附属管对钻井隔水管涡激振动流动控制的研究

抑制钻井隔水管的涡激振动是海洋油气开发的一个重要课题。附属管线会改变隔水管附近的流场进而抑制隔水管的涡激振动。采用SST湍流模型数值模拟和风洞实验研究了亚临界流动区域的隔水管关键动力学因素。对于附属管中心距隔水管表面为0.2倍隔水管直径(D)的情况,研究结果表明:计算结果和实验结果较为吻合;不同布置方式和尺寸的附属管起到的抑制效果明显不同;当附属管按照4×0.1D×0o均匀排布时,抑制效果较好且管数较少,时均阻力系数和脉动升力系数均可以减少60%以上;考虑到实际工程应用中海水来流方向的易变性,发现8×0.1D的附属管总体抑制效果最好,减阻和减升分别能达到30%和70%以上。     

隔水管附属管控制流动的风洞和水洞实验研究

通过对附属轴向管的隔水管表面压力分布和流体动力特性进行的风洞和水洞实验测试结果的对比,验证了利用低成本风洞实验代替高成本水洞实验来考察隔水管流体动力特性及漩涡特征的可行性。与经典圆柱实验的对比验证了本实验两套测试系统的可靠性。对附加管数N 4和10两种布局的附属管进行流动控制实验的结果表明,4根和10根附属管分别作为少管数和多管数情况的代表,对于流体力的影响差异较大,但均能取得一定程度的降低升阻力和抑制漩涡脱落的效果。多管数对于来流方向的敏感性要低很多。10根管能使Cd和Cl分别获得相对于单隔水管约36%和80%的降低。附属管作为一种消除流向影响以降低流体力和控制漩涡脱落的手段,为抑制隔水管涡激振动提供了参考价值。     

利用分离盘控制隔水管涡激振动的数值模拟

涡激振动是导致深海隔水管疲劳失效的重要因素.为有效控制隔水管涡激振动,提出了利用分离盘控制涡激振动的方法.对加装0.25～2.0倍隔水管直径的分离盘后的隔水管流动进行了二维数值模拟.研究了亚临界状态下各种模型旋涡脱落的流场结构、脱落模态、隔水管升阻力系数和旋涡泄放频率的变化特征.结果表明:分离盘加装前与经典的实验和计算结果吻合很好;不同尺寸的分离盘对隔水管涡激振动控制效果具有明显差异;当分离盘的长度为1.0至1.5倍的隔水管直径时,平均阻力系数可以减小20%,尾迹涡街的频率也有了较大的减小,达到控制涡激振动的最优效果.     

海洋隔水管涡激振动的三维数值模拟研究

流体场采用k-ω湍流模型进行三维CFD数值模拟,固体场采用基于三维实体单元的有限元方法进行模拟,通过一种新的方法实现流-固耦合交界面的无缝数据交换,参考Lehn(2003)长径比为482的模型实验完成隔水管流向与横向涡激振动的三维数值模拟。模拟结果与实验结果吻合良好,都反映了多阶振动模态特性。引入激发速度解释了多阶振动模态的现象。进一步分析表明,大长径比柔性隔水管发生涡激振动时流场尾流区涡的脱落呈现多种涡结构模式,尾涡动力特性在不同截面的变化体现出明显的三维特征。同时隔水管振动时出现非对称弯曲大变形现象,运动轨迹呈现变形的8字形。研究同时表明,顺流向的振动响应不可忽略。     

基于大涡数值模拟的海洋隔水管绕流分析

隔水管是深水油气开采中连接浮式平台与水下井口的通道,受复杂海洋工况影响会产生涡激振动而造成疲劳破坏,产生安全隐患。为了更为精确地分析海洋环境下隔水管的流动,建立了简化隔水管三维模型,采用大涡模拟方法开展了不同雷诺数下隔水管表面流动的研究。首先验证了该方法的可行性,然后对三维涡的结构表现、边界层内流体与壁面的分离位置、速度梯度的分布以及涡泄频率等进行了分析。结果表明,随着雷诺数的增加,三维涡能够较好地表征大涡到小涡的分布规律,可对分离点进行预测,其规律对后续减小隔水管的阻力的研究提供参考。     

变攻角双圆柱涡激振动响应研究

为了研究双圆柱在变攻角下的涡激振动机理,基于CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)耦合动力学及嵌套网格方法,建立了双自由度圆柱体涡激振动的高保真数值模型。通过与国内外实验数据对比,验证了数值模型及程序的准确性。然后,对雷诺数Re=0～8 000、约化速度U_r=2～13、来流攻角θ=0°～90°下圆柱体的振动响应、流体力特性、尾流模式开展了研究。仿真结果表明:当约化速度U_r=2～3时,随着来流攻角增加,上下游柱体横向位移差不断增大,柱体尾流模式经历了单钝体、2S(双单涡模式)、2S(同相同步或反相同步模式)的演变过程,此时柱体振幅较小;当U_r=4～8时,上下游柱体进入锁定区间,振幅均达到最大。与大攻角(θ=60°～90°)不同,由于小攻角下(θ=0°～30°)柱间存在较强的涡融合效应,相应的振幅较大些。特别的,受柱间屏蔽作用控制,小攻角下柱体最大振幅开始于更大的约化速度;当U_r=9～13时,大攻角下上下游柱体均脱离锁定区间,振幅与单圆柱趋于一致。相反,小攻角下柱体振动频率接近漩涡脱落频率,加之上游柱体尾流的单边促进作用,导致上下游柱体振幅一直处于较大值。研究结果可为相关海洋工程设计提供参考。     

柔性分离盘抑制圆柱涡激振动的风洞试验

该文利用附属柔性分离盘对圆柱涡激振动(VIV)控制问题进行了风洞试验研究。针对弹性支撑的圆柱及不同长度柔性分离盘的试验模型,在雷诺数7 500-40 000情况下,测定不同约化速度(3.5-18.7)下的振动瞬态位移。结果表明:柔性分离盘长度(L)/圆柱直径(D)比为0.6、0.8和1三种圆柱的横向无因次均方根振幅远小于单圆柱,涡激振动抑制效果很好,均在77.6%以上,其中L=0.8D的圆柱抑制效果最佳,几乎无振动;而L=1.2D和1.5D的圆柱反而出现振动增强,约4.5%和9%。对比单圆柱的共振区,附属柔性分离盘的圆柱共振区在约化速度上更靠后且范围更大。     

不同风况和防振锤布置对圆管涡激力影响研究

长时间大幅涡激振动可能会使导管架平台发生疲劳破坏,为了研究不同风速、风向及不同布置间距下,防振锤对升力系数、阻力系数和尾流特性的影响,该文运用雷诺平均法(RANS)进行了数值模拟。结果表明：在发生涡激振动的风速区间内,安装防振锤可以减小升力系数55%以上;不同风速下,防振锤对升力系数的影响最多差10%,当风向角为45°时,防振锤可以减小圆管的升力系数约87%;此外,在相同的风速和风向条件下,防振锤间隔45°均匀布置时,对升力系数的影响最大;安装防振锤后,圆管背风侧负压区范围增大,且对升力影响越大负压区范围越大,尾涡尺寸减小,尾涡中心压力减小。     

整流罩对长柔性立管的涡激振动抑制的数值模拟

涡激振动是海洋立管造成结构疲劳损伤的主要原因,为了研究整流罩对大长径比柔性立管涡激振动的抑制效果问题开展了数值模拟.运用切片法的思想,在每个切面上利用离散涡方法计算二维涡激振动响应,并结合有限体积法和增量法,对准三维柔性立管在垂向上的结构振动特性进行了数值分析.经过对比发现,在0.4 m/s和1.2 m/s的流速下,长...     

附属螺旋导板抑制圆柱涡激振动的风洞试验

该文采用了一种口形截面三螺头螺旋导板用于抑制大质量阻尼比(*m??1.42)圆柱涡激振动,开展了风洞实验研究。针对弹性支撑的圆柱及其附属不同螺距螺旋导板模型,在雷诺数2.7?103-5.29?104范围内,测定相应约化速度下的振动瞬态位移。结果表明:螺距/直径比为5、10和17.5三种螺旋导板圆柱的横向及流向无因次均方根振幅均远小于单圆柱,螺旋导板对大质量阻尼比圆柱的涡激振动有较好的抑制效果,其无因次均方根振幅响应曲线无锁定区,且横向上的抑制效果比流向的抑制效果明显。此外,螺距/直径比为5的螺旋导板具有最佳抑制效果。     

环境荷载参数对钢悬链线立管动力响应的影响

海洋环境变化多端,钢悬链线立管(SCR)在复杂的环境荷载作用下容易发生疲劳破坏而影响安全,为研究立管在环境荷载作用下的动力响应,本文利用ABAQUS有限元软件对SCR建模,在立管上部悬挂点施加位移边界条件模拟浮体的运动,在立管的触地段采用刚度基于P-y曲线的非线性弹簧单元模拟立管与海床的相互作用,并通过调节立管环境荷载参数,研究了浮体运动、波浪振幅、周期和海流速度等参数对钢悬链线立管动力响应的影响。结果表明:钢悬链线立管随着环境荷载参数的变化呈现出不同的动力响应,立管对浮体的垂荡运动更敏感;波浪的振幅越大、周期越小,立管触地点与悬挂点的动力响应越大;海流速度增大,悬垂段长度会变大。     

Energy losses at three-way circular drop manholes under surcharged conditions

Energy loss at manholes is of importance in the design of storm sewer networks and in flood-analysis. Some researchers have already investigated the energy loss at three-way manholes under surcharged conditions. However, formulation to calculate the energy loss at manholes, including all variables of structural elements of the pipes and of the manhole has not yet been accomplished. Therefore, more study to formulate the energy loss at three-way drop manholes is needed. In this study, the ratio of the diameter between inflow pipes and an outflow pipe, the ratio of flow rates between those pipes, water depth in a manhole and the drop gaps between those pipes are considered and the energy loss at three-way circular drop manholes is examined. Finally, a modified formula, more accurate than that in the U.S. Federal Highway Administration's 2001 Urban Drainage Design Manual is proposed. The proposed formula takes the influence of the ratio of the diameter between inflow pipes and outflow pipe and drop gaps between those pipes into consideration. The calculated energy loss coefficients in both straight-through and lateral pipes successfully reproduce the measured values.     

Dynamic optimisation of WWTP inflow to reduce total emission.

A prerequisite for an integrated control of sewer and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is a capacity driven inflow control to WWTP. This requires reliable information about the current status of WWTP operation and its behaviour on varying hydraulic, COD and nutrient loads. So far most of the proposed control strategies are based on hypothetical modelling studies. In this paper the behaviour of three large WWTPs on increased storm water loads is analysed based on online measurements of several years. In all cases the main limiting factors for an increase of load were the sedimentation processes in the secondary clarifier and the nitrification capacity. In one case study predictive control strategies have been developed observing these processes which are backboned by effluent control. Tests using an integrated model of sewer and WWTP demonstrate that inflow control on emission load varies significantly with rain intensity.     

均匀来流中大长径比深海立管涡激振动特性

提出了一种对大长径比深海立管涡激振动特性进行三维耦合数值模拟的方法。其中,流场采用大涡模拟方法进行三维数值模拟,结构振动采用基于薄壳模型的有限元方法进行数值计算,并采用一种将流场和结构响应数据进行实时传输的新方法,实现了流体与固体之间的三维耦合数值模拟。在雷诺数Re=3400和11000下,对某长径比为1200的深海立管模型在均匀来流中的横向涡激振动特性进行了数值模拟与分析。结果表明,大长径比柔性立管的横向振动响应对其尾涡动力特性会产生显著影响,包括会出现涡泄频率显著增大和多频涡泄等复杂现象。尽管来流是均匀的,但立管的横向振动响应会出现明显的多模态特征,除了包含有与涡泄频率一致的振动响应外,还包含有其它频率成分的振动响应。特别地,还会出现多种高阶模态振动共存的非对称复杂弯曲变形等现象。研究表明,该方法为研究深海立管涡激振动特性及其工程预报的相关问题提供了一种有效的途径。     

Calculation of Maximum Permissible Load Currents under Cyclic Loading Conditions for Cables Laid in the Ground and in Pipes in the Ground

A method for calculating the maximum permissible load current under the conditions of cyclic daily load curve is developed. A system is suggested for parallel cables laid in the ground, including in pipes. The coefficients for determining permissible load currents are calculated for different laying variants. Calculated data for cables arranged in 2 × 2 and 2 × 4 blocks are presented.     

太湖流域污染负荷模拟研究

通过研究太湖流域各种污染负荷的排放去向、排污当量和各种处理系数，将荷兰Delft水力学研究所研制的污染负荷模型应用于太湖流域，经过模型的率定和验证，其输出结果为太湖流域水质的模拟计算准备了完整的污染源强输入资料，不再需要繁杂地手工计算整理各种污染源强的输入资料。     

基于云模型的来水状况综合诊断——以佛山市为例

结合佛山市的来水条件,以佛山市降水量、马口和三水过境水量作为衡量佛山市来水的指标,通过云模型综合评价佛山市近30 a的来水状况.结果表明:佛山市来水情况总体上来说较为丰沛,但各年来水状况差异较大.在过去的33 a中,来水情况多的年份仅3 a,占9.1％.若以2011年作为现状年,则佛山市来水条件不太乐观,这不仅与佛山市当年降水量较少相关,且与马口、三水的过境水量较少密切相关.     

Numerical simulations of vortex-induced vibrations of a flexible riser with different aspect ratiosin uniform and shear currents

This paper aimed at describing numerical simulations of vortex-induced vibrations(VIVs) of a long flexible riser with different length-to-diameter ratio(aspect ratio) in uniform and shear currents. Three aspect ratios were simulated: L/D= 500, 750 and 1 000. The simulation was carried out by the in-house computational fluid dynamics(CFD) solver viv-FOAM-SJTU developed by the authors, which was coupled with the strip method and developed on the OpenFOAM platform. Moreover, the radial basis function(RBF) dynamic grid technique is applied to the viv-FOAM-SJTU solver to simulate the VIV in both in-line(IL) and cross-flow(CF) directions of flexible riser with high aspect ratio. The validation of the benchmark case has been completed. With the same parameters, the aspect ratio shows a significant influence on VIV of a long flexible riser. The increase of aspect ratio exerted a strong effect on the IL equilibrium position of the riser while producing little effect on the curvature of riser. With the aspect ratio rose from 500 to 1 000, the maximum IL mean displacement increased from 3 times the diameter to 8 times the diameter. On the other hand, the vibration mode of the riser would increase with the increase of aspect ratio. When the aspect ratio was 500, the CF vibration was shown as a standing wave with a 3~(rd) order single mode. When the aspect ratio was 1 000, the modal weights of the 5~(th) and 6~(th) modes are high, serving as the dominant modes. The effect of the flow profile on the oscillating mode becomes more and more apparent when the aspect ratio is high, and the dominant mode of riser in shear flow is usually higher than that in uniform flow. When the aspect ratio was 750, the CF oscillations in both uniform flow and shear flow showed multi-mode vibration of the 4~(th) and 5~(th) mode. While, the dominant mode in uniform flow is the 4~(th) order, and the dominant mode in shear flow is the 5~(th) order.     

Pressure-balanced Saint–Venant equations for improved asymptotic modelling of pipe flow

In urban drainage networks, steady free surface flows in circular-shaped pipes are commonly observed given low inflow discharges. Therefore, accurate computation of such steady states is of great practical significance, especially considering bent pipes. This requires numerical schemes to be capable of achieving a delicate balance between slope source terms and fluxes in the discrete framework. To this end, in the current study, a new method using pressure balanced Saint–Venant equations and positivity preserving Godunov-type finite volume scheme, is developed for 1D flow simulation in bent circular pipes. Using pressure balancing, a set of pre-balanced Saint–Venant equations is derived. The numerical discretization method uses an approximate Riemann solver and is capable of dealing with wetting–drying process stably in frictional pipes. As verified by several test cases, the proposed method shows better performances than existing methods in modelling the asymptotic flow behavior and preserving steady states in bent circular pipes.     

Identification of sewer pipes to be cleaned for reduction of CSO pollutant load.

To reduce the CSO (Combined Sewer Overflow) pollutant discharge, one of the effective options is cleaning of sewer pipes before rainfall events. To maximize the efficiency, identification of pipes to be cleaned is necessary. In this study, we discussed the location of pipe deposit in dry weather in a combined sewer system using a distributed model and investigated the effect of pipe cleaning to reduce the pollutant load from the CSO. First we simulated the dry weather flow in a combined sewer system. The pipe deposit distribution in the network was estimated after 3 days of dry weather period. Several specific pipes with structural defect and upper end pipes tend to have an accumulation of deposit. Wet weather simulations were conducted with and without pipe cleaning in rainfall events with different patterns. The SS loads in CSO with and without the pipe cleaning were compared. The difference in the estimated loads was interpreted as the contribution of wash-off in the cleaned pipe. The effect of pipe cleaning on reduction of the CSO pollutant load was quantitatively evaluated (e.g. the cleaning of one specific pipe could reduce 22% of total CSO load). The CSO simulations containing pipe cleaning options revealed that identification of pipes with accumulated deposit using the distributed model is very useful and informative to evaluate the applicability of pipe cleaning option for CSO pollutant reduction.