析土壤油污染和设计修复方案的有利工具。本文开发了描述表面活性剂增溶、促流机制的模型,并将其集成于NAPL模型,从而构建了表面活性剂冲洗修复土壤油污染多相运移模型,此模型可用于模拟饱和带和非饱和带的情况。用表面活性剂冲洗模型模拟了柴油泄漏、重分布和表面活性剂冲洗砂介质中柴油的试验情景,模型可很好地体现表面活性剂冲洗中的增溶、促流机制,模型模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。水冲洗对土壤中自由态油的去除效果显著,实际中可先用水冲洗,冲洗至油近残余饱和态时再用表面活性剂冲洗,以降低成本。表面活性剂冲洗较水冲洗能更快更好地修复土壤油污染。     

Adsorption and biodegradation of azo dye in biofilm processes.

The removal of a common azo dye, acid orange 7 (AO7), in biofilm systems was investigated in this study. The abiotic and biotic fate of AO7 was examined under a variety of operating conditions: aerobic nitrification, anoxic denitrification and anaerobic digestion. A comparison of the performance between biofilm and activated sludge treatment processes was made. The adsorption of AO7 onto biofilm matrix and activated sludge flocs was found to fit the Langmuir equation. However, there is a significant difference in the adsorption capacities between biofilm and activated sludge. AO7 was recalcitrant in both biofilm and activated sludge systems under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, AO7 was readily decolorized. AO7 decolorization was also observed under anoxic conditions. However, the presence of nitrate inhibited AO7 decolorization.     

Methanotrophic biodegradation of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene in a continuously fed fixed-film bioreactor.

Co-metabolic biodegradation of cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE) was investigated in a bench-scale fixed-film bioreactor inoculated with a mixed culture of methane oxidising bacteria. The aim of this work was to identify factors that affect the cis-DCE biodegradation. It was observed that the presence of methane was necessary to enhance the biodegradation of cis-DCE, but an excess of methane inhibited the cis-DCE removal. cis-DCE did not inhibit the methane biodegradation at concentrations up to 300 microg/L. Maximum cis-DCE removal was observed with a methane bulk concentration ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 mg/L. It was found that the activity of the biofilm was located in the upper 100 microm of the biofilm. On the basis of this study it is concluded that careful control of the oxygen and methane concentrations as well as of the biofilm thickness is necessary in order to optimise the biodegradation of cis-DCE in fixed film bioreactors.     

降雨强度和坡度双因子对紫色土坡面侵蚀产沙的影响

利用室内模拟降雨试验研究了降雨强度和坡度双因子对紫色土坡面侵蚀产沙过程的影响.试验结果表明:坡面产沙过程和侵蚀形态的演变与降雨强度和坡度的变化密切相关,降雨强度和坡度增大使径流量很快达到细沟发生的临界流量并加剧细沟形态的演变过程,产沙率由于细沟的产生和发展而急剧增加,并呈现跳跃性的波动.各降雨强度下,在5°～25°范围内,侵蚀量随坡度的增大而增大,30°时开始减小,在25°附近存在坡面侵蚀的临界坡度.降雨强度和坡度两个因子对侵蚀量的贡献率存在对比消长关系.降雨强度和坡度都较小时,坡度对侵蚀过程起主导作用;当降雨强度较大或者达到临界坡度以后,则降雨强度对侵蚀过程起主导作用.     

Photosynthetically oxygenated acetonitrile biodegradation by an algal-bacterial microcosm: a pilot-scale study.

A 43-L column photobioreactor was tested for the treatment of acetonitrile using a symbiotic consortium consisting of a Chlorella sorokiniana strain and a Comamonas strain. Complete biodegradation of 1 g acetonitrile/l was achieved in 79 hours under continuous illumination at 500 microE/m(2)s and 26 degrees C. When the photobioreactor was operated at 26 degrees C under a 14/10 hours light/dark illumination regime at 500 microE/m(2)s, complete mineralization of 1 g acetonitrile/l was achieved in 111 hours. However, when acetonitrile was supplied at 2 g/l, the biodegradation process was severely inhibited by the increase of pH and NH4+ concentration during cultivation. In addition to saving energy for aeration, the microalgae assimilated 33% of the NH4+ released during acetonitrile biodegradation, which significantly reduces the need for subsequent nitrogen removal.     

Modeling biodegradation of toluene in rotating drum biofilter.

Rotating drum biofilters (RDBs) are cost-effective for control of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from waste gas streams. In this paper, a dynamic mathematical model is presented which simulates and predicts the variation in performance of a multi-layer RDB with time on the basis of the two-film theory. The model takes into account factors including biofilm growth and biomass loss, and a changing biofilm surface area and thickness assuming quasi-steady-state conditions in the two-phase system and uniform bacterial population. Toluene was assumed to be the only rate-limiting substrate. The model equations for the gas-phase mass balance and biofilm growth were solved using MATLAB based on the fourth-fifth-order Runge-Kutta technique, and the concentration profiles in the biofilms were obtained using the method of orthogonal collocation. Simulation results showed that the toluene removal efficiency decreased with increased toluene loading or increased duration of operation of the biofilter. Calculation results were compared to the experimental results, which demonstrated that the dynamic model provided a good simulation of the performance of the biofilter.     

Aerobic biodegradation of 3-chlorophenol in a sequencing batch reactor: effect of cometabolism.

The aim of the present study was to investigate how phenol modifies, through cometabolism, the biodegrading capability of 3-chlorophenol (3-CP) in a sequencing batch reactor seeded with a mixed culture obtained from a domestic sewage treatment plant. Two laboratory-scale SBRs, one fed 3-CP only and the other fed 3-CP and phenol in the same concentration, were seeded with the partially acclimated biomass. The removal capability in both reactors was measured for progressive increases in the feed organic loading. Cometabolism enhanced biodegradation of 3-CP by reducing both the initial lag period and the time required for the complete removal. 700 mg/L 3-CP was demonstrated to be the highest concentration, which could be completely degraded during the active phase (fill plus react) either in the presence or absence of phenol as the growth substrate even though the lag period was shorter when phenol was present. The operating strategy required modification for the complete removal of 800 mg/L 3-CP. An increase in the phenol to 3-CP ratio did, however, improve 3-CP degradation rate.     

森林植被对红壤坡地土壤水的影响

选取中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站内典型红壤坡地,利用TDR连续测定了林地与裸地的土壤含水率,分析森林植被对红壤坡地土壤水的影响.结果表明,相同条件下,森林植被影响下的坡地土壤含水率比裸地高,土壤干湿变化频率较裸地慢.由于森林植被冠层以及枯落物的遮蔽作用,林地内土壤蒸发强度较小,土壤含水率变化幅度较小.受冠层覆盖及植被根...     

Modelling as a tool when interpreting biodegradation of micro pollutants in activated sludge systems.

The aims of the present work were to improve the biodegradation of the endocrine disrupting micro pollutant, bisphenol A (BPA), used as model compound in an activated sludge system and to underline the importance of modelling the system. Previous results have shown that BPA mainly is degraded under aerobic conditions. Therefore the aerobic phase time in the BioDenitro process of the activated sludge system was increased from 50% to 70%. The hypothesis was that this would improve the biodegradation of BPA. Both the influent and the effluent concentrations of BPA in the experiment dropped significantly after increasing the aerobic time. From simulations with a growth-based biological/physical/chemical process model it was concluded that although the simulated effluent concentration of BPA was independent of the influent concentration at steady-state, the observed drop in effluent concentrations probably was caused by either a larger specific biomass to influent BPA ratio, improved biodegradation related to the increased aerobic phase time, or a combination of the two. Thereby it was not possibly to determine if the increase in aerobic phase time improved the biodegradation of BPA. The work underlines the importance of combining experimental results with modelling when interpreting results from biodegradation experiments with fluctuating influent concentrations of micro pollutants.     

渗流对土体抗剪强度的影响

土体的抗剪强度是土体的主要强度指标之一。当土体中存在渗流时，由于水流的力学、物理、化学等作用，会使土体的抗剪强度发生变化（主要趋势是使抗剪强度降低）。本文定量分析了各种情况下渗流作用对土体抗剪强度指标、有效应力及切向力的影响，得到了渗流作用下土体抗剪强度的定量表达式，并给出应用算例，说明了渗流对土体抗剪强度的明显影响。