二硅化钼抗氧化性的研究进展

MoSi2具有良好的高温抗氧化性，但是低温容易发生“粉化瘟疫”现象。首先介绍了MoSi2及其复合材料低温“粉化瘟疫”的现象和机理，提出了预防“粉化瘟疫”的方法，然后介绍了MoSi2基复合材料的高温抗氧化性能以及抗高低温循环氧化的能力。总结认为低温加速氧化是MoSi2的本质现象，而“粉化瘟疫”不是MoSi2的本质现象。     

高钼低铌钢中铌的测定

在高钼低铌钢中的铌的测定中,钼对铌的测定存在严重的干扰.本文介绍了使用显色剂氯代磺酚S在强酸条件下,加入掩敝剂消除钼离子的影响后,与铌生成11深蓝色的络合物.在3mol/L盐酸介质中,加入适量新型柠檬酸混合掩蔽剂就能有效地消除钼的干扰.通过多项平行试验筛选出合适的掩蔽剂用量、显色剂用量、给出加快络合反应速度的条件.本方法测定数据稳定,准确度高,速度快,能有效地应用于生产.     

高钼低铌钢中铌的测定

在高Mo低Nb钢中的Nb的测定中，Mo对Nb的测定存在严重的干扰。本文介绍了使用显色剂氯代磺酚S在强酸条件下，加入掩敞剂消除钼离子的影响后，与铌生成1 1深监色的络舍物。在3mol／L盐酸介质中，加入适量新型柠檬酸混合掩蔽刑就能有效地消除钼的干扰。通过多项平行试验筛选出合适的掩蔽剂用量、显色剂用量、给出加快络舍反应速度的条件。本方法测定数据稳定，准确度高，速度快，能有效地应用于生产。     

High-temperature fracture and fatigue-crack growth behavior of an XD gamma-based titanium aluminide intermetallic alloy

A study has been made of the effect of temperature (between 25 °C and 800 °C) on fracture toughness and fatigue-crack propagation behavior in an XD-processed, γ-based titanium aluminide intermetallic alloy, reinforced with a fine dispersion of ∼1 vol pct TiB₂ particles. It was found that, whereas crack-initiation toughness increased with increasing temperature, the crack-growth toughness on the resistance curve was highest just below the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) at 600 °C; indeed, above the DBTT, at 800 °C, no rising resistance curve was seen. Such behavior is attributed to the ease of microcrack nucleation above and below the DBTT, which, in turn, governs the extent of uncracked ligament bridging in the crack wake as the primary toughening mechanism. The corresponding fatigue-crack growth behavior was also found to vary inconsistently with temperature. The fastest crack growth rates (and lowest fatigue thresholds) were seen at 600 °C, while the slowest crack growth rates (and highest thresholds) were seen at 800 °C; the behavior at 25 °C was intermediate. Previous explanations for this “anomalous temperature effect” in γ-TiAl alloys have focused on the existence of some unspecified environmental embrittlement at intermediate temperatures or on the development of excessive crack closure at 800 °C; no evidence supporting these explanations could be found. The effect is now explained in terms of the mutual competition of two processes, namely, the intrinsic microstructural damage/crack-advance mechanism, which promotes crack growth, and the propensity for crack-tip blunting, which impedes crack growth, both of which are markedly enhanced by increasing temperature.     

Fracture behavior of niobium by hydrogenation and its application for fine powder fabrication

Fracture behavior of pure niobium (Nb) by several hydrogenation procedures has been investigated to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of hydrogen pulverization, which can then be used to produce fine Nb powders with high purity. Concentric cracks and microcracks were introduced in recrystallized Nb specimens, leading to pulverization, when they absorb hydrogen enough to form a large volume of the face-centered orthorhombic β-NbH phase. This hydride phase exhibits anisotropic expansion of Nb lattice and embrittlement. Thus, the fracture of Nb plates occurs in the following sequence: hydrogen absorption, the formation of the ordered hydride phase, strain generation arising from the phase transformation, and crack nucleation and propagation. The authors also show that Nb powders less than 1 μm were prepared by hydrogenation and ball-milling at a temperature below 203 K, in which hydrogen was removed by dehydrogenation at above 724 K. Thus, fine and contamination-free Nb powders can be effectively fabricated by using hydrogenation, ball-milling, and dehydrogenation procedures.     

Contact carbon impregnation of molybdenum and niobium castings

Conclusions The results are presented of a metallographic study of the surface zone of castings from niobium and molybdenum poured into graphite molds. Differences in the character of carbon diffusion into molybdenum and niobium castings are examined. The characteristics of the diffusion processes investigated are explained in the light of information on the electronic structure of the molybdenum, niobium, and carbon atoms.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 11(71), pp. 39–41, November, 1968.     

Formation of the structure and properties of molybdenum disilicide films during solidification on silicon

Physical metallography is used to study the phase composition, structure, and physical properties of thin (100–600 m) molybdenum disilicide films formed on silicon. The main factors which affect film properties are the chemical composition of the starting material, sputtering conditions, heat treatment, the phase state of the substrate, and impurities. It is established that solidification kinetics depend on the orientation of the silicon single-crystal substrate.Institute of Materials Science Problems, Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Kiev. Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Nos. 3/4(384), pp. 50–54, March–April, 1966. Original article submitted April 25, 1994.     

Intermetallic compound layer growth at the interface of solid refractory metals molybdenum and niobium with molten aluminum

The growth mechanisms and growth kinetics of intermetallic phases formed between the solid refractory metals Mo and Nb and molten aluminum have been studied for contact times ranging from 1 to 180 minutes at various temperatures in the range from 700 to 1100°C. The growth of the layers of the resulting intermetallic phases has been investigated under static conditions in a saturated melt and under dynamic conditions using forced convection in unsatured aluminum melts. The Nb/Al interfacial microstructure consisted of a single intermetallic phase layer, Al₃Nb, whereas two to four different phase layers were observed in the Mo/Al interface region, depending upon the operating temperature. It was found that, in a satured melt, the intermetallic phase growth process was diffusion-controlled. The parabolic growth constants of the first and second kind and integral values of the chemical diffusion coefficients over the widths of the phases were calculated for both Mo/Al and Nb/Al systems. It also was found that the AlNb₂ phase grew between the Nb and Al₃Nb phases after consumption of the saturated Al phase. Similarly, the AlMo₃ phase grew between the Mo and Al₈Mo₃ phases with diminishing of all the other existing compound phases. In an unsaturated melt, the intermetallic phase layer grows at the solid surface while, simultaneously, dissolution occurs at the solid/liquid interface. This behavior is compared to the growth mechanisms proposed in existing theories, taking into consideration that interaction occurs between neighboring phases. It was found that the intermetallic phase, Al₈Mo₃, adjoining the base metal, was not bonded strongly to the base metal Mo and was brittle; its hardness also was larger than that of the layer near the adhering aluminum and the adjacent phases.     

The orientation dependence of fatigue-crack growth in 8090 Al-Li plate

A series of fatigue-crack growth rate (FCGR) tests was carried out on 8090 Al-Li plate to examine the effects of specimen orientation on fatigue-crack growth. The directionality of fatigue fracture behavior is found to be related to the strong {110}〈112〉 texture in this alloy. Based on a previously developed transgranular FCGR model using restricted slip reversibility (RSR) concepts, [1] a mechanistic model is developed for transgranular fatigue-crack growth in highly textured materials. The model takes the form of the Paris relationship with a power law exponent of 3, and the material texture is shown to strongly influence the proportional factor. The effect of texture on FCGR is related through a geometric factor cos² ϕ, where ϕ defines the angle between the load axis and the normal of the favorable slip plane. The effect of specimen orientation on FCGR in 8090 Al-Li alloy is shown to be related to a combination of its anisotropic mechanical properties and the variation of angleϕ with specimen orientation. The model further predicts that fatigue-crack growth rates will be slower in many textured materials than texturefree materials becauseϕ > 0 and cos₂ ϕ < 1.     

Role of matrix/reinforcement interfaces in the fracture toughness of brittle materials toughened by ductile reinforcements

Crack interactions with ductile reinforcements, especially behavior of a crack tip at the interface, have been studied using MoSi₂ composites reinforced with Nb foils. Effects of fracture energy of interfaces on toughness of the composites have also been investigated. Variation of interfacial bonding was achieved by depositing an oxide coating or by the development of a reaction prod- uct layer between the reinforcement and matrix. Toughness was measured using bend tests on chevron-notched specimens. It has been established that as a crack interacts with a ductile re- inforcement, three mechanisms compcte: interfacial debonding, multiple matrix fracture, and direct crack propagation through the reinforcement. Decohesion length at the matrix/reinforcement interface depends on the predominant mechanism. Furthermore, the results add to the evidence that the extent to which interfacial bonding is conducive to toughness of the composites depends on the criterion used to describe the toughness and that ductility of the ductile reinforcement is also an important factor in controlling toughness of the composites. Loss of ductility of the ductile reinforcement due to inappropriate processing could result in little improvement in tough- ness of the composites.     

Consolidation of molybdenum disilicide based materials by hot isostatic pressing (HIP): comparison with models

Monolithic molybdenum disilicide (MoSi₂) powder and MoSi₂ powders blended with ductile and brittle reinforcements were consolidated by hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The extent of densification of the consolidated samples as a function of temperature, pressure and time was determined by precision density measurements. HIP diagrams were constructed based on theoretical models. Material properties, required as input for the HIP map software, were compiled or extrapolated from published literature, experimentally determined and in some cases were estimated from the rule of mixtures. The model predictions were compared with experimental data and dominant mechanisms of densification were identified.     

Interaction behavior of nitrogen in liquid niobium

The kinetics and mechanism of absorption/desorption of nitrogen in liquid Nb were investigated in the temperature range of 2470 °C to 2670 °C in samples levitated in a N₂/Ar stream with various nitrogen partial pressures. The nitrogen solution reaction in liquid Nb was found to be exothermic, with the standard enthalpy and entropy of solution of −236.4 ± 23.3 kJ/mol and −-5.3 ± 8.3 J/K · mol, respectively. Above the threshold flow rate of the N₂/Ar stream, the absorption process was determined to be second order with respect to nitrogen concentration, indicating that the rate-controlling step is either the adsorption of nitrogen molecules on the liquid surface or dissociation of adsorbed nitrogen molecules into surface-adsorbed atoms. The desorption process was found to be second order as well. At lower flow rates, however, the absorption rate was found to depend on the gas-phase mass transfer rate. The rate equation for nitrogen absorption in the range of 2470 °C to 2670 °C is given by with the value ofQ calculated to be −327.2 ± 20.6 kJ/mol, while nitrogen desorption at 2670 °C follows the relation      

Interaction of silver and phosphorus with zirconium, niobium, and molybdenum

Interaction of components in the systems (Zr, Nb, Mo)−Ag−P is studied by X-ray analysis and phase diagrams are constructed at different temperatures for various phosphorus contents. Ternary compounds are not found in the systems studied. In the Zr−Ag−P system silver dissolves in phosphide Zr₁₄P₉ up to the limiting composition Zr_10.8Ag_3.2P₉. Comparative analysis is performed for interaction of components in (Zr, Nb, Mo)−(Cu, Ag)−P systems. L'vov State University. Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Nos. 1–2(405), pp. 36–39, January–February, 1999.     

铌对高钢级管线钢中第二相析出与奥氏体晶粒长大行为的影响

基于双亚点阵模型,计算了两种不同铌含量的高钢级管线钢在不同温度下Nb、Ti和Al的析出量,测定了不同加热温度和保温时间下奥氏体晶粒尺寸,建立两种钢奥氏体晶粒长大模型.发现Nb含量增加提高了其全固溶温度,并且温降过程中Nb析出量显著增多,在晶界两边析出的细小碳氮化物对奥氏体晶粒长大有显著的阴碍作用.高铌钢加热温度为1250℃时奥氏体晶粒显著粗化,预测模型也不同于1050~1200℃的模型,但相同保温温度下晶粒尺寸明显小于低铌实验钢.通过数据拟合计算出高铌钢的长大激活能远远高于低铌钢,再次证明高Nb的管线钢在1200℃以下能够有效地细化奥氏体晶粒,预测模型与实验值吻合较好.