动态熔融插层HIPS/蒙脱土复合材料阻燃性能的研究

采用动态熔融法分别制备高冲击强度聚苯乙烯/有机蒙脱土(HIPS/OMMT)复合材料和高冲击强度聚苯乙烯/钠基蒙脱土(HIPS/Na+-MMT)复合材料,利用锥形量热仪测试复合材料的阻燃性能,结果表明:HIPS/OMMT复合材料的热释放速率(HRR)、生烟速率(SPR)、质量损失速率(MLR)等燃烧性能参数均明显降低,表现出较好的阻燃性和抑烟性;Na+-MMT阻燃HIPS与OMMT阻燃HIPS复合材料比较,HIPS/OMMT复合材料的阻燃性明显优于HIPS/Na+-MMT。通过研究复合材料的阻燃性能,结合燃烧残余物的微观结构和宏观形貌分析,探讨了复合材料的阻燃机理。     

蒙脱土/SBR纳米复合材料阻燃性能的研究

采用熔融插层法制备蒙脱土／SBR纳米复合材料，并研究其阻燃性能。结果表明，SBR大分子不能有效插入钠基蒙脱土（Na—MMT）片层间，而能有效插入有机蒙脱土（OMMT）片层间，形成插层型纳米复合材料；将OMMT与高抗冲聚苯乙烯（HIPS）制成阻燃母粒能进一步提高SBR的插层效果。OMMT可以明显改善复合材料的阻燃和抑烟性能，随着OMMT用量的增大，复合材料的热释放速率、峰值热释放速率、平均热释放速率、总热释放和总生烟量先明显降低然后趋于稳定；HIPS-OMMT阻燃母粒可以明显改善复合材料阻燃性能，但对抑烟性能的改善效果不如OMMT。     

HIPS熔融插层蒙脱土复合材料的阻燃性

将钠基蒙脱士(Na -MMT)有机化改性制成有机蒙脱土(OMMT),分别采用静态和动态熔融法制备高抗冲聚苯乙烯/有机蒙脱土(HIPS/OMMT)和高抗冲聚苯乙烯/钠基蒙脱土(HIPS/Na -MMT).X射线衍射和扫描电镜研究表明,层间距由处理前的1.52 nm增加为2.25 nm,OMMT具有明显的分层现象;透射电镜研究表明,静态熔融插层HIPS/OM-MT形成了插层复合结构,动态熔融插层HIPS/OMMT中的OMMT片层被剥离开来,形成了剥离的HIPS/OMMT;锥形量热仪测试结果表明,静态和动态熔融插层HIPS/OMMT的阻燃性能均有所提高,但提高幅度随OMMT添加量的增加而降低;氧指数测试结果表明,HIPS/OMMT的氧指数比纯HIPS有所提高.     

聚磷酸铵阻燃体系对HIPS/OMMT阻燃研究

将钠基蒙脱土(Na~ -MMT)有机化改性,制成有机蒙脱土(OMMT),采用熔融插层法分别制备HIPS/OMMT复合材料和聚磷酸铵(APP)体系阻燃的HIPS/OMMT复合材料。结果表明,HIPS/OMMT复合材料具有一定的阻燃性能,但阻燃性能的提高比较有限;与仅添加OMMT时相比,APP体系阻燃的HIPS/OMMT复合材料的阻燃性和抑烟性均得到进一步提高,以APP、季戊四醇(PER)和硼酸锌(ZB)为膨胀型阻燃剂对HIPS/OMMT复合材料阻燃性和抑烟性的提高更为显著。力学性能测试结果表明,APP体系的加入对复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度都有负面影响。     

插层型橡胶/有机蒙脱土纳米复合材料微观结构在交联过程中的变化

采用熔体插层法制备溴化丁基橡胶(BIIR)/有机蒙脱土(OMMT)纳米复合材料和三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)/OMMT纳米复合材料,利用X射线衍射和透射电子显微镜研究其微观结构及OMMT分散状态在硫化过程中的变化。结果表明:橡胶/OMMT纳米复合材料的插层结构在整个硫化过程中不断变化,且正硫化以后插层结构仍会随着硫化反应时间延长而发生明显改变;未硫化BIIR/OMMT纳米复合材料的插层结构层间距大于未硫化EPDM/OMMT纳米复合材料,硫化EPDM/OMMT纳米复合材料的插层结构层间距大于硫化BIIR/OMMT纳米复合材料;随着硫化程度提高,BIIR/OMMT纳米复合材料中OMMT的分散性能逐渐降低。     

OMMT/PP/EPDM纳米复合材料的结构与性能研究

研究机械共混法制备的有机蒙脱土(OMMT)/聚丙烯(PP)/EPDM纳米复合材料的亚微观结构、物理性能和热稳定性能。结果表明:采用十八烷基三甲基铵盐改性OMMT制备的OMMT/PP/EPDM纳米复合材料为插层型纳米复合材料,具有较优的物理性能;当OMMT用量较小时,复合材料的物理性能随着OMMT用量的增大而提高,且在OMMT用量为2份时表现出较好的综合物理性能;OMMT/PP/EPDM纳米复合材料具有优异的热稳定性能。     

SEBS/蒙脱土复合材料结构及热性能研究

采用十二烷基三苯基溴化膦(DTPB)改性钠基蒙脱土(Na+-MMT),利用熔融插层法制备氢化苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SEBS)/蒙脱土复合材料。采用X射线衍射仪、红外光谱仪、场发射扫描电镜、热重分析仪对样品进行结构表征和性能测试,比较不同有机化蒙脱土(OMMT)对SEBS/OMMT复合材料的影响。结果表明:无论是MMT还是OMMT都起到了阻止SEBS热失重进程的发展,且携带苯基的DTPB有机改性剂有利于OMMT与SEBS复合材料的相容性。     

PEG改性天然钠基蒙脱土及其与PET纳米复合材料的结构与性能

采用环境友好、热稳定性较高且与聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)有良好相容性的聚乙二醇(PEG)改性天然钠基蒙脱土(Na+-MMT)与PET熔融共混制备了PET/Na+-MMT纳米复合材料。结果表明,经PEG改性的Na+-MMT的层间距增加,与PET熔融共混后其层间距进一步加大,TEM分析证实了MMT片层存在插层型纳米结构。相对传统的有机蒙脱土,PEG改性Na+-MMT的热稳定性有显著改善,满足了PET的高温加工要求。此外,PEG改性的Na+-MMT比未处理Na+-MMT对PET有更低的冷结晶温度和更高的熔融结晶温度,显著改善了PET的结晶能力。所制的纳米复合材料具有良好的力学性能,其拉伸强度可达59.8MPa,缺口冲击强度可达3.13kJ/m2。     

PEG改性天然钠基蒙脱土及其与PET纳米复合料的结构与性能

采用环境友好、热稳定性较高且与聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)有很好相容性的聚乙二醇(PEG)改性天然钠基蒙脱土(Na+-MMT)与PET熔融共混制备了PET/Na+-MMT纳米复合材料.结果表明,经PEG改性的Na+-MMT的层间距增加,与PET熔融共混后其层间距进一步加大,TEM分析证实了MMT片层存在插层型纳米结构.相对传统的有机蒙脱土,PEG改性Na+-MMT的热稳定性有显著改善,满足了PET的高温加工要求.此外,PEG改性的Na+-MMT比未处理Na+-MMT对PET有更低的冷结晶温度和更高的熔融结晶温度,显著改善了PET的结晶能力.所制的纳米复合材料具有良好的力学性能,其拉伸强度可达59.8MPa,缺口冲击强度可达3.1 3kJ/m2.     

OMMT/BIIR纳米复合材料的结构与性能研究

采用熔体插层法制备有机蒙脱土(OMMT)/BIIR纳米复合材料.结果表明,OMMT/BIIR纳米复合材料是有序插层型纳米复合材料,在OMMT用量(0～15份)较小的情况下,其物理性能随着OMMT用量的增大明显提高;与BIIR胶料相比,其气密性优异.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。