盐酸精氨酸葡萄糖注射液中葡萄糖含量的测定

目的建立测定盐酸精氨酸葡萄糖注射液中葡萄糖含量的方法。方法选择适宜的pH值,然后通过考察该pH值下溶液旋光度与盐酸精氨酸和葡萄糖浓度的线性关系并测定盐酸精氨酸的比旋度,建立旋光法测定葡萄糖含量的计算公式。结果测定pH值为4.2。在此pH值下,盐酸精氨酸和葡萄糖混合溶液的旋光度与盐酸精氨酸浓度和葡萄糖浓度的复相关系数为0.9999,线性范围分别为2.3～3.0g/100ml和1.8～3.2g/100ml;测得盐酸精氨酸的比旋度为11.54。结论盐酸精氨酸和葡萄糖的旋光度具有加和性,从测得的旋光度中扣除盐酸精氨酸的旋光度,即是葡萄糖的旋光度,葡萄糖的含量可按公式c=2.0852(α-0.1154c1)计算。     

利用便携式血糖仪测定酱油中的葡萄糖

目的:建立一种方便、快速检测酱油中葡萄糖的方法。方法:用便携式血糖仪检测市售酱油中的葡萄糖,并进行重复性试验、回收试验、线性试验。结果:5种不同品牌酱油的葡萄糖浓度分别是25.38、8.28、31.86、8.82、12.06g/L,标准差SD为0.129,批内CV为2.9%,回收率99.9%～101%,平均回收率100.4%,线性方程为y=4.2608x+2.5929,相关系数R2=0.9991,在0.5～5g/L范围内线性关系良好。结论:便携式血糖仪能检测酱油中葡萄糖含量,为检测酱油中的葡萄糖提供了一种便捷的方法。     

Catalytic efficiency of immobilized glucose isomerase in isomerization of glucose to fructose

Glucose isomerase (GI) from Streptomycesrubiginosus was immobilized covalently onto Eupergit C 250 L made by copolymerization of N,N-methylene-bis-methacrylamide, glycidyl methacrylate, allyl glycidyl ether and methacrylamide. The catalytic efficiency of immobilized GI in isomerization of glucose to fructose was found as three fold higher than that of free GI. The residual activity of immobilized GI after 18 reuses in a batch type stirred reactor was about 85% of its initial activity. The thermal stability of immobilized GI was almost same with that of the free GI at 60 °C for 18 h preincubation time. The residual activities of immobilized GI when stored at 5 °C and 25 °C for four weeks were 72% and 69% of the initial activity, respectively. However, free GI retained 88% and 78% of its initial activity at 5 °C and 25 °C upon four weeks storage, respectively. Thus, the use of Eupergit C 250 L immobilized GI instead of free GI is suggested in enzymatic isomerization of glucose to fructose.     

Optimising glucose conversion in the production of reduced alcohol wine using glucose oxidase

The use of a glucose oxidase (GOX)-catalase enzyme system for the production of reduced-alcohol white wine is investigated. The process reduces alcohol potential by converting glucose to gluconic acid. Trials were conducted with grape juice and model solution to determine key factors affecting the activity of the GOX system, and to optimise the process for use with grape juice. Under our processing conditions, the low pH of grape juice was found to be a dominant limiting factor in the rate and extent of glucose conversion by GOX. An optimised process for glucose conversion (up to 87%) was developed after investigation of the effects of enzyme dosage, sparging, aeration and mixing rates, and temperature. Maximum GOX activity was observed during the first 4 to 6 h of treatment, after which a significant decrease in the rate of gluconic acid formation and glucose degradation occurred. An expected increase in titratable acidity and concurrent decrease in pH during GOX treatment was also observed, and is attributable to an increase in the juice gluconic acid concentration of ca 73 g/l.     

Duodenal glucose increases glucose fluxes and lactose synthesis in grass silage-fed dairy cows

The effect of intestinal glucose supply on whole body rate of glucose appearance (WBGRa) and mammary utilization of glucose was studied in four lactating dairy cows. Glucose (0, 443, 963 and 2398 g/d) was continuously infused in the duodenum over 14-d periods using a Latin square design. A grass silage-based diet was formulated so that treatments were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and contained 100 and 110% of energy and protein requirements according to INRA (1989). The WBGRa was measured by the [6,6-(2)H2]glucose dilution technique, and mammary glucose balance by arteriovenous differences and blood flow measurements. Duodenal glucose infusion increased arterial glucose concentrations linearly, whereas arterial concentrations of insulin, growth hormone, and glucagon were not changed. The WBGRa increased linearly with increasing glucose loads. The increase represented 42% of the intestinal glucose supplement. Mammary blood flow dramatically increased (up to 45%) and was associated with a significant increase of arterial insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations. Mammary gland rate of glucose disappearance ([6,6-(2)H2]glucose measurement) increased linearly, whereas net mammary balance of glucose, lactose, and milk yields increased quadratically. Net mammary balance of glucose accounted for 60% of WBGRa, except for the greatest dose (47.6%). The decrease in milk yield with 2398 g/d of glucose may be explained by an imbalance in intracellular intermediate concentrations. The milk ratio of glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate decreased significantly at the greatest infusion of glucose. In conclusion, exogenous glucose supply to a grass silage-based diet increased WBGRa, mammary utilization of glucose and milk synthesis.     

Conversion of glucose in lactase-hydrolyzed whey permeate to fructose with immobilized glucose isomerase

The maximum conversion of glucose to fructose in lactase-hydrolyzed whey permeate by glucose isomerase was approximately 52% at .1 g enzyme/ml substrate after 7 h incubation at 60 degrees C. Removal of minerals from the substrate was essential for enzyme activity. The dependence of the enzyme on Mg++ and Co++ for activity in the presence of high ash concentration was demonstrated. Optimum Mg++ and Co++ additions were 250 and 100 ppm, respectively. The isomerization reaction was enhanced more when both 100 ppm Mg++ and 50 ppm Co++ were added. Hydrolyzed isomerized lactose whey syrup with sweetness equivalent to sucrose was successfully produced through enzymatic isomerization of glucose in lactase-hydrolyzed whey permeate after supplementation with pure glucose. Fructose in hydrolyzed isomerized lactose whey syrup was effectively separated from other sugars by Dowex 1X8-200 anion exchange resin in the bisulfite form.     

Evaluation of glucose dose on intravenous glucose tolerance test traits in Holstein-Friesian heifers

Glucose metabolism in dairy and beef cattle has received considerable attention because balanced blood glucose is essential for numerous processes, such as milk production and general health. The glucose tolerance test measures the ability of an organism to regulate blood glucose levels. Glucose half-life time (GHLT) has high heritability and could serve as a potential parameter to breed for metabolic resistance. However, studies focusing on identification of an adequate glucose dose have not yet been conducted in cattle. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of 5 different glucose doses (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 g/kg of body weight^0.75) on intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivGTT) traits and insulin responses in nongestating heifers. A total of 150 tests were performed in 30 Holstein-Friesian heifers aged 13 to 15 mo. Blood samples were obtained every 7 min after glucose injection until min 63. Glucose traits and insulin parameters included blood serum glucose and insulin concentration at min 0 (basal concentration), min 7 to 21 (peak glucose and insulin concentration), and min 63 (last sampling) relative to glucose administration, glucose and insulin area under the curve (GAUC and IAUC), and GHLT estimated between min 14 and 42. Serum glucose and insulin concentrations were measured according to the hexokinase colorimetric method and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Generalized linear mixed model was used to test for significant differences in ivGTT traits, insulin responses, and glucose elimination rates (k) over time at different glucose doses. Maximum glucose and insulin concentrations at min 63 increased with higher glucose doses. Significantly lower GHLT were obtained at increasing glucose doses, whereas GAUC and IAUC were significantly higher at increasing doses. The k values were affected by glucose dose and by time interval. Glucose dose greatly affected most ivGTT traits, insulin responses, and glucose elimination rates. Therefore, researchers should standardize their methods to achieve repeatable results and use the same time points for GHLT calculation. Higher glucose doses (≥1.5 g/kg of body weight^0.75) triggered glucose concentrations above the glucose renal threshold during the initial 42 min, whereas the lowest glucose concentration failed to induce a maximum insulin response. Further research is necessary to determine an adequate dose inducing maximum insulin responses with minimum renal glucose losses.     

Amperometric assessment of glucose electrode behaviour in mixed solvents and determination of glucose in dairy products

An amperometric biosensor based on a ruthenium(III), nickel(II) and iron(II) hexacyanometallate (HCM)-modified graphite electrode and immobilized glucose oxidase has been used for the determination of glucose in water-miscible organic solvent/aqueous buffer mixtures. Although the specific activity of biochemically active molecule such as enzyme is reduced in organic environment, it was established that the presence of water soluble organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile (φ = 10%) enhance the biosensor response. Hydrogen peroxide, produced by enzyme-catalysed reduction of glucose, was measured in phosphate buffer solution (pH = 6.86) at −50 mV against a reference Hg|Hg₂Cl₂|3 M KCl electrode to determine the concentration of glucose. The influence of the addition of different volume fractions (φ = 10–60%) of methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile and isopropanol on biosensor response was investigated. The obtained amperometric signals were fast, reproducible and linearly proportional to glucose concentrations in the range of 0.1–0.8 mM, with a squared correlation coefficient of 0.9994 for buffer solution. With the addition of ethanol (φ = 10% and 40%) the plateau on I/c curve was obtained for concentrations of glucose higher than 0.8 and 1.1 mM, respectively. The biosensor proved to be stable for several months. The recoveries of added glucose (0.200 and 0.300 mM) from aqueous solution and from solution with ethanol φ = 10% ranged from 96.0% to 108.0%. The biosensor was used for the determination of glucose in some food samples of dairy industry, and the results were consistent with those obtained with the commercially available glucose enzyme photometric kit.     

Enzymic determination of glucose in foodstuffs

Determination of D-glucose in foodstuffs was performed either with free glucose oxidase or with glucose oxidase bound to a glycidylmethacrylate polymer. Glucose oxidase immobilised on a nylon net was used for preparation of an enzyme electrode specific for glucose. Results of analyses obtained by the enzymic methods were compared with the determination of glucose by a common Steinhoff method and ion exchange chromatography.     

Effect of abomasal glucose infusion on splanchnic and whole-body glucose metabolism in periparturient dairy cows

Six periparturient Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas and permanent indwelling catheters in the hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein, mesenteric vein, and an artery were used to study the effects of abomasal glucose infusion on splanchnic and whole-body glucose metabolism. The experimental design was a split plot, with cow as the whole plot, treatment as the whole-plot factor, and days in milk (DIM) as the subplot factor. Cows were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: the control (no infusion) or infusion (1,500 g/d of glucose infused into the abomasum from the day of calving). Cows were sampled at 12 d prepartum and at 4, 15, and 29 DIM. To study portal-drained visceral uptake of arterial glucose, [U-¹³C]glucose was continuously infused into the jugular vein on sampling days. Postpartum, voluntary dry matter intake and milk yield increased at a lower rate with the infusion compared with the control. The net portal flux of glucose increased with the infusion compared with the control, and 67 ± 5% of the infused glucose was recovered as increased portal flux of glucose. The net hepatic flux of glucose was lower with the infusion compared with the control; however, the net hepatic flux of glucose per kilogram of dry matter intake was not affected by treatment. The arterial concentrations of glucose and insulin decreased and concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids increased from prepartum to 4 DIM with the control, but these effects were not observed with the infusion. The arterial concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate decreased more from prepartum to 4 DIM with the infusion, compared with the control. Uptake of arterial [U-¹³C]glucose in the portal-drained viscera was affected neither by the infusion nor by the DIM and averaged 2.5 ± 0.2%. The whole-body glucose supply changed to be less dependent on the recycling of lactate (Cori cycle) with the infusion. It was concluded that small intestinal glucose absorption is an efficient source of glucose to the peripheral tissues of dairy cows in very early lactation. At least 67% of the available glucose was recovered in the portal vein without affecting hepatic gluconeogenesis. Infused cows produced less milk and had a lower feed intake, indicating that an improved glucogenic status in very early lactation impaired metabolic adaptations to lactation.     

Electrochemical determination of glucose using polyaniline electrode modified by glucose oxidase

Polyaniline (PANI) enzyme electrode was formed by immobilisation of Glucose oxidase (GOx) via glutaraldehyde into electrochemically polymerised PANI on graphite electrode. Electrochemical polymerisation of PANI on graphite was performed from aqueous solution of 1.0 mol dm⁻³ HCl and 0.25 mol dm⁻³ aniline at constant current density of 2.0 mA cm⁻². Hronopotentiometric curves of the PANI enzyme electrode obtained at current density of 10 μA cm⁻² were recorded in different glucose concentrations. The linearity response range was between 1.0 and 5.0 mmol dm⁻³ of glucose concentration. The estimated apparent Michaelis–Menten constant, was K_m^′ = 0.30 mmol dm⁻³, which is significantly lower than that of free enzyme.     

Rapid determination of (carbon-14) glucose specific radioactivity for in vivo glucose kinetics.

Specific radioactivity of blood glucose was determined by use of a Dowex-1 anion-exchange column after (carbon-14) glucose was infused for in vivo kinetics. The first 20-ml eluate of protein-free blood filtrate from the column was discarded; then 10 ml was collected, lyophilized, and counted in a liquid-scintillation counter. Glucose concentration was determined and specific radioactivity calculated. Kinetic results were comparable to those obtained with the more laborious glucose-pentaacetate procedure.     

Spectrophotometric determination of glucose in foods by flow injection analysis with an immobilized glucose oxidase reactor

 A stopped-flow injection analysis system for the determination of glucose is described, based on the iodometric measurement of hydrogen peroxide generated in a glucose oxidase reactor. The detection of the iodine–starch complex was carried out spectrophotometrically. The calibration curve was linear up to 2 mmol l^-1 glucose, with a correlation coefficient, r, of 0.9996. The relative standard deviation was 1.6% (n=5) for 1.0 mmol l^-1 glucose. A sample frequency of 25 samples h^-1 was achieved. This method was applied to the determination of glucose in fruit products and the results obtained using this method were in good agreement with those of a routine enzymatic method. A high dilution of the sample avoided interference from ascorbic acid. The enzyme reactor was stable for 1 month after 200 measurements with no loss of activity. Received: 22 March 1996     

Binding of sulphadimidine to glucose in sausage

 The presence of an adduct of sulphadimidine with glucose, i.e. N⁴-glucopyranosyl-sulphadimidine, was demonstrated in raw fermented sausage and batter to which sulphadimidine was added. Identification was performed by HPLC followed by diode array detection. This study demonstrates the need for a hydrolysis step prior to the determination of sulphadimidine for inspection purposes, in food samples containing glucose. Received: 21 October 1998     

葡萄糖氧化酶在面条加工中的应用

葡萄糖氧化酶显著改善面团的强度和弹性 ,能有效地提高面条的咬劲 ,改善面条的表观状态 ,增加耐煮性。通常添加量为 2 0 0 - 30 0 GODUF/kg面粉。在常用的方便面添加剂存在的条件下加工生鲜面 ,添加葡萄糖氧化酶可获得与添加 1 %谷朊粉 (基于面粉添加量 )类似的效果。     

葡萄糖/葡萄糖氧化酶抗菌纸及抗菌性研究

葡萄糖氧化酶是氧化葡萄糖的专一催化酶,具有脱氧、杀菌的功能。通过定性和定量抗菌实验方法研究了葡萄糖/葡萄糖氧化酶体系在以淀粉作为载体和不混合淀粉时施涂于纸张表面的抗菌效果。定性抗菌实验表明,葡萄糖/葡萄糖氧化酶抗菌纸具有良好的抗菌效果。而定量检测结果表明,pH等于5.5时,35℃反应10min,不添加淀粉时,葡萄糖氧化酶最小的抑菌浓度约为70U/m2,葡萄糖足量时,酶用量越高,抗菌率越好;添加0.7g/m2淀粉后,最小抑菌浓度提高到约650U/m2。淀粉对葡萄糖/葡萄糖氧化酶体系的抗菌效果有较大影响,主要原因是淀粉能够促进细菌的繁殖。     

酶法制取葡萄糖的工艺研究

随着现代精细工业的发展,葡萄糖作为基料的社会用量日益增大,用途日趋广泛,制取葡萄糖的工艺研究也成为国内外不间断的课题。本文采用酶法水解与目前先进的过滤、离子交换及蒸发浓缩等下游工程技术结合,研究葡萄糖加工的工艺条件与提高产品纯度和得率的实用技术。通过实验确定最佳工艺条件为：液化时,pH6．0～6．5,温度85℃,时间40min,α-淀粉酶用量0．3％,淀粉浆浓度30％；糖化时,pH4．2～4．5,温度60℃,时间48h,糖化酶用量0．6％。