烧结气氛对Ni-Fe尖晶石陶瓷致密化和导电性能的研究

制备了不同气氛下烧结的NiFe2O4陶瓷材料,研究了烧结气氛和烧结温度对NiFe2O4。陶瓷物相组成、致密度、导电率和显微组织的影响。结果表明：NiFe2O4在N2气氛下烧结时,晶格发生部分畸变,但物相组成不发生改变;与空气条件下烧结过程相比,N2气氛在保证材料获得较高的致密度和导电率的同时,有效降低了烧结温度。NiFe2O4陶瓷在N2气氛中1250℃烧结时,致密度为93．20％,960℃下的导电率20．83S／cm,气孔率为6．80％,平均晶粒粒径为4～5μm。     

钙钛矿型La1-xBxMnO3(B=Sr,Ca)粉体及块体材料的制备研究

钙钛矿型La1-xBxMnO3 (B= Sr,Ca)陶瓷具有随温度变化改变自身红外发射率的性质,是当前国内外航天器智能热控材料的研究热点.本工作采用固相反应合成法制备La1-xBxMnO3 (B=Sr,Ca)粉体,研究了粉体的反应过程及工艺参数对粉体纯度的影响,实验结果表明,在1200℃下保温6h后,合成出的粉体具有较高纯度.在合成高纯度粉体的基础上,采用冷压成型-常压烧结工艺制备La1-xBxMnO3( B= Sr,Ca)块体材料,研究了烧结温度、保温时间等工艺参数对块体质量的影响,结果表明,在1200～1400℃范围内,随着烧结温度的提高,块体的密度和维氏硬度提高,当烧结温度为1400℃时,块体的密度最高,质量最好;而在烧结温度1400℃下,随着保温时间的延长,块体的密度进一步提高,而维氏硬度却有所下降.     

微波烧结SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料

采用微波烧结的方法,在烧结温度分别为680℃,710℃,740℃,770℃,800℃制备了15％的SiCp／Al复合材料。探讨温度对材料的致密度和力学性能的影响。结果表明：致密度和材料硬度及冲击韧性随温度变化呈马鞍形,在770℃样品的密度和硬度及冲击韧性达到最佳值,分别为2．62g／cm3,42．6MPa,40J／cm2。结论：用微波烧结SiCp／Al复合材料可在短时间内使样品达到烧结致密化,缩短烧结时间,节约能源。     

原位合成TiB2-TiC0.8-SiC复相陶瓷的微观组织与性能研究

利用热压烧结方法原位合成了TiB2-TiC0.8-SiC复相陶瓷。通过光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对材料物相组成和微观结构进行表征。研究了热压条件下烧结温度对材料物相组成、结构及力学性能的影响。结果表明:烧结温度在1700-1950℃范围内,随着温度的升高,材料的致密度、抗弯强度和断裂韧性都有显著改善。烧结温度为1900℃可得到完全致密的原位合成TiB2-TiC0.8-SiC复相陶瓷,材料的晶粒发育比较完善,条状TiB2和块状TiC0.8晶粒清晰可见。复合材料的维氏硬度、断裂韧性和弯曲强度分别达到23.6 GPa,(7.0±1.0)MPa.m1/2和470.9 MPa。当温度达到1950℃时,由于增强相TiB2晶粒长大,材料的强度降低。TiB2、TiC0.8与SiC颗粒协同,通过裂纹偏转、晶粒拔出、晶粒细化等机制对复合材料起到颗粒增强增韧的作用。     

烧结温度对莫来石增强磷酸铬铝材料的制备与性能影响

以固相烧结莫来石为增强体,制备了莫来石增强磷酸铬铝基复合材料。研究了烧结温度对复合材料的微观结构和性能的影响。采用SEM、XRD、EDS等检测手段对复合材料的物相结构及断面的微观形貌进行分析,使用万能试验机测试其材料的抗折强度,并使用矢量网络分析仪分析材料的介电性能。结果表明,随着烧结温度的升高,复合材料中莫来石的晶粒依次增大,材料致密度、介电常数增加,抗弯强度增加,但过高的烧结温度下抗弯强度会降低。当烧结温度为1 500℃时,材料的抗弯强度为107 MPa,平均介电常数为3.57。     

MgO、Y2O3对AlON透明陶瓷粉体合成的影响及其密实化研究

采用固相反应法合成γ-AlON粉体,并利用无压烧结制备γ-AlON透明陶瓷。重点研究了MgO、Y_2O_3添加剂的引入对固相反应合成γ-AlON粉体的合成温度、物相组成的影响及其规律,并尝试性地探讨其反应机理。结果表明,MgO的加入可以起到降低反应温度的作用,使AlON的合成温度降低至1500℃,且合成产物物相纯度较高;而Y_2O_3的添加会促进氮化,使原料中的Al2O3被显著氮化。在此基础之上,以添加MgO的γ-AlON合成粉体为原料进行烧结致密化,并优化了烧结工艺。测试结果表明,在最佳烧结工艺下制备的样品致密度高,在2.5~6μm的红外波段内可透光,最高透过率可达22.12%。     

NASICON纳米晶固体材料的制备与烧结致密化

以常规无机试剂和含硅有机试剂为原料，采用溶胶-凝胶过程与压制成型烧结相结合的方法制备了NASICON纳米晶固体材料，利用TG—DTA对前驱凝胶原粉进行了分析测试，结果表明，NASICON相结构的形成温度范围为750-890℃．实验中重点对800-1000℃烧结所得纳米晶材料进行了表征．目的产物的XRD、FT—IR、FE—SEM、IS结果以及阿基米德法致密度测量结果显示，采用合适的烧结温度和周期可以成功制备出具有纳米级颗粒尺寸、良好结晶特性和较高致密度的固体电解质NASICON材料．材料电学特性测试结果表明，所制备的纳米晶固体电解质材料具有良好的离子导电特性和合理的离子传导激活能，其复合电导与温度倒数的Arrhenius图具有很好的线性关系，并且具有较高结晶特性的材料显示出更高的离子电导率．     

氧化铝基复合陶瓷物理和力学性能的研究

采用热压烧结致密化工艺,在1 550,1 600,1 650℃3个不同的烧结温度下,烧结制备了Si3N4含量从0.25w%到6w%的Al2O3/Si3N4纳米复相陶瓷.对所制备的试样进行了密度、硬度、断裂韧性的测试.实验结果表明,所有试样达到了较高的致密度,且致密度随烧结温度的升高而增加.硬度在Si3N4含量为0.75w%和3w%时达到峰值.韧性在Si3N4含量3 w%达到峰值.材料的性能较纯Al2O3陶瓷有较大幅度提高.     

Nb-Si超高温材料的放电等离子烧结(SPS)工艺研究EI北大核心CSCD

以Nb,Si粉末为原料,采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术制备了二元Nb-Si超高温材料,研究了烧结温度、保温时间、加热速率和冷却速率等工艺参数对材料物相组成、微观组织和室温力学性能的影响。结果表明:烧结温度在1300℃以上时,材料主要由Nbss(铌基固溶体)和α-Nb5Si3两相组成,材料的致密度和室温力学性能随着烧结温度的升高而不断提高,在1600℃制备的材料力学性能最好;在1600℃时,随着保温时间的延长,材料的物相组成和微观组织基本没有变化,而其力学性能有小幅度提高;较慢的加热速率和烧结完成后较快的冷却速率均有利于提高材料的室温力学性能。应用优化后的SPS工艺,制备出了室温综合力学性能优异的Nb-Si超高温材料。     

烧结温度对TiAl合金块体材料组织和性能的影响

采用机械合金化和等离子烧结工艺成功制备细晶TiAl合金,研究不同烧结温度(750~1050℃)对所得块体材料的显微组织和力学性能的影响。XRD研究发现:完全固结的块体材料主要由γ-TiAl和α2-Ti3Al相组成。采用SEM和TEM观察块体材料的显微组织。当烧结温度为950℃时,所得的块体材料致密度高,接近完全致密化,其压缩屈服强度为2106 MPa。当烧结温度大于950℃时,致密度未发生明显变化,块体材料的屈服强度有所下降。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...