适合国情的两部制电力市场研究

从电力生产特点分析入手,论述了建立两部制电力市场的必要性;阐述了电力市场出清价由两部制成本形成基于发电可靠性分析,提出了两部制电力市场价格的模型及实现方式;最后,通过一个实例模拟,验证了两部制电力市场的可行性.     

电力市场中热电联产机组两部制电价机制的研究

通过比较热电联产机组与常规火电机组的优势劣势,分析了国内外电力市场中热电联产机组的扶持政策和运营情况,提出了热电联产机组参与电力市场的两部制电价机制设计方法,给出了热电联产机组两部制电价中可用容量、可用小时数、容量电价、电量电价等参数的计算方法,形成了一套科学合理的价格形成机制,使其与常规火电机组可以参与同一电力市场竞价上网。     

发电市场竞价模式研究

发电市场竞价模式是电力市场中实现电力资源优化配置的重要因素之一。叙述了有限电量、两部制电价和差价合约3种发电市场竞价的基本运营模式、适用条件以及上网竞价原理和竞价流程。     

福建省抽水蓄能电站运营模式展望

我国抽水蓄能电站发展相对较晚,目前实行的两部制电价只是在竞争性电力市场形成前的过渡措施,仍存在一定缺陷,不能很好反映对抽水蓄能电站效益的补偿。分析我国抽水蓄能电站运营模式、电价机制的发展情况及存在问题,结合福建省电源结构特点及电力市场建设情况,展望了完全电力市场形成前后抽水蓄能电站的运营模式。     

过渡时期发电企业竞价模式研究

自2002年国家提出建立竞争性的电力市场的目标以来,多个采用不同竞价机制的区域电力市场试点已初步形成。但是由于我国的电力产业自身条件的特殊性和电价衍变过程的复杂性,决定了竞价机制改革必须在充分考虑历史遗留因素的条件下稳步推进。本文通过分析电价的衍变过程和电力市场化改革的区域试点工作,针对向市场化过渡的特殊时期所必须面临的问题,提出了一种新的发电企业竞价模式。该模式采用了新的两部制电价计算方法和电力市场运营模式,在有效解决电力产业的一些历史遗留问题的条件下,为不同技术类型、不同时期建设的发电机组提供了一个统一的竞争平台,同时为该模式提供了一些配套的政策建议。     

燃煤电站购电协议（PPA）两部制电价设计规则解析

购电协议(PPA)是电站类项目以项目融资形式筹建的关键协议文本。以印尼电力市场通行的购电协议为例,着重分析其核心条款电价定价的设计机制,阐述两部制电价的计算方法和影响因素,帮助深入理解"照付不议"的定价原则。     

关于电价制度的几点建议

<正> 一、逐步推广和完善两部电价制目前,供电部门对大的电力用户实行两部电价制即大工业电价制。即供电部门与用户签定合同。其考核方式为:用户电费=基本电费+用户实际使用电费+力率调整费。对于所签合同,供电部门由于缺电,使供电质量及停电罚     

基于可用率和热耗考核的两部制上网电价模型设计与应用

两步制电价在海外电源项目的购售电协议中得到广泛采用。提出了一种基于可用率和热耗考核的两部制上网电价模型,该模型分别在容量电费引入机组可用率考核、在电量电费中引入热耗考核的约束机制,模型能鼓励发电企业提高发电机组的可靠性和效率,并有利于电力市场资源的最优化配置,还开发了一套基于该模型的电费结算系统并在某海外电源建设项目中进行了应用。     

英国最新电力市场改革法案解读及对中国的启示

2013年12月,英国能源与气候变化部（DECC）正式发布了新一轮电力市场改革法案.该法案以确保获得可靠、清洁和经济的能源为目标,提出了到2030年的低碳路径展望.法案指出,英国政府将投巨资全力扶植低碳电力发展,其中核电、可再生能源和碳捕捉与封存技术的普及将成为重点工作.该法案围绕电力市场改革方案提出了两个关键内容：差价合约和容量市场,并制定了一系列的配套措施.同时,还公布了英国的容量市场可靠性标准的缺电小时数为3h/a.本文回顾了英国电力市场改革历程,解读了差价合约和容量市场的运作模式,并进一步分析了英国的电力市场改革对我国的启示.     

天津电网高压厂用备用变压器用电量结算方式合理性探讨

通过对天津市电力公司独立电厂高压厂用备用变压器电量结算方式的合理性进行探讨,提出采取单一制电价或两部制电价结算方式,有利于电力企业的经营管理。     

计入峰谷分时上网电价的天然气发电竞争力分析

针对当前天然气发电燃料成本高、天然气供应不足而导致上网电价水平偏高,难以与煤电竞价的问题,提出考虑在发电侧实施峰谷分时上网电价机制,鼓励燃气电厂提高峰时段的上网电量,同时制定计入峰谷分时电价补贴标准来提高天然气发电的市场竞争力。算例结果表明,该措施明显提高了天然气发电的经济优势、气价的承受能力、与煤电平等竞价上网的竟争力。     

基于短期均衡模型的动态电价经济效率研究

针对动态电价是实现电力市场资源优化配置的重要途径问题,基于微观经济学理论建立了动态电价的短期均衡模型,通过实际算例分析了峰荷、用电总量、用户用电成本、消费者剩余、生产者剩余及社会剩余对动态电价的经济有效性。结果表明,动态电价能有效反映供电成本,引导用户有序用电,减少用电成本,具有良好的经济效率。     

Combined heat and power economics

Combined heat and power is a joint product system generating electricity and heat, both relatively ‘non-storable’ commodities with temporally fluctuating demands. A ‘peak-load pricing’ model of the CHP system is developed to investigate the pricing and capacity decisions involved in this two market system. Various market structures are considered and the pricing implications investigated. The solutions have several interesting features, including possible peak-load switching. Where a decentralized CHP system exports electricity to the central system and operates in a local heat market, then, ceteris paribus, higher central electricity system prices imply lower optimal local heat market prices. In this latter case, the tariff offered by the electricity supply industry for CHP generated electricity has implications for investment and for pricing in the heat market — this tariff is therefore examined further. The case for marginal cost pricing is shown to have several attractive features.     

Market-driven energy pricing necessary to ensure China's power supply

China's rapid economic growth has strained its power supply, as manifested for instance by the widespread 2008 power shortage. The cause for this shortage is thought to be the current Chinese energy pricing system, which is mainly government rather than market controlled. Government-regulated price-caps for coal have seriously affected coal supply. At the same time price-caps for electricity supply have caused suspension of power plant operation. As a result, the average operating time of coal-fired power plants declined 50 h annually across the nation in the first half of 2008 compared to the previous year, despite clear power shortages. Here, it will be suggested that energy pricing, set by supply and demand may effectively discourage excessive growth in heavy industry, substantially encourage energy conservation and efficiency, and curb the rapid electricity demand in China. It will be argued that a market-oriented electricity pricing mechanism is required for China to secure its future power supply.     

基于VAR模型的远期合同定金的定价方法

为规避电力市场改革给市场带来的风险、提高市场的运作效率、增大电力商品的交易量，提出了发电商与电网公司之间一种带定金的远期合同模型。介绍了VAR风险评估方法及其分析法——Delta类模型在电力市场金融风险评估中的应用；运用VAR风险评估方法计算出该模型中发电商存在的风险，进而确定合同定金。应用该模型对不同的合同电价和置信水平分别计算出相应的定金，结果表明，合同定金随合同电价的减小而减小，随置信水平的增大而增大，说明了该模型能较真实地反映发电商所面临市场风险的本质特征。     

Price formation in electricity forward markets and the relevance of systematic forecast errors

Since the liberalisation of the European electricity sector, forward and futures contracts have gained significant interest of market participants due to risk management reasons. For pricing of these contracts an important fact concerns the non-storability of electricity. In this case, according to economic theory, forward prices are related to the expected spot prices which are built on fundamental market expectations. In the following article the crucial impact parameters of forward electricity prices and the relationship between forward and future spot prices will be assessed by an empirical analysis of electricity prices at the European Energy Exchange and the Nord Pool Power Exchange. In fact, price formation in the considered markets is influenced by historic spot market prices yielding a biased forecasting power of long-term contracts. Although market and risk assessment measures of market participants and supply and demand shocks can partly explain the futures-spot bias inefficiencies in the analysed forward markets cannot be ruled out.     

Electricity transmission tariffs for large-scale wind power consumption in western Gansu province,China

Large-scale wind power transmission presents the power system with several challenges. The determination of the transmission tariff and the cost-sharing issue are potential obstacles which may influence the development of wind power. This paper analyses the incremental cost to the power system for long-distance transmission of wind power, considers the fixed and variable properties of the incremental cost and the risk of fluctuations in the cost, and establishes a comprehensive risk-based pricing model for long-distance transmission of large-scale wind power electricity. Gansu Province in China has abundant wind resources, so we use the Jiuquan wind power integration and the ±800 kV Gansu-Zhuzhou direct current (DC) power transmission as examples to test the validity of the model. The conclusions are as follows: the allowances for access grid connection cost should be separately estimated for the large-scale wind power base and long-distance transmission; and the long-distance transmission pricing of large-scale wind power should apply a two-part electricity transmission pricing system, in order to eliminate the volatility risk inherent in each simple allocation method, and the fixed and variable characteristics of the transmission cost. The transmission price must include compensation for depreciation, operation and maintenance costs, and also a reasonable return on investment, in order to offer an effective incentive and guidance mechanism for enterprises’ business development.     

A real options evaluation model for the diffusion prospects of new renewable power generation technologies

This study presents a policy planning model that integrates learning curve information on renewable power generation technologies into a dynamic programming formulation featuring real options analysis. The model recursively evaluates a set of investment alternatives on a year-by-year basis, thereby taking into account that the flexibility to delay an irreversible investment expenditure can profoundly affect the diffusion prospects of renewable power generation technologies. Price uncertainty is introduced through stochastic processes for the average wholesale price of electricity and for input fuel prices. Demand for electricity is assumed to be increasingly price-sensitive, as the electricity market deregulation proceeds, reflecting new options of consumers to react to electricity price changes (such as time-of-use pricing, unbundled electricity services, and choice of supplier). The empirical analysis is based on data for the Turkish electricity supply industry. Apart from general implications for policy-making, it provides some interesting insights about the impact of uncertainty and technical change on the diffusion of various emerging renewable energy technologies.