PUFA织物整理剂的制备及性能表征

通过溶液聚合相转化法制得一种新型聚氨酯改性氟代聚丙烯酸酯乳液(PUFA)。通过红外光谱、热失重分析、透射电镜及扫描电镜对乳液粒子的形态、胶膜的热稳定性及纤维上的膜形貌进行了观察,并对其易去污的应用性能进行了分析。研究结果表明,聚氨酯链段的引入使乳液具有良好的热稳定性,聚合物能在纤维表面形成一层光滑且有优异疏水性的膜,接触角可达123°,能使整理后棉织物的疏水性达到87分,疏油等级6级,易去污可达到5级。     

聚氨酯改性氟代聚丙烯酸酯的合成及应用

将丙烯酸十二氟庚酯(FA),丙烯酸羟丙酯(HpAA)为单体,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂在聚氨酯预聚体中进行聚丙烯酸酯自由基聚合,然后用丁酮肟(EtAO)进行完全封端,制得新型易去污整理剂聚氨酯改性氟代聚丙烯酸酯(FPUA).FPUA附着在纤维表面时纤维与空气的界面上富集着疏水的含氟链段,能使整理后棉织物与水的接触角达到146.5°,与油的接触角达到132°;当FPUA用量为1.5 g/100 mL H_2O,使用100℃烘5 min后180℃高温焙烘2 min的工艺时,疏水性达到95分,疏油等级6级,易去污可达到5级.     

聚氨酯改性氟代聚丙烯酸酯的合成及应用

将IPDI与PEG、丙烯酸羟丙酯(HPAA)依次反应制得碳碳双键封端的聚氨酯预聚体(PUA),以偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,再将PUA与全氟己基乙基丙烯酸酯(C6F)进行自由基聚合,制得了聚氨酯改性的氟代聚丙烯酸酯(PUAF)。通过红外光谱、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)对PUAF的结构、成膜形貌以及应用性能进行了研究。结果表明,PUAF能在纤维表面形成一层疏水膜,该膜能使整理后的织物与水的接触角达到133.5°。在PUAF的用量为1 g/100 g乙酸乙酯、并在180℃高温烘焙定型1.5 min的工艺条件下,经其整理的织物的疏水性可达到90分,疏油等级达到6级。     

高频天线罩防油污涂层应用研究

雨水或油污在天线罩上成膜会造成天线效率的降低。疏水疏油的易清洁涂层可有效降低雨水和油污在天线罩上的附着时间和附着力,可以起到自清洁的作用。本文选取了 3种不同种类的涂层体系,分别进行了疏水疏油性能评价、高频透波率测试和耐候性环境适应性验证。结果表明：所选的纳米涂层系统在疏水疏油、高频透波性和耐候性方面综合性能优异,适合在有疏水和防油污需求的天线罩上使用。     

德国开发新型超级双疏膜

德国马普高分子研究所近日成功开发出一种新型超级双疏(疏水疏油)膜,利用这种膜能够根据需要将二氧化碳等气体富集到溶液和气体中,或者将其从液体或气体中溶出。这些特性主要归因于膜表面的超双疏涂层。这一涂层不仅能改进气体交换,还能防止膜孔堵塞。研究人员利用蜡烛烟灰作为超级膜的基板,蜡烛烟灰具有比荷叶更强的自洁净能力。科研人员首先用氧化硅蒸镀蜡烛烟灰,紧接着烧掉剩余烟灰,之后产生了厚20纳米的膜膜上敷有一层超疏水疏油的含氯硅化合物。这个创造性的纳米结构设计不仅疏水疏油,制备也较为便利。     

电纺制备聚乳酸/聚醚砜复合纳米纤维膜及性能研究

采用同轴静电纺丝制备聚乳酸/聚醚砜(PLA/PES)复合纳米纤维膜,通过改变皮层溶液的挤出速率以及在芯层溶液中分别添加石墨烯（GO）、碳纳米管(MWCNTs)、埃洛石（HNTs）纳米粒子,制备了系列皮芯结构的复合纳米纤维膜。通过扫描电子显微镜、纤维强伸度仪、接触角测定仪等仪器测试表征了复合纳米纤维膜的纤维结构、拉伸强度、疏水性以及吸油倍率等性能。结果表明,制备的复合纳米纤维膜的接触角均大于130 °,表现出较好的亲油疏水性;当往芯液中添加石墨烯(GO)时,纳米纤维膜的吸油性能、拉伸性能最好,在甘油中的吸油倍率可达到67.61倍,食用油中可达到48.02倍,纵向断裂强度为62.68 MPa,横向断裂强度为43.98 MPa,横向断裂伸长率可达到697.76 %。     

超支化聚氨酯-g-氟代聚丙烯酸酯的合成及其在织物涂层方面的应用

在温度为70℃条件下,将六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)与三羟甲基丙烷(TMP)、丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEA)先进行反应合成超支化聚氨酯预聚体(HPU),然后再将其与全氟己基乙基丙烯酸酯(C6F)、甲基丙烯酸十八酯(SMA)、丙烯酸羟丙酯(HPA)、甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BMA)按n(C6F)∶n(SMA)∶n(HPA)∶n(BA)=1∶5∶0.5∶1进行溶液聚合,合成了一种超支化聚氨酯-g-氟代聚丙烯酸酯(HPU-g-PFA)共聚物。用红外光谱、核磁共振对有关产物的结构进行了表征,并用FESEM、接触角测量仪等仪器对HPU-g-PFA在纤维织物表面成膜性和应用性能进行了研究。结果表明,HPU-g-PFA在纤维表面可形成一层均匀的薄膜,该膜能使处理后织物表面水的接触角到达137.5°,疏水性能达到90分、疏油等级达到5级,耐水洗性达20次。     

含氟聚丙烯酸酯-聚氨酯复合乳液的合成及其应用

以水性聚氨酯作为种子乳液,与含全氟己基乙基丙烯酸酯(C6F)、丙烯酸羟丙酯(HPAA)、甲基丙烯酸十八酯(SMA)、苯乙烯(ST)等进行乳液聚合,制得了含氟聚丙烯酸酯-聚氨酯复合乳液(WPUAF)。通过红外光谱、纳米粒度仪、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)等对WPUAF的结构、粒径、成膜形貌以及应用性能进行研究。结果表明,WPUAF能在纤维表面形成一层致密的疏水膜;在WPUAF的用量为3 g/100 g H2O,并在100℃烘焙5 min、180℃定型2 min的工艺条件下,整理后的织物与水的接触角达到136.9°,疏油等级为6级。     

基于ODA/PDMS粗糙结构的仿生光滑液体灌注膜

相较于表面易损伤、压力稳定性差的超疏水表面，具备特殊浸润性的光滑液体灌注表面(SLIPS)在油水分离膜材料的开发上有良好的应用前景。本文使用聚丙烯(PP)和聚酯(PET)纤维膜作为基底，通过一步浸涂法在基底上构造了ODA/PDMS疏水粗糙结构，在其上灌注润滑油，制备了一种具备SLIPS的仿生光滑液体灌注膜(SLIM-ODA/PDMS)。这种光滑液体灌注膜具有良好的疏液性和较好的重力下油包水乳液分离能力，分离率在99.8%以上，这为新型油水分离材料的开发提供了思路。     

德国开发新型超级双疏膜

<正>德国马普高分子研究所近日成功开发出一种新型超级双疏(疏水疏油)膜,利用这种膜能够根据需要将二氧化碳等气体富集到溶液和气体中,或者将其从液体或气体中溶出。这些特性主要归因于膜表面的超双疏涂     

Surface hydrophilization of two polyester films by atmospheric-pressure plasma and ultraviolet excimer light exposures

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) films were treated with an atmospheric-pressure plasma (APP) jet and a 172-nm ultraviolet (UV) excimer light in air. The advancing and receding water contact angles on both films decreased after the treatments, especially after APP treatment. After the treatments, the hydrophobic recovery was observed and almost diminished within a week. The dispersive component of the surface free energy of the two polyester films did not change due to the APP and UV exposure, whereas the acid–base component drastically increased after the treatments. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that the polyester film surfaces were oxidized by the treatments. From the AFM images, the topographical change on the film surfaces due to the treatments was clearly observed. It was found that the APP treatment of the PET film prevented the deposition of particulate soils in air due to the decrease in the contact area between the film and the soil particle. Furthermore, the soil release in the aqueous solutions was promoted as a result of the hydrophilization of the polyester films due to the APP treatment.     

PMMA成膜特性的研究

研究了PMMA膜的成膜方法、成膜特性以及作为气敏材料的应用。实验结果表明,PMMA的表面粗糙度与转速密切相关,转速越大,表面粗糙度越小。PMMA的膜厚符合液体动力学方程,旋涂速度越大,膜厚越薄。当旋涂速度为6000rpm时,可得到厚度为42nm的PMMA膜,完全符合气敏材料对膜厚的要求。     

Morphology of fabric finishes consisting of acrylic soil release polymers and durable press reagents

When acrylic emulsion copolymers containing a substantial proportion of methacrylic acid are mixed with durable press reagents such as dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) or dimethylolethyleneurea (DMEU) and applied to fabric in a one-bath application, there is minimal coalescence of polymer dispersion particles. Polymer is embedded in a matrix of condensed methylol reagent which limits swelling of the polymer, in some cases to such an extent that its usefulness as a soil release agent is impaired. The degree of restricted swelling depends upon the soil release polymer and durable press reagents used. Nevertheless, in cases where swelling is severely restricted, excellent soil release is obtained if the matrix is removed sufficiently rapidly in washing. This is more so the case with DMEU than DMDHEU. Some polymer is insolubilized by zinc nitrate used to accelerate reaction of durable press reagent with cotton. Conclusions are based upon electron-microscopic examination of film surfaces of durable press and soil release finishing agents as well as of surfaces of treated fabrics. Further conclusions are drawn from quantitative determination of film solubilities and chemical analysis of insoluble film residues.     

单渗透除草地膜的研究

利用除草地膜在加工冷却过程中内外壁存在的温度差,通过加入成核剂的方法改变膜两面不同的结晶结构,达到单面渗透的效果;研究了不同成核剂及用量对单渗透膜的力学性能和光学性能的影响。采用恒温水浴锅和超声波的方法萃取膜中的乙草胺,用气相色谱测定其含量;用原子力显微镜和X衍射表征了单渗透除草膜的内外壁硬度及结晶度的变化。结果表明:除草膜中山梨醇类成核剂含量在0.2%时单面渗透量由51.7%提高到75.4%,拉伸强度由15.14MPa提高到25.73MPa,而且光学性能也得到明显提高。恒温水浴锅萃取法在温度较高时薄膜易溶解,温度较低时萃取时间长效果不好,而超声波萃取法在常温下25分钟即可全部萃取出乙草胺。     

Evaluation of biocides for treatment of polyvinyl chloride film

The results of a study to determine the biological stability of clear, colorless, biocide-treated PVC film are presented. With the exception of a resistant control, all the PVC film samples tested contained a plasticizer susceptible to biological deterioration. Biocide-treated and control PVC film samples were subjected to biological attack in soil burial. Portions of each sample were exposed to leaching and to weathering in a weatherometer followed by soil burial to test the stability of each biocide to loss by water and weathering exposure. Of the 32 biocide preparations tested only 2, N-(trichloromethylthio) phthalimide and copper 8-quinolinolate, a known effective reference compound, were found to provide good protection for treated film in direct soil burial and in soil burial following leaching and weatherometer exposure. Natural weathering outdoors confirmed the results found with weatherometer exposed samples. The N-(trichloromethylthio) phthalimide was less effective than the reference compound in suppressing surface growth. In addition, N-(trichloromethylthio) phthalimide may not be compatible with all PVC formulations.     

Dynamic Analysis of the Removal of Fatty Acid from a Pet Surface Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance

A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was used to study the removal of stearic acid from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate in aqueous alkali and surfactant solutions. The PET substrate was prepared on a QCM gold electrode by spin‐coating; its properties were examined by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and water contact angle measurements. As a result, the QCM electrode was found to be completely covered with a smooth PET film. To investigate the effect of soil deposition state on its removal, stearic acid (an oily soil model) was deposited onto the PET substrate with the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique or by spraying. The QCM frequency was recorded during the removal of stearic acid from the PET substrate in aqueous solutions. In NaOH solution, stearic acid deposited by the LB method was more rapidly removed than when deposited by the spraying method. However, the LB films of stearic acid were difficult to be removed in surfactant solutions. With respect to removal behavior of spray‐deposited stearic acid in surfactant solutions, the results determined by the QCM method were compared with those from microscopic image analysis. The removal efficiencies in the sodium dodecyl sulfate solution were in good agreement between the two methods. However, in the alkyl ethoxylate solution, the removal efficiencies obtained by the QCM method were larger than those from microscopic image analysis. These experimental results were explained by the removal mechanism of stearic acid by the alkali and surfactant solutions.     

Effect of ferric salt of orange peel solid fraction on photo-oxidation and biodegradability of LDPE films

The present study is concerned with accelerating photo-oxidation and biodegradability of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film in the presence of orange peel solid fraction (OPS), especially its ferric salt (OPSFe). Orange peel was made free from essential oils and pigments and then turned into a fine powder. The rate of photo-oxidative degradation of pure LDPE film and the blend samples, containing OPS/OPSFe at 0?C5?wt% in combination with PE-g-MA as a compatibilizer at 1?wt% of LDPE, in exposure to artificial sunlight was monitored by determination of carbonyl index derived from FTIR spectroscopy and the variations in mechanical properties in terms of UV-irradiation time. The original and irradiated samples (300?h) were buried in agricultural soil simultaneously and their biodegradation was evaluated by weight loss measurement, optical microscopy, and also calculation of carbonyl index derived from FTIR spectroscopy. The results obtained revealed that OPSFe acts as a significant accelerator in photo-oxidation and subsequent biodegradation of LDPE in soil enviornment. It is concluded that by incorporating small amount of Fe³⁺ ions into the polymer blend, photo-oxidative degradation of LDPE film is much more developed. Increase in OPSFe loading contributes to enhance the rate of photo- and biodegradability of LDPE films.     

Deacetylation behavior of binary blend films of cellulose acetate and various polymers

For binary blend films of cellulose acetate (CA) and various polymers, the elution behavior of the polymers from the CA films in different environments (i.e., soil, water) was examined. For the CA film containing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), the PEG eluted to the periphery of the film completely. On the other hand, polyvinylpyrrolidone blended with CA remained in the CA film. A CA film containing acrylic acid was prepared, and this film was heated. The elution of acrylic acid was inhibited by its polymerization. These results suggested that the internal polymers were capable of remaining in the CA film by polymer entanglement. Second, we examined the deacetylation and biodegradation behavior of CA films containing polymers with a phosphoric acid moiety in the side chain, such as poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphoric acid ester) [poly(HEMA‐P)]. Poly(HEMA‐P) had the ability to deacetylate the CA, and the biodegradation rate of the CA films containing poly(HEMA‐P) increased in comparison with that of the nonadditive CA films. The elution of internal 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphoric acid ester was inhibited by the copolymerization with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate or crosslinking. In the case of both 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate phenyl phosphoric acid ester and 10‐methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, the acetone‐soluble polymers were obtained by radical polymerization in a mixture of acetone and water. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1816–1823, 2006     

Comparison of mechanical and degradation properties of EG and EGDMA grafted gelatin films

Thin films of gelatin were prepared from gelatin granules in aqueous medium by casting and its mechanical properties like tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), and elongation at break (Eb %) were studied. Gelatin films were procured with two types of monomers such as 5% ethylene glycol (EG) and 5% ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) to increase the mechanical properties. Five percent of monomer solutions were prepared in MeOH along with 2% photoinitiator; Irgacure-651. Soaking time and UV radiation intensities were optimized with the extent of polymer loading (PL) and the mechanical properties of the cured films. Comparing the properties of EG and EGDMA treated gelatin film, EG showed the best performance. The EG-cured gelatin film with 5?min soaking time showed the highest tensile strength (58.6?MPa) and elongation at break (11.2%). The water uptake was determined for raw film (500.1%), EG grafted gelatin film (375.3%), and EGDMA grafted film (412.9%). The degradation properties in water and soil were determined for the raw and cured gelatin films. It was observed that the raw film degrades more than that of the treated films.     

降解地膜对不同作物应用试验

通过光降解地膜与普通地膜对不同作物生长情况影响的对比应用试验,揭示了光降解地膜在减少土壤残膜污染的同时,与普通地膜具有相同的提高地温、保墒、增加产量、提高效益等作用。