组合活塞振荡冷却结构的合理设计

通过对引进的20/27柴油机活塞在使用中频繁发生拉缸现象的分析,发现该柴油机活塞冷却设计存在严重缺陷。针对原设计的不足,提出了改进设计方法,按新方法生产的活塞经过出厂试验和实际装船使用证明,活塞冷却效果得以提高,消除了该柴油机因活塞冷却不充分引起的拉缸现象。     

基于析因设计的活塞冷却喷嘴研究

对于强化程度越来越高的现代发动机,大都采用了活塞冷却喷嘴对活塞的内腔进行强制冷却。活塞冷却喷嘴的结构比较简单,但多种结构参数可能对其性能产生影响。本文定量地分析了某种活塞冷却喷嘴结构与性能之间的关系:首先通过打靶试验验证了计算模型的准确性;其次采用分式析因设计方法进行试验设计;然后采用半正态概率图法筛选出对活塞冷却喷嘴性能影响较大的关键结构参数;最后进行方差分析,得出活塞冷却喷嘴的关键结构参数与性能参数之间的定量关系。     

柴油机活塞冷却油道优化与改进

某型柴油机单缸功率由140k W提升到150k W后,活塞出现了拉缸问题。针对该问题,本文从增强活塞的冷却入手,对活塞的冷却方式及冷却油道结构等方面进行分析,对机油供油压力、供油喷孔大小及活塞进、出油口尺寸进行了优化改进;通过CFD仿真计算,活塞油腔的机油填充率从优化前的34%提高到优化后的46%,接近50%的理想机油填充率;最终经柴油机耐久试验验证:活塞冷却良好,无拉缸现象。     

活塞温度对汽油机颗粒物排放的影响

为降低直喷汽油发动机的颗粒物排放,分析颗粒物产生原因,改进活塞冷却喷嘴结构,设计活塞冷却喷嘴控制策略,研究冷起动阶段活塞温度对发动机颗粒物排放的影响。结果表明：根据机油温度控制活塞冷却喷嘴的开启,在冷起动阶段减少活塞与机油的换热,使活塞温度快速提升,缩短暖机时间,使混合气在活塞温度较高时燃烧,大幅度降低颗粒物排放。     

某汽油发动机活塞环岸失效分析及改进研究

某发动机在耐久试验过程中出现活塞环岸失效故障,利用鱼刺图对该故障进行了失效分析,确定了活塞失效的根本原因是活塞耐热负荷性能不足与系统冷却不足。对该柴油机活塞原材料进行优化以提高其耐热负荷性能,并且增加活塞冷却喷嘴,使活塞环岸失效问题得到了解决。本研究为柴油机同一零件在不同环境下的应用评估工作提供了参考。     

活塞内冷油腔及冷却喷嘴初步研究

内冷油腔强制冷却是降低高强化柴油机活塞热负荷的有效方法,但内冷油腔冷却对冷却喷嘴及喷油有着较高的要求,本文通过介绍流体特性及内冷油腔活塞对喷油冷却的要求,简要阐述了冷却喷嘴设计注意事项及冷却喷嘴喷油试验情况。     

活塞顶面加工质量的影响因素分析

内冷油腔强制冷却是降低高强化柴油机活塞热负荷的有效方法,但内冷油腔冷却对冷却喷嘴及喷油有着较高的要求,本文通过介绍流体特性及内冷油腔活塞对喷油冷却的要求,简要阐述了冷却喷嘴设计注意事项及冷却喷嘴喷油试验情况。     

气门冲击淬火调高阳压温度不升原因分析

内冷油腔强制冷却是降低高强化柴油机活塞热负荷的有效方法,但内冷油腔冷却对冷却喷嘴及喷油有着较高的要求,本文通过介绍流体特性及内冷油腔活塞对喷油冷却的要求,简要阐述了冷却喷嘴设计注意事项及冷却喷嘴喷油试验情况。     

汽车发动机燃油电喷系统的故障检修技巧

内冷油腔强制冷却是降低高强化柴油机活塞热负荷的有效方法,但内冷油腔冷却对冷却喷嘴及喷油有着较高的要求,本文通过介绍流体特性及内冷油腔活塞对喷油冷却的要求,简要阐述了冷却喷嘴设计注意事项及冷却喷嘴喷油试验情况。     

工程车辆发动机润滑系统的常见故障诊排

内冷油腔强制冷却是降低高强化柴油机活塞热负荷的有效方法,但内冷油腔冷却对冷却喷嘴及喷油有着较高的要求,本文通过介绍流体特性及内冷油腔活塞对喷油冷却的要求,简要阐述了冷却喷嘴设计注意事项及冷却喷嘴喷油试验情况。     

Strategies for high-performance supercapacitors for HEV

Our paper highlights the role of supercapacitors in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the current response to the worldwide demand for a clean and low fuel-consuming transport. The main strategies for increasing the specific energy of supercapacitors, which are electrochemical energy storage/conversion systems of high-specific power, are discussed, with the focus on electrode material, electrolyte and electrode/electrolyte interface properties. Particular emphasis is given to the use of ionic liquids (IL), which are attracting much attention as green and solvent-free electrolytes, and to the development of high-voltage, IL-based hybrid supercapacitor with high surface area carbon negative electrode and poly(3-methylthiophene) positive. Based on the results of laboratory cells featuring N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonylimide) ILs, the specific energies of hybrid supercapacitor modules are evaluated and compared to those expected for double-layer carbon supercapacitors displaying the same ILs.     

面向2050年的中国电力发展展望

电力转型是我国能源转型的重要环节。本文基于自主开发的适合我国中长期电力发展的源网荷储协调规划模型,将各类电源、骨干电网、需求侧资源与储能等统筹考虑,在计及相关发展目标与约束条件的情况下进行系统整体优化,求解了我国当前至2050年电力系统发展优化方案,可为研判我国电力系统发展路径、制定合理转型政策提供量化参考。     

Rules for paths construction for HENs debottlenecking

This paper is based on the heat exchanger network retrofit techniques, developed by Tjoe and Linnhoff and extended by Asante and Zhu. It considers, under the Network Pinch framework, two important cases — the Retrofit Initialisation and Topology Modification when the direct application of the classic Network Pinch concept and rules is not possible. With the help of a system of simple heuristics, these limitations are overcome which extends the application range of the Network Pinch framework.     

固定床反应器催化剂装填方案的优化

脱砷反应器压降升高会严重影响压缩机的安全运行,同时也制约了装置的加工量。分析认为,压降升高的主要原因是床层空隙率减小,而空隙率减小的主要原因是床层杂质增多,堵塞了颗粒间的空隙。阐述了级配剂和除垢篮在抑制压降升高方面的作用,提出级配剂加除垢篮的组合装填方案,有效解决了固定床反应器的压降问题,使撇头周期达到9个月,并对装填方案的进一步优化提出建议。     

Energy use for subsistence and prospects for development

This paper focuses on the present use of energy in the developing countries in order to estimate the energy required for subsistence-level activities and to see how much surplus is available for economically productive activities, taking into account both commercial and non-commercial (firewood, farmwaste) sources of energy. The energy required for subsistence is estimated to be in the range of 0.3 to 0.4 tce per capita. The consumption of most low income groups countries is below this level if only commercial energy is considered. Relations are derived to explain the uses of each of these energy forms in terms of economic and demographic variables from a sample of 82 countries. These relations are then employed to show that the dependence on non-commercial energy is likely to continue beyond 2000 AD and that, inspite of the annual rise of commercial energy consumption by 6%, the improvements in per capita consumption are small because of an increase in population and a decrease in per capita non-commercial energy.     

汽轮机低压叶片材料的选择

汽轮机低压叶片的材料选择对于保证整个汽轮发电机组的安全运行至关重要。从几个方面分析讨论了汽轮机低压叶片材料选择时需要注意的问题，并提出了解决办法。     

Strategy for selection of elements for heat transfer enhancement

The present paper points out that the selection of elements for heat transfer enhancement in heat exchangers requires a methodology to make a direct comparison of the performances of heat exchanger surfaces with different elements. Methods of comparison used in the past are, in many respects, approximate and hence fail to predict accurately the relative performance of conventional heat exchanger surfaces operated with different heat exchanger elements. Owing to the direct use of the Colburn factor for performance assessment, these methods over-predict the relative performance of heat exchangers. In the present paper, a more consistent comparison method is presented and is demonstrated to work by comparison of the performance of an experimentally investigated pin fin heat exchanger with that of a smooth pipe heat exchanger. The method yields results that belong to the volume goodness factors group. It represents a practical approach, as it is applicable to all kinds of heat exchanger surfaces and does not require the conversion of the experimental data in terms of Nusselt number and friction factor for comparison purposes. The present work demonstrates that the suggested method can also be used for performance comparison of existing heat exchanger surfaces with available heat transfer and pressure loss data.     

Probabilistic design factors for pipes used for hydrogen transport

Probabilistic design factors for pipes used for hydrogen transport are proposed for 3 locations: urban, peri-urban and rural areas.The used method involves a risk equation defined as the product of probability of leakage after failure, probability to have a gas flow greater than a prescribed value, probability of ignition, probability of lethal effects greater than a threshold value and probability of the presence of a person corrected by an environment factor and a risk reduction coefficient. The results obtained are less conservative than the deterministic values provided by ASME code.