Calculated thermal behavior of ventilated high precision radio telescopes

Radio telescopes that operate at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths need a reflector-surface precision of a few tens of microns and a pointing accuracy of a few arcseconds. When built in a conventional way from steel and aluminum, as in the case of larger-diameter telescopes, thermal control must be applied to reduce temperature-induced deformations, in particular of the reflector backup structure. We illustrate that it is possible to make model calculations - for instance, during the design phase - that simulate the thermal behavior and the operation of a telescope when servo-loop-controlled ventilation or climatization (air-conditioned ventilation) of the backup structure is applied. We explain the technique of model calculations, and present as an example the calculated thermal behavior of a ventilated 64-m-diameter telescope and of the climatized 30-m IRAM telescope. It is explained that the thermal control of a telescope mount is less demanding if frequent pointing corrections can be made.     

基于DSP和FPGA的望远镜伺服控制系统设计

针对交流永磁同步电机驱动的大型望远镜的高精度、低速平稳运行问题,研制了一套基于浮点数字信号处理器（DSP）和现场可编程逻辑门阵列（FPGA）的驱动控制器。该控制器以DSP 作为主控制器,FPGA 作为协控制器,主控制器完成控制算法、接受指令等功能,协控制器实现PWM 产生、电流采集、速度检测等功能。根据永磁同步电机矢量控制原理建立了永磁同步电机的数学模型,进行了永磁同步电机控制器的硬件设计;在硬件设计的基础上,采用自适应PI 对望远镜的低速控制性能进行了研究。实验结果表明:当望远镜以32.4 （）/s 匀速运行时,速度波动范围为0.648 （）/s;当对望远镜做最大速度为1（）/s,最大加速度为1（）/s2 的正弦引导时,最大引导误差为9.72 ,引导误差RMS 值为3.24 ;该驱动控制系统能够实现望远镜的低速平稳运行,满足大型望远镜伺服控制系统的性能要求。     

基于多体系统理论的光电望远镜误差建模分析

大型光电望远镜在空间目标探测和天文观测中发挥的作用越来越大,它的探测能力、指向精度是影响其发展的主要因素。首先分析了影响望远镜指向精度的各个误差,然后根据多体系统理论,构造望远镜拓扑结构,在此基础上建立其空间误差指向模型。根据得到的指向误差模型,分析研究了三轴误差对方位测角误差和俯仰测角误差的影响。区别于传统球谐方法,该误差指向模型更全面的综合了各项误差,对进一步的误差分配和误差补偿具有一定的指导意义。     

53cm双筒激光测距望远镜控制系统的设计与实现

研制53 cm双筒激光测距望远镜的快速平稳伺服控制系统,以实现快速空间目标的跟踪测量。模块化设计并构建望远镜的控制系统,伺服驱动器完成电流和速度的闭环,运动控制器实现位置环和复合PID算法。对控制机箱进行集成,并对控制器进行嵌入式开发,由控制器负责实时的运动控制,而上位机软件进行任务管理和人机交互。自定义通信协议以克服通信延时和VC++定时精度不高的问题,并提出位置二次闭环与混合PID的控制策略以提高望远镜的跟踪精度。实验结果表明:该望远镜在以3(°)/s的匀速运动和低轨卫星跟踪过程中,精度在5″内;在低速运动和中高轨卫星的跟踪中,能够达到角秒量级的精度,经测试该望远镜能快速平稳地跟踪400 km以上空间目标,并满足指标要求。     

望远镜系统误差动态修正的一种新方法

系统误差的实时修正是保证望远镜观测精度最基本的条件之一。利用靶场试验数据进行计算机仿真,结果表明：与传统的单项误差法相比,球谐函数法对望远镜系统误差修正的精度在方位和俯仰方向上分别提高了30％和50％。并首次将该方法应用到了望远镜的系统误差动态修正中。     

A simulation of the thermal behaviour of the UK-NL millimeter wave telescope

To keep the thermally induced average telescope deformations within 15 μm, a thermal design goal has been set which limits the temperature difference between all locations in the panels, backing structure and subframe to 1°C. Temperature gradients are caused by non-homogeneous exposure and by difference in response to a changing exposure for elements with different time constants. Thermal model simulations are used to identify the critical elements in the thermal design of telescope and enclosure. It is shown that an enclosure with a highly reflective paint with high infrared emissivity on the outside surface and an inside zinc coating with low infrared emissivity works as a highly effective radiation shield. A sprayed aluminium coating on the telescope makes free convection the dominant heat transfer mechanism. An enclosure with louvres works as a chimney forcing the inside air temperature to follow the ambient temperature to within a few degrees. The resulting temperature stratification in the area where the telescope reflector is located does not exceed 1.5°C. Structural analysis shows that temperature gradients in the subframe cause reflector surface deformations with a regular pattern, like gravitational deformations, which means that an error budget summation based on independent rms values is not necessarily valid. Knowing the structural analysis coefficients for differential thermal expansion one can decide which time constants in backing structure and subframe have to be matched to achieve optimal performance.     

相移干涉计量中相移器的原路相干相位检测标定

介绍一种原路相干相位检测的标定方法,该方法具有很高的精度,对相移器的线性没有特别要求,相移器的标定与使用是同一光路,消除了标定光路与使用光路不同所带来的误差     

分块式空间望远镜的波前校正方法

对于同时具有可变形分块式主镜和变形镜的空间望远镜光学系统,提出一种基于小波分解的并联波前校正法.该方法根据分块式主镜和变形镜的空间校正能力不同,利用小波分析的多分辨率分析的特点按不同尺度分解波前误差,将空间频率高于主镜空间带宽的各层波前误差合并为高频波前误差由变形镜校正,余下的低频误差由主镜校正;应用MATLAB小波工具箱对并联波前校正法进行数学仿真,并与依光路顺序的串联波前校正法进行比较,结果说明基于小波解耦的并联校正法波前校正精度高于串联校正法,适用于空间望远镜光学系统.     

65m射电望远镜天线结构指向精度分析与设计

针对国内口径最大、精度最高的65 m射电望远镜天线,分析计算了其结构指向精度。介绍了轨道组合、枢轴组合和测角装置等关键部件的精度设计过程和结构误差,以及其他重力和环境因素引起的误差。通过结果分析、现场实测和长期工作,证明了天线结构设计指向精度的均方根误差达到11.8″,去掉系统误差,天线指向精度的均方根误差有望达到2″的精度。     

Integrated system and control design of a one DoF nano-metrology platform

Mechanical vibrations and precision of conventional positioning systems are limiting factors for using nano-metrology tools directly in production environments. Vibrations cause relative motion between workpiece and inspection tool, which distorts measurements at the nanometer level. To enable robot based in-line nano-metrology, this paper proposes a metrology platform that is mounted on a robot arm and maintains a constant and precise relative distance to the workpiece by means of a control loop. This paper presents the mechatronic system design of a 1 degree of freedom (DoF) metrology platform for tracking a vibrating sample in the sub-nanometer range. By incorporating control relevant requirements in the mechanical and electrical design, which is supported by a dynamic error budgeting analysis, the implementation of a high bandwidth feedback loop is enabled. The metrology platform consists of a 1 DoF Lorentz actuator with gravity compensator, a low stiffness flexure-based guiding mechanism and a moving mass of 4 kg with high structural resonance frequencies. A high-bandwidth PD based controller that utilizes the signal of an interferometer is implemented for feedback control. Experiments show a tracking error of 4 nm RMS when exposing the sample under test to on-site measured vibrations, which complies with the dynamic error budgeting analysis. This demonstrates viability of the implemented mechatronic design for in-line metrology applications requiring sub-nanometer precision.     

衡器在计量测试中的应用分析

衡器的精准度对国内外贸易有着重大的影响,在计量测试工作中的重要性不容忽视.文章基于衡器在计量测试中的应用优势,对其发展现状及待解决的问题进行分析,最终就其未来的发展走向展开探讨,以期引起人们的重视,将衡器更好地应用于计量测试工作中.     

Estimating dynamic positioning errors of coordinate measuring machines

Modern industrial production requires fast and automated quality control using state-of-the-art surface metrology sensors embedded in fast high-precision measuring machines. In order to achieve both fast and precise positioning, active control systems with model-based compensation of dynamic positioning errors due to increased acceleration forces can be applied. However, these active control systems require an accurate estimate of the dynamic positioning errors of the tool-center-point (TCP) with respect to the precisely measured position of the drive axes. A novel optical camera sensor system with high subpixel precision based on multi-spot detection enables the direct measurement of the TCP position at a slower rate than the sampling time of the control system and with significant latency or dead-time. Based on a general yet simple deviation model with large model mismatch, three approaches to estimate the TCP position are presented and compared with simulation and test bench results of a modified Mahr MFU 100 measuring machine. First, a multi-rate Kalman filter with delay compensation is designed based on a simple physical modal model generalizing the applicability of the concept for different types of measuring machines and machine tools. Second, additional sensors in form of accelerometers placed at the TCP are used to obtain an indirect measurement of the TCP position at a fast sampling rate to reduce the effect of the model mismatch. Third, instead of additional sensors, an alternative concept consisting of enhanced Gaussian process modeling to improve the model accuracy with a data-based error model is incorporated in the Kalman filter framework in form of fast pseudo-measurements outperforming the other approaches.     

Spontaneously deployable structure for space diffractive telescope

In order to satisfy the demands for diffractive telescopes in space exploration, a new deployable space diffractive telescope is designed. The structure and geometrical sizes of the spontaneously deployable telescope are preliminarily designated through the Serrurier truss principle and the optimized design theory. The finite element model of the deployable structure is established, and its deployed characteristics are analyzed. The prototype of the spontaneously deployable structure is constructed and some experiments are carried out to study its characteristics. Experimental results indicate that the deployable structure is 2.95 m in length, its repetitive deployed precision can reach less than 2 mm, the off-center error is less than 0.3 mm, and its deployed precision can be adjusted to micrometer level by actuators when it has deployed. It has simple structure, low mass, steady and reliable deployment, as well as higher precision for space diffractive telescopes.     

高斯光束聚焦光学系统研究

研究了高斯激光经过失调望远镜系统聚焦的特点。通过改变失调望远镜系统两透镜间距获得不同距离处的小光斑,推导出了它们之间的关系式,为聚焦参数的计算提供了方便的计算依据。分析了工程应用中应考虑的失调望远镜系统的装配尺寸的限制和装调误差影响等问题,提出了在确定的聚焦要求下,选择聚焦光学系统参数的方法。     

X射线聚焦望远镜的支撑结构设计与力学实验分析

掠入射X射线聚焦望远镜的支撑框架结构设计是望远镜研制的关键技术之一。国内规划中的XTP卫星低能聚焦望远镜拟采用基于超薄玻璃的X射线聚焦望远镜方案,针对望远镜样机严苛的光学和力学性能要求,经过结构选型优化,设计了一种一体化的六边形桶式望远镜支撑结构。利用有限元软件对支撑结构进行了模态分析和频率响应分析,并与力学实验进行了对比验证。结果表明,该支撑结构具有较大的结构刚度,望远镜结构在发射环境下不会发生破坏性改变,满足力学性能要求。该支撑框架结构简洁、装配精度高,具有良好的工艺性,为望远镜的研制提供了参考。     

船载雷达光轴晃动对修正参数标定的影响

船载雷达标校望远镜光轴、标校电视光轴在天线不同状态下会产生不同程度的晃动,可达角分量级,在利用反向法标定雷达零位和轴系误差时,会给标定结果带来较大误差。针对此问题,提出了通过分别检测天线在正向、反向状态下标校望远镜光轴与标校电视光轴间不平行度以判定光轴是否存在晃动的方法,同时提出了利用大地测量成果精确解算光轴俯仰晃动量的方法,给出了解算模型,试验表明解算精度满足雷达标校要求。在此基础上给出了当光轴存在俯仰晃动时,俯仰零位、俯仰光电偏差、天线重力下垂误差等相关参数标定的改进数据处理模型。     

高精度瞄准镜零位走动量检测研究

为了解决高精度瞄准镜性能检测难点——检测各种环境试验条件下的零位走动量,设计了基于CCD图像检测技术的测试系统,该系统通过对高精度瞄准镜连接座上定位点试验前后位置测量,获得定位点位置差量,依据位置差量调整枪镜固定基座,使瞄准镜的连接座上的定位点复原至试验前位置,进而测量、计算出零位走动。通过对平行光管、CCD光学系统焦距的计算和系统精度分析,并经实际工程应用可知,测量精度不大于2.16",测量范围不小于4320",达到检测指标要求。结果表明,该测试系统检测方法正确可靠、检测精度高,为高精度瞄具零位走动的检测提供了方法。     

白天卫星激光测距望远镜指向误差修正方法研究

白天卫星激光测距时,由于望远镜机架受太阳辐照和温度变化等因素影响,指向误差时变性较大,影响了对白天卫星的精确跟踪指向。针对卫星过境天区,提出了一种通过白天恒星监视,实现望远镜局部指向误差快速修正的方法,消除环境温度变化效应,实现高精度望远镜指向。以中国科学院上海天文台60 cm口径卫星激光测距系统为平台,应用短波截止滤光技术,实现了对亮于3等恒星的白天监视;并在卫星过境天区选择到6到7颗恒星进行观测,建立望远镜局部指向误差修正模型,以满足白天激光观测需求。该方法对白天卫星测距特别是高轨卫星等具有一定应用价值,也可推广到其他需白天目标观测的望远镜系统。     

光电式倾角传感技术研究

介绍一种二维光电倾角仪,该仪器采用液体摆原理,由激光器、望远镜、二维PSD器件等部分组成,可获得良好的精度与稳定性,角分辨率小于1角秒     

Model based reference metrology for dimensional characterization of micro- and nanostructures

The requirements on the precision of dimensional metrology are especially stringent in the area of semiconductor manufacturing. This holds in particular for the measurement and control of the linewidths of the smallest structures on masks and silicon wafers and their corresponding reference metrology. In this paper we will describe the physical models and the reference instrumentation which were developed for photomask linewidth metrology at the PTB. It will be shown, how the results of the different methods can be used for comparative analyses. Application of these methods will be demonstrated exemplarily on the basis of newly developed photomask linewidth standards.