吸收式太阳能海水淡化系统中降膜吸收与再生过程研究

针对吸收式太阳能海水淡化系统设计了降膜吸收、再生实验装置,分别以溴化锂、氯化钙两种溶液为工质对装置进行了实验研究。通过改变影响工质吸收与再生性能的条件(如溶液浓度和温度等),给出了不同工况下系统的运行情况。实验结果表明,当运行压力低于20kPa、热源温度高于75℃时溶液已有较好的再生速率,而当海水蒸发温度高于45℃时,溶液也已有较好的吸收速率,完全满足太阳能集热系统供热要求。还给出了系统最佳运行参数范围。     

太阳能喷射式制冷系统性能的实验研究

对太阳能喷射式制冷系统进行了实验研究,采用电加热模拟太阳能辐射的方法,研究了冷凝器、发生器和蒸发器温度对制冷系统COP的影响,给出了太阳能喷射式制冷系统制冷能力与COP随时刻的变化关系。系统在80℃热源条件下,全天提供16℃的冷水,系统最大制冷量为0.43 kW。     

平板型集热器驱动的小型太阳能吸收式制冷系统运行分析与优化研究

文章以平板型集热器作为驱动热源,构建了一套额定制冷功率为17.6 kW的小型太阳能吸收式制冷系统,并基于TRNSYS软件构建了小型太阳能吸收式制冷系统模型,研究了太阳辐射强度、集热器面积和蓄热水箱体积的变化对系统运行性能和制冷功率的影响。模拟结果表明:在系统运行过程中,平板型集热器的工作温度约为90℃,单效吸收式制冷机的驱动温度为72.5～95℃,单效吸收式制冷机的最大制冷效率可以达到0.85,由此可知,当热源温度与驱动温度的匹配度较好时,既能保证单效吸收式制冷机的高效运行,又能减少能源品位的浪费;白天,当小型太阳能吸收式制冷系统运行时,系统的太阳能保证率为57.5%,一次能源节约系数可达到0.25,此时,小型太阳能吸收式制冷系统的制冷性能优于电压缩制冷系统。     

一种新型混合吸收式制冷循环的性能分析

该文提出一种新型吸收式循环，可以较好利用太阳能实现制冷，解决传统吸收式系统在利用太阳能实现制冷时存在的弊端。这种新型混合式吸收式制冷循环在两级吸收式循环的基础上增设了一个附加高压发生器，发现影响系统COP值的因素主要是LiBr溶液浓度与低压发生器中的压力。在溶液浓度与压力的允许范围内时，新型循环的高压发生器再生出LiBr溶液与低压吸收器的吸收后的溶液混合，提高高压吸收器吸收剂浓度从而减小其压力。本文主要分析了混合吸收式制冷循环的各种性能特性，得出影响系统热力系数(COP)可达0．55，驱动热源的可利用温差最高可达35℃。     

低温热源驱动的氨-水吸收式制冷循环分析

对一种低温热源驱动的氨－水吸收式制冷系统进行了计算和分析，这个系统的特点是对氨蒸汽进行两次吸收，用一部分冷凝氨液作为低压吸收器的冷却介质，增大了放气范围，使循环可以在低温热源的驱动下获得低制冷温度。     

降低吸附式制冷系统驱动热源温度的研究进展

吸附式制冷是一种环境友好的制冷方式,可以利用低品位热能提供冷量,因此具有重要的节能意义。目前,吸附式制冷技术在太阳能热利用、工业余热利用等中低温余热领域已有应用,但对低于60℃热源的利用实例较少。降低吸附式制冷系统所需的驱动热源温度是扩大吸附式制冷系统使用范围的重要手段。吸附式制冷系统所需驱动热源温度与系统循环方式、吸附剂性能等因素密切相关。从二级/多级吸附式制冷循环、表面酸性强度与孔结构等影响吸附剂再生温度方面阐述了降低吸附式制冷系统驱动热源温度技术的国内外研究现状。分析结果显示,多级循环吸附式制冷系统可以降低装置的驱动热源温度,但装置结构较为复杂;低再生温度吸附剂能够拓宽吸附式制冷装置的驱动热源温度范围,吸附剂的脱附温度与表面极性、酸性、孔结构等参数有关,对吸附剂进行改性,吸附剂极性弱、酸性低的表面特性有利于降低脱附温度。另外,还介绍了数据中心余热驱动的吸附式制冷技术。开展降低吸附式制冷系统驱动热源温度的研究为低温余热高效利用提供了技术参考。     

基于菲涅尔二次反射塔式太阳能聚光系统的新型吸收器集热性能实验研究

介绍一种与菲涅尔二次反射塔式太阳能聚光系统匹配的新型吸收器,在吸收器上方固定CPC,以增加其集热效率。首先理论上分析聚光系统的光学效率以及吸收器的集热效率和效率;然后通过实验测定导热油在吸收器不同进口温度和流量下的集热性能。利用最小二乘法拟合得到集热效率和归一化温度T~*的线性关系,获得整个聚光集热系统的光学效率η_0。最后通过效率确定吸收器在不同流量下的最佳运行温度T_(opt)在流量580 L/h时约为145℃,在流量400 L/h时约为142℃。     

新疆地区水果冷藏太阳能水蒸汽喷射CO2制冷系统

针对新疆地域和生产水果的特点,设计了太阳能热源、水和CO2为工质的水果冷藏制冷系统。通过计算分析得出,CO2循环蒸发温度提高,外界环境温度升高,太阳能辐射强度增加,喷射器引射率提高,系统的耗能减小。外界环境温度每增加1℃,太阳能集热器的面积减小0.5m2,太阳能辐射强度每增加10W/m2,太阳能集热器的面积减小1.2m2,喷射器的引射率每提高0.01,太阳能集热器的面积减小0.8m2。与发生器的热源全部来自电能的系统运行情况相比,吐鲁番地区葡萄冷藏2个月节约运行费用达96.2%,哈密地区哈密瓜冷藏15天节约运行费用约94.4%,库尔勒地区香梨冷藏6个月节约运行费用约41.1%,库车地区白杏冷藏21天节约运行费用约74.2%。设计时应针对使用场所,优化选取设计参数,减少设备初投资。     

太阳能-空气复合热源热泵热水器的性能模拟与分析

介绍了一种新型太阳能—空气复合热源热泵热水装置(SAS-HPWH)。该装置通过使用独特设计的螺旋翅片蒸发管的平板型集热/蒸发器,可以在不同的天气情况下切换运行太阳能热源热泵模式、太阳能与空气双热源热泵模式和空气源热泵模式,制取生活热水。论文主要针对自行设计的一台150L的SAS-HPWH,建立系统的数学模型,并以太阳能输入比例为准则研究系统的运行模式与特性。模拟结果显示该热水器在不同天气特征情况下可高效率地制造55℃热水。论文还分析了太阳辐射、环境温度以及压缩机的容量对系统特性的影响,提出使用变频压缩机,根据不同的天气情况调节制冷剂流量,进一步提高系统的整体性能。     

太阳能相变蓄热应用于吸收式制冷的分析

介绍了一种将太阳能相变蓄热技术应用于两级吸收式制冷的新型空调系统,简要分析了该系统的装置结构、工作原理和使用优点。对相变蓄热装置放热过程中放热盘管出水温度随放热时间的变化关系进行了实验测量,并对两级吸收式制冷系统效率进行了分析。通过研究可知,该太阳能空调系统有效解决了以往系统不稳定性和间断性问题;太阳能相变蓄热装置具有体积小、蓄热量大、放热速率大、连续放热温度均匀、便于控制热源加热温度等特点,适合储存太阳能并为吸收式制冷系统提供加热热源。综合考虑系统设备简单,加工要求低的制造特点,所以吸收式制冷以太阳能等低品位热源驱动有着良好的发展前景。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.