海藻酸钠作为药物载体材料的改性研究

根据海藻酸钠作为药物载体材料的改性方法不同,分析了近几年国内外的研究成果,主要阐述了海藻酸钠的共混改性和化学改性及各自的载药性能,分析了改性材料在药物载体领域的应用上存在的优势与不足,并展望了海藻酸钠的改性方法及应用。     

海藻酸钠作为药物载体材料的研究进展

综述海藻酸钠作为药物载体材料的研究进展;依据国内外的文献报道来阐述海藻酸盐凝胶材料、海藻酸钠共混材料、海藻酸钠化学改性材料作为药物载体材料的研究进展;海藻酸钠作为药物载体材料有很广阔的应用前景.     

浅谈超声-微波协同辅助提取海藻酸钠的工艺条件

随着我国经济与科技的飞速发展，海藻酸钠作为一种天然高分子物质已被广泛应用．本文详细论述了海藻酸钠的性质、应用前景评就超声一微波协同辅助提取海藻酸钠的工艺进行了详细的分析，希望对广大同仁以后的工作起到一定的借鉴和参考。     

明胶/海藻酸钠(京尼平交联)互穿网络膜的制备与性能

为了提高海藻酸钠与明胶各自的性能,首先,以海藻酸钠和明胶为原料,以京尼平、CaCl2为交联剂,采用分步交联法制备了明胶/海藻酸钠互穿网络膜。然后,利用FTIR对明胶/海藻酸钠互穿网络结构进行了表征与分析,根据FTIR结果推测了互穿网络结构形成的机制。最后,探讨了京尼平的加入量和明胶与京尼平的质量比对互穿网络膜力学性能和交联度的影响,及海藻酸钠与明胶的质量比对互穿网络膜力学性能、断面形貌、热稳定性和吸水保水性能的影响。结果表明:当明胶与京尼平的质量比为200∶1、海藻酸钠与明胶的质量比为2∶1时,互穿网络膜具有最佳的力学性能、吸水保水性能和相容性;此外,互穿网络膜的力学性能也优于纯海藻酸钠膜与纯明胶膜的。明胶的加入提高了互穿网络膜在低温区的热稳定性,但降低了高温区的热稳定性。海藻酸钠与明胶之间可能以分子间作用力、氢键及离子键等相互作用,提高了二者各自的初始分解温度与最大热分解温度。研究解决了海藻酸钠与明胶力学性能差的问题,为拓展海藻酸钠在医用领域的应用提供参考。     

海藻酸钠疏水改性研究进展

针对亲水性海藻酸钠微胶囊的应用局限,总结了4种海藻酸钠疏水改性方法,即酯化法、酰胺化法、开环氧化法、接枝共聚法;介绍了4种方法的新进展并比较了各种方法的优缺点,指出其作为新型材料可拓宽在化工、环保等领域的工业化应用。     

海藻酸钠/壳聚糖载药纳米微球的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外利用天然高分子壳聚糖、海藻酸钠制备载药纳米微球的方法。着重介绍了采用离子交联法和乳化法制备海藻酸钠/壳聚糖纳米微球作为药物载体的研究进展,并对应用前景进行了展望。     

聚乙二醇共价交联海藻酸钠凝胶制备及其药物缓释性能

为了增强海藻酸钠凝胶的稳定性以及对药物的缓释效果,将海藻酸钠用聚乙二醇(PEG200)交联,在水溶液中用对甲苯磺酸催化、经过酯化反应合成了共价交联的海藻酸钠凝胶;通过红外光谱、热重分析和X-射线分析对产物进行了表征。与钙离子交联的海藻酸钠凝胶相比,共价交联海藻酸凝胶在仿生体液中结构稳定,在模拟体液中完全降解时间持续到60天。凝胶对牛血清白蛋白的载药率达到11.5%,显示出明显的缓释效应和pH响应性能,具有作为pH控释和缓释药物载体的应用前景。     

氧化海藻酸钠交联海藻酸钙/明胶(半)互穿网络的制备及性能

以自制的氧化海藻酸钠为交联剂,制备了海藻酸钙/明胶(半)互穿网络((semi)IPNs)。通过材料万能测试仪、扫描电镜、吸水保水率测试详细研究了氧化海藻酸钠的氧化度、海藻酸钠与明胶不同质量比对(semi)IPNs的力学性能、吸湿性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着氧化海藻酸钠氧化度的增加,(semi)IPNs的力学性能、吸水保水性能呈现先增加后降低的趋势,氧化度为80%的氧化海藻酸钠交联制备的(semi)IPNs的性能达到最佳;并且海藻酸钠与明胶质量比为2∶1时所制备的(semi)IPNs的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率达到最大值,此时海藻酸钠与明胶的相容性得到了改善。氧化海藻酸钠交联体系的性能优于或等同于戊二醛交联体系,说明可以采用氧化海藻酸钠代替毒性较大的戊二醛交联蛋白质(如明胶)制备(semi)IPNs。     

添加LDH-ZnO的海藻酸钠基抗菌复合材料研究综述

目的 介绍海藻酸钠基抗菌复合材料的抗菌机理、特点以及在食品包装方面的应用。方法 重点阐述海藻酸钠的成膜机理、纳米氧化锌的抗菌机理,以及具有特殊层状结构的无机功能材料水滑石的抑菌性能,利用在不同改性方法下水滑石与氧化锌结合形成的增强抗菌结构,探究以海藻酸钠为基材制成的海藻酸钠/水滑石/纳米氧化锌复合膜体系的力学、阻隔和抗菌等性能。结论 绿色食品包装材料在现实生活中倍受关注,将海藻酸钠(能完全生物降解,具有良好的生物相容性和热稳定性的环境友好型材料)与水滑石-氧化锌抗菌剂结合,以增强抗菌复合材料的综合性能,符合国内外研究和开发新型抗菌材料的趋势。     

磁性海藻酸钠絮凝剂的制备及其絮凝性能研究

首先用氨基硫脲对海藻酸钠进行功能化改性,然后与磁性纳米Fe3O4发生缩合反应,得到同时具有吸附性和磁性能的杂化海藻酸钠絮凝剂(ST-Fe),IR、XRD及TG的研究结果表明得到了目标产物。用该絮凝剂对重金属离子的絮凝研究结果表明,杂化海藻酸钠絮凝剂对于一些重金属离子吸附容量高,絮凝沉降速度快,分离效果好。其原因归于絮凝剂的纳米结构以及功能化基团。本研究的产物在快速去除污水中的重金属离子具有良好的应用前景。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Investigation of surface modifications in ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber due to tracking under a.c. and d.c. voltages

In the present work, tracking phenomena has been studied with the ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) material under the a.c. and d.c. voltages, with ammonium chloride/acid rain solution as the contaminant. It is noticed that the tracking time depends on the conductivity and flow rate of the contaminant. The physico-chemical analyses viz. wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), thermo-gravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies, were carried out and it was concluded that the tracking process is a surface degradation process. The tracking time is different for a.c. and d.c. voltages.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

The effect of yttrium oxide in hydroxyapatite/aluminum oxide hybrid biocomposite materials: Phase,mechanical and morphological evaluation

This study presents the fabrication and characterization of composite materials of hydroxyapatite and aluminum oxide. Hydroxyapatite powder was obtained from bovine bones via conventional calcination routine. Although hydroxyapatite shows great biocompatibility with the human body, its applications are limited to non‐load bearing areas. For this purpose, fine powders of hydroxyapatite/alumina were admixed with 1 and 5 wt.% yittria. Powder‐compacts were sintered by two‐step sintering route by increasing temperature to 1550 °C for 2 h and then sintering at 1450 °C for 4 h. The effect of increasing yittria content on sintering behavior and mechanical properties was investigated in biocomposite hybrid materials.     

Elektronenstrahl‐Randschichtbehandlung für die Herstellung verschleißbeständiger Auftragschichten auf nichtrostenden Stählen

Stainless steel components exposed to mechanical stresses are subjected not only to corrosion, but to abrasive wear. There are several possibilities for enhancing the wear resistance of stainless steels; however, such processes are very often associated with a reduction in corrosion resistance. This paper presents an electron beam surface treatment technology to significantly improve the wear resistance of austenitic steels (e.g. X6CrNiMoTi17‐12‐2) and duplex steels (e.g. X2CrNiMoN22‐5‐3), without a negative influence on the corrosion behavior. Fe‐ and Co‐additive wires were deposited thermally by electron beam cladding. The cladding layers produced were free of defects such as cracks and pores, and were well metallurgical bonded to the base materials. Microstructural analysis, hardness measurements, wear tests and corrosion tests were carried out. The wear rate k was reduced by a factor of 100 compared to the base materials for electron beam cladding with Fe‐based wire and by a factor of 10 with Co‐based wire. Corrosion resistance was preserved for the Fe‐based cladding layers and slightly increased (by a factor of 3) for the Co‐based cladding layers.     

Investigation on the effect of process parameters in atmospheric pressure plasma treatment on carbon fiber reinforced polymer surfaces for bonding

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) is used extensively in aerospace applications. Acceptance of bonded CFRP structures, mainly for aerospace applications, requires a robust surface preparation method with improved process controls to ensure high bond quality. Consistent repeatability is a factor lacking from many surface preparation processes. Atmospheric pressure plasma surface treatment is one of the robust surface preparation processes that have drawn wide attention in recent years. This process is capable of being applied in a production clean room environment that would minimize the risk of contamination and reduce cost. In plasma surface treatment the process parameters are easily controlled, documented providing a repeatable process with a high level of consistency. In this paper, the process parameters for atmospheric pressure plasma surface treatment and their effect on bonding for Out-Of-Autoclave (OOA) CFRP composite panels were fully investigated. A mechanized machine with sensory feedback to plasma treat surfaces was developed to change the process parameters for application on larger panels. By the aid of Design of Experiment (DOE) methodology critical process parameters were identified and a mathematical regression model was developed. The mathematical regression model was used to quantify the effect of process parameters on the bonding strength and the model was optimized to find the optimum settings.     

Alkoholatkorrosion von Aluminium (EN AC‐48100), Einfluss von Temperatur sowie Ethanol‐ und Wassergehalt

The corrosion behaviour of the aluminium alloy EN AC‐48100 (Al‐17wt%Si‐4wt%Cu‐Mg) was investigated in ethanol fuels with different contents of water (0.05 vol.‐%, 0.2 vol.‐%, 0.35 vol.‐%), at different temperatures (20°C, 60°C, 80°C), and with different contents of ethanol (10 vol.‐%, 25 vol.‐%, 50 vol.‐%, 85 vol.‐%). A interdependency of the corrosion with the temperature and the water content in the fuels was determined. At a temperature of 80°C in an ethanol fuel with less than 0.05 vol.‐% water, strong corrosion starts soon after immersion. An influence of the ethanol content to the degree of corrosion was determined for fuels with ethanol contents below 25 vol.‐% notably. Based on the observations and measurements, a theory for the multi stage character of the corrosion mechanism of aluminium alloys in dry ethanol fuels was developed.     

Tribologische Kennwerte für Reibwerkstoffe

Tribology parameters for friction materials The tribology parameters of the friction materials are currently the coefficient of friction and the wear coefficient. They are determined depending on the material, the surface pressure and the frictional speed. These two parameters are not sufficient for an evaluation of the friction materials on the basis of a wear theory. Their validity is therefore limited. It is proposed to evaluate the friction materials on the basis of the energetic wear theory. The parameters are then the wear energy density, the shear stress of friction and the linear wear intensity. These values can be shown in a diagram and allow for the direct comparison of widely varying friction materials. The reference coefficient of friction is being introduced as a new wear parameter. The determination of the proposed parameters is made on a flywheel test rig, combined with the laser‐optical online measurement of the wear particles. It was possible to demonstrate that the parameters correctly describe the practice‐relevant requirements using two proven friction materials.     

Experimental investigation of a micro-combined cooling, heating and power system driven by a gas engine

An experimental investigation of the performance of a micro-combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system is described. The natural gas and LPG-fired micro-CCHP system uses a small-scale generator set driven by a gas engine and a new small-scale adsorption chiller, which has a rated electricity power of 12 kW, a rated cooling of 9 kW and a rated heating capacity of 28 kW. Silica gel–water is used as working pair in the adsorption cooling system. The refrigeration COP of the adsorption chiller is over 0.3 for 13 °C evaporation temperature. The test facility designed and built is described, which supplies better test-rig platform for cooling, heating and power cogeneration. Experimental methodology of this system is presented and the results are discussed. An energetic analysis of micro-CCHP system is performed as well. The overall thermal and electrical efficiency is over 70%.     

Approach to determine stress strain curves by FEM supported nanoindentation

Nanoindentation is an often used method to characterize the hardness and the elastic modulus of thin coatings. Finding a method to determine the flow curve of thin coatings using analytical or numerical methods is one goal of actual nanoindenter research. In this work an approach is presented to determine the flow curve of materials using nanoindentation and finite element simulation (FEM). This method uses a FEM model of the indentation process. The determination of the flow curve is achieved by iteratively comparing experimental and simulated load‐displacement curves and adapting the modelled plastic behaviour until both curves match. Analytical methods are used to determine boundary conditions for the flow curve and therefore reduce the number of possible solutions. The method is validated on material samples with known flow curves. The forecasted flow curves uniformly show good agreement with experimental measured flow curves. A critical discussion of the results and the future prospects is made.