输电线路综合阻抗纵联保护新原理

提出了一种基于综合阻抗的纵联线路保护新原理。利用故障时线路两端电压相量和与电流相量和的比值，来判断线路上是否发生故障。在外部故障时，该比值反映输电线路上的容抗，其虚部为一个绝对值较大的负数;内部故障时，其虚部为正数或为绝对值较小的负数，据此可以区分线路上的内部和外部故障。新原理易整定，本身具有选相能力，不受电容电流的影响，可用于带或不带电抗器补偿的线路，抗过渡电阻能力强。EMTP仿真和动模数据验证了新原理的有效性。     

基于模型识别的串补线路方向元件

提出了一种基于模型识别的串补线路方向元件的方向判别原理。采用时域算法,通过2种模型的模型误差、识别的电感值和电容值与实际值的差异构成方向判据。大量仿真验证表明,该方法不受衰减直流分量、故障类型、过渡电阻以及故障点位置影响,与传统工频量方向元件相比,不仅避免了电容器容抗大于背侧系统阻抗时引起的方向误判问题,而且提高了方向判别的准确性。     

求解频域参数方程的双端故障测距原理

提出一种新的频域法双端测距原理。该测距原理无须知道被测线路的准确参数，而将输电线路电阻、电感、电容等参数作为待识别参数，利用故障暂态电流、电压丰富的频谱信息，结合故障暂态响应中测量点电流、电压频域网络方程，采用参数识别的方法求解故障距离及输电线路参数，克服了传统双端测距方法因线路参数不准确引起的测距误差。EMTP仿真表明该方法具有较高的测距精度。     

基于线路参数在线校正的能量平衡保护

由于整定的线路参数与实际线路参数存在一定误差，基于3个空间模量的能量平衡保护若按整定的参数计算能量，外部故障时采用2种方法计算的能量曲线会有很大的误差，降低了能量平衡保护的可靠性。文中提出线路电阻采用整定值，线路电感和电容采用3个模分量参数计算平均值的校正方法，从而得到较准确的实际线路参数。1 000 kV特高压线路动模实验表明，该方法较好地消除了由于参数误差引起的外部故障时2种方法计算的能量曲线差异，能量平衡保护在各种复杂故障情况下仍能正确保护线路，单相接地故障时具有选相功能。     

基于不同区域平均等效瞬时电感比值的励磁涌流鉴别方法

利用变压器瞬时励磁电感能够反映其饱和程度的特点，提出了一种由差流大小划分变压器的非饱和区域与饱和区域，根据两个区域内平均等效瞬时电感比值的大小识别励磁涌流和短路故障的方法。在涌流发生的过程中，变压器不断经历非饱和状态与饱和状态，相应等效瞬时电感由大变小，变化剧烈，一个周期内非饱和区域与饱和区域内平均等效瞬时电感的比值很大。而发生短路故障时，等效瞬时电感很小，而且基本不变化，按差流划分的非饱和区域与饱和区域内平均等效瞬时电感的比值约为1。该方法原理简单，整定容易，识别速度快，试验结果验证了其正确性和有效性。     

基于故障分量的分相阻抗差动保护新原理

提出了一种基于故障分量的分相阻抗差动保护新原理。该原理分别提取线路两端保护安装处的故障分量进行阻抗计算，然后利用这2个阻抗之差构成阻抗差动判据。该原理无需进行采样数据同步处理，耐受电容电流和过渡电阻的影响。电流幅值差动保护判据以线路两侧的电流幅值差为动作量，幅值和为制动量，在发生电压互感器断线时，可作为阻抗差动保护判据的补充判据。仿真结果验证了该原理的正确性和有效性。     

操作引起的谐振过电压

电力系统内输配电线路,发电机,变压器,电流电压互感器,电容器及开关设备等均是等效电感元件和电容元件,它们的组合可以构成一系列不同自振频率的振荡回路。电力系统在进行开关操作或投切空载变压器和长距离空载线路时,电网中的电感参数或电容参数会发生变化,电源某次谐波频率与变化中的电感电容电路的固有频率达到谐振条     

LFP-901/902应用于串补线路的可行性研究

研究了串联电容补偿对继电保护的影响，特别针对当前应用比较广泛的LFP-901/902微机线路保护研究了当保护背后系统等效阻抗Zs大于和小于ZC两种情况下对保护正确动作的影响，同时还比较分析了保护电压分别取自母线侧和电容器后的线路侧两种不同方案的优劣，最终得出了LFP-901/902保护完全可以运行于串补线路的结论。     

特高压长线路距离保护算法改进

特高压长距离输电线路呈显著的分布参数特性，其电容电流很大。分析表明，线路末端三相故障时，线路首端的测量阻抗不与故障距离成正比。研究指出，相间距离保护的测量阻抗与故障距离呈双曲正切函数关系，而传统接地距离保护应用于特高压长线路时存在原理性缺陷。理论分析并推导了新的接地距离元件测量阻抗的计算表达式，并提出了距离保护的改进措施，大量仿真证明了改进措施在特高压长线路上应用的正确性与有效性。     

消除相间电容电流影响的故障分量综合阻抗计算方法

分析了区内、区外故障时,线路相间电容对故障分量综合阻抗的影响,并提出了消除相间电容电流影响的故障分量综合阻抗计算方法。在各相的故障分量差动电流中减去该相流向其他两相线路的电容电流,计算结果仅取决于线路对地电容。使用EMTP数据对该方法进行了仿真,结果表明,采用新方法后,计算结果更稳定,整定时仅需考虑线路对地电容,整定原则更加明确,定值裕度大。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。