添加猪皮提取物对猪肉糜香肠品质的影响

研究添加猪皮提取物对猪肉糜香肠品质的影响.采用单因素和正交试验,考察猪皮提取物添加量、猪肉糜香肠煮制温度和煮制时间对猪肉糜香肠的质构、系水力和感官品质的影响,确定猪皮提取物在一定配方的猪肉糜香肠中的最佳添加量及煮制工艺条件.结果表明:猪皮提取物添加量为6％、75℃煮制40min时,猪肉糜香肠质构特性、保水能力和感官品质最佳.     

烟酸处理血粉在猪肉肠制作工艺的应用

将自制的烟酸处理血粉应用于猪肉香肠制作.通过单因素试验考察烟酸处理血粉添加量、VE 添加量以及煮制温度与时间对色泽的影响;在此基础上,以猪肉香肠感官品质为考察指标、通过正交试验优化加工工艺条件.单因素试验表明烟酸处理血粉添加量、煮制温度均对肉肠制品色泽影响很大,而 VE 添加量与煮制时间对肉肠制品色泽影响较小;正交试验结果表明,对肉肠制品品质影响顺序依次是烟酸处理血粉添加量、煮制温度、VE 添加量、煮制时间.烟酸处理血粉添加量0.4%,VE 添加量0.25%,煮制温度90℃,煮制时间50min,产品感官评分最高达9.33分     

亚硝酸钠含量、煮制温度和时闻对蒸煮火腿中亚硝胺形成量的影响及其相关性研究

为探讨加工因素对蒸煮火腿中二乙基亚硝胺(NDEA)形成的影响,分别研究了不同的亚硝酸钠(NaNO2)添加量、煮制温度和煮制时间条件下低温蒸煮火腿中NDEA含量的变化,研究确定了NDEA的形成变化与生产过程中NaNO2含量变化、煮制温度及煮制时间的相关性.结果表明,蒸煮火腿生产过程中NaNO2添加量、腌制和煮制结束时的NaNO2含量和NDEA的形成量具有显著正相关,NaNO2含量升高使NDEA形成量显著(P<0.05)增加;煮制温度和时间都与NDEA形成量呈正相关性,煮制温度比煮制时间其总体相关系数高.     

亚硝酸钠含量、煮制温度和时间对蒸煮火腿中亚硝胺形成量的影响及其相关性研究

为探讨加工因素对蒸煮火腿中二乙基亚硝胺(NDEA)形成的影响,分别研究了不同的亚硝酸钠(NaNO2)添加量、煮制温度和煮制时间条件下低温蒸煮火腿中NDEA含量的变化,研究确定了NDEA的形成变化与生产过程中NaNO2含量变化、煮制温度及煮制时间的相关性。结果表明,蒸煮火腿生产过程中NaNO2添加量、腌制和煮制结束时的NaNO2含量和NDEA的形成量具有显著正相关,NaNO2含量升高使NDEA形成量显著(p<0.05)增加;煮制温度和时间都与NDEA形成量呈正相关性,煮制温度比煮制时间其总体相关系数高。      

鹰爪虾虾仁煮制工艺研究及残留微生物分析

研究了鹰爪虾虾仁在煮制过程中NaCl添加量及煮制时间对感官品质的影响,并对煮制残留微生物的种类进行了初步的分析.结果表明,虾仁经煮制加工后,残留的微生物主要为耐热的芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和环丝菌属(Brochothrix).综合失重率、质构、色差等各项指标的测定及感官评定,确定鹰爪虾虾仁的最佳煮制工艺为:NaCl添加量2%;煮制时间5～7min,加工过程中应根据虾仁的大小规格对煮制时间进行适当调整,小规格的虾仁对应的煮制时间可适当减少.     

鹰爪虾虾仁煮制工艺研究及残留微生物分析

研究了鹰爪虾虾仁在煮制过程中NaCl添加量及煮制时间对感官品质的影响,并对煮制残留微生物的种类进行了初步的分析。结果表明,虾仁经煮制加工后,残留的微生物主要为耐热的芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和环丝菌属(Brochothrix)。综合失重率、质构、色差等各项指标的测定及感官评定,确定鹰爪虾虾仁的最佳煮制工艺为:NaCl添加量2%;煮制时间5～7min,加工过程中应根据虾仁的大小规格对煮制时间进行适当调整,小规格的虾仁对应的煮制时间可适当减少。      

用玉米蛋白膏制作香肠

<正> 日前以肉类原料为主,补加动植物蛋白生产肉制品的前景是众所周知的.敖德萨罗蒙诺索夫工学院对用玉米油粕提取的玉米蛋白膏加工煮制香肠的可能性进行了研究.香肠是按照有效的工艺规程加工制成的.他们在试验肠中,选用浓缩大豆蛋白制作的香肠为对比肠,玉米蛋白膏的添加量正好等于对比肠中浓缩大豆蛋白的添加量,从而探讨了玉米蛋自膏对煮制肠质量的影响.评定制品按九级分制进行,统计处理得到的平均数据列入表1.     

煮制加工对绿豆中黄酮含量的影响

煮制过程是绿豆饮料加工的重要步骤,试验分别考察了料液比、煮制温度、煮制时间和p H值对绿豆煮制液中黄酮含量的影响,在单因素试验基础上通过正交试验对影响黄酮含量的因素进行了优化研究。试验结果表明:煮制温度和p H值对煮制液黄酮含量影响显著。最佳的煮制工艺参数为:p H值为7.5,煮制温度80℃,煮制时间1.6 h,料液比为1∶10(g/m L)。在此条件下,煮制液中黄酮含量为1.90 mg/m L。     

蒸煮火腿煮制工艺对二乙基亚硝胺(NDEA)形成量的影响

本研究采用了GC/MS方法测定了蒸煮火腿中二乙基亚硝胺(NDEA)含量,在此基础上研究了煮制温度和时间对NDEA形成的影响,并对煮制过程中游离氨基酸含量的变化与NDEA形成量的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,在50～60℃内NDEA形成量较少,70℃以上,随温度的升高NDEA形成量不断增加;煮制时间在100min内,NDEA形成量随时间的延长逐步增加,超过100minNDEA形成量维持不变;煮制温度和时间都与NDEA形成量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),说明了煮制温度和时间是影响NDEA形成的重要因素;相关分析表明,天冬氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸、精氨酸、丙氨酸和酪氨酸的含量变化与NDEA形成量的相关性较高,r值范围在0.69～0.80。     

天然红色素部分替代亚硝酸钠在牛肉制品中的研究

为减少牛肉制品中亚硝酸钠的添加量和残留量,选取天然水溶性红色素红曲红、胭脂虫红,天然脂溶性红色素辣椒红、番茄红和甜椒红5 种天然红色素,通过煮制、烤制以及煎制3 种烹饪方式对牛肉进行处理,研究不同色素对牛肉制品红度值a*和亚硝酸钠残留量的影响。结果表明：当煮制牛肉中辣椒红和红曲红添加量均为0.032%,亚硝酸钠添加量为0.006%;烤制和煎制牛肉中甜椒红和红曲红添加量均为0.032%,亚硝酸钠的添加量为0.006%时,试验组的红度值a*与对照组没有显著性差别（p＞0.05）,而亚硝酸钠的残留量降低了53%。     

Nutrient composition of australian fresh retail sausages and the effects of cooking on fat content

Three types of fresh sausages (beef, thick and thin; and pork, thick) were purchased in ten Sydney suburbs and analysed as composite samples for proximate principles, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids and cholesterol. Fat, moisture and meat species were also analysed in individual purchases. In a controlled experiment replicate samples of sausages were analysed for moisture and fat, raw and after cooking by grilling, dry-frying, shallow-frying and deep-frying. Results indicated widespread use of cow, pig and sheep meat in all types of sausages regardless of label identification. Some purchased sausages exceeded regulation limits for fat and starch content. Fat retention was lowest in beef sausages cooked by frying rather than grilling. Pork sausages retained most of their fat on cooking, regardless of method.     

杀菌温度对乳化肠中脂肪酸组成和脂肪氧化的影响

为明确脂肪对不同熟化温度下（80 ℃,30 min、90 ℃,30 min、100 ℃,30 min和121 ℃,20 min）猪肉乳化香肠挥发性物质的影响,采用感官评价、电子鼻（Electronic nose,E-nose）和固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用技术（Solid-phase microextraction coupled-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,SPME-GC-MS）对添加或不添加脂肪的乳化肠在不同熟化温度下挥发性物质进行分析。结果表明,添加脂肪的乳化肠,熟化条件为100 ℃,30 min的样品风味最好,添加脂肪可提高乳化肠脂香味、硫磺味、哈喇味和青草味的感官强度,抑制高温乳化肠肉香味和蘑菇味的感官强度;电子鼻能有效区分添加脂肪或不添加脂肪的样品,但80 ℃,30 min组的样品无法有效区分;添加脂肪的样品中,除100 ℃,30 min组和121 ℃,20 min组外,电子鼻能很好的将不同熟化温度的样品区分开。SPME-GC-MS结果显示,8个处理组共检测出56种挥发性化合物,己醛、庚醛、辛醛、戊醛、壬醛、1-辛烯、1-辛烯-3-醇和甲硫醇等关键化合物的含量随熟化温度的升高而增加。偏最小二乘判别分析（Partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA）筛选出己醛、戊醛和n-己酸乙烯酯是不同熟化温度乳化肠气味差异的潜在标志物。采用正交偏最小二乘判别分析（Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA）筛选出添加与不添加脂肪的样品在4种熟化温度下的差异化合物分别为17种、17种、22种和25种。以上结果表明,熟化条件相同,添加脂肪的样品挥发性物质含量显著高于不添加脂肪的样品,100 ℃,30 min的熟化条件更有利于乳化肠风味的形成。

     

转谷氨酰胺酶改善PSE 猪肉西式香肠质构特性的研究

探讨转谷氨酰胺酶(transglutaminase,TG)及处理工艺对PSE 猪肉香肠质构特性的影响。测定在不同TG 质量分数、TG 处理时间、加热方式的条件下PSE 肉和正常肉(red,firm and non-exudative,RFN)肉糜蒸煮损失、凝胶强度和色度指标。结果表明：添加0.3% 的TG 可显著提高香肠的凝胶强度,但蒸煮损失也会增加;4℃条件下TG 处理的时间以2h 为宜;在20℃热水中升温加热比在75℃热水中直接加热所形成的凝胶强度大、蒸煮损失小;TG 质量分数和处理时间对凝胶色泽无显著影响,加热方式对凝胶的亮度(L*)和红度(a*)有显著影响。TG 处理可促进猪肉蛋白质的交联,改善PSE 猪肉西式香肠的质构品质。     

绿茶提取物添加及脂肪替代对低脂猪肉香肠品质及脂质氧化稳定性的影响

采用柯罗纳油或预乳化后的柯罗纳油取代50％的猪后背脂肪,并添加不同含量的绿茶提取物(100 mg/kg或1000 mg/kg)制作低动物脂肪猪肉香肠.对蒸煮后不同处理香肠的感官特性及脂肪氧化稳定性进行分析.结果表明直接采用植物油部分替代动物脂肪并不影响产品颜色(亮度和红度)、硬度和变形性,显著改善了产品的脂肪氧化稳定性...     

Utilization of chickpea flour in sausages

'English' type fresh skinless sausages were prepared in which some of the meat (mutton, pork or beef) was replaced on a protein to protein basis by chickpea flour. The acceptability of mutton sausages containing chickpea flour was not affected at levels of substitution up to 40%, whereas pork and beef sausages were significantly less acceptable at substitution levels above 30%. In all the sausages incorporation of chickpea flour led to increased cooking losses and softer textures. Incorporation of chickpea flour caused discoloration of the raw sausages which became more prominent during storage at 0°C.     

Effect of Antioxidants and Cooking on Stability of n-3 Fatty Acids in Fortified Meat Products

ABSTRACT: This study was carried out to determine the effect of processing and cooking on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) stability and to determine the efficacy of antioxidants (ANTI) to minimize lipid oxidation in cooked n-3 PUFA-fortified meat products. An emulsion of n-3 PUFAs (25% algal oil) was incorporated into ground turkey, pork sausages, or restructured hams (500 mg n-3 PUFA/110 g meat) with or without an "antioxidant cocktail" containing citrate (0.5% w/w), erythorbate (1 g/kg product), and rosemary (0.2% w/w). Ground turkey and pork sausages were frozen 2 d, then cooked to 71°C, and stored at 4°C for 2 d. Cooked, restructured hams were sliced, vacuum packaged, and stored at 4°C, or frozen and thawed with subsequent storage at 4°C. Treatments were CON (control), n-3 (n-3 PUFAs), CON + ANTI and n-3 + ANTI. Products were analyzed for color, lipid oxidation (TBARS and peroxide values), and n-3 PUFA profile. TBARS of n-3 PUFA-fortified treatments in ground turkey and pork sausages increased with storage ( P < 0.05); there were no changes in TBARS for CON + ANTI and n-3 + ANTI groups ( P > 0.05). For restructured hams nitrite curing appeared to delay lipid oxidation such that antioxidant treatment effects were unobservable ( P > 0.05). Overall recovery of n-3 PUFAs after heat processing was 69% to 85%, and there was no effect of storage on n-3 PUFA concentration in raw or cooked products ( P > 0.05). Sensory scores for n-3 treated restructured hams were lower than controls ( P < 0.05). Results suggested that cooking resulted in some losses of n-3 PUFAs in fortified meat products and that an "antioxidant cocktail" protected against lipid oxidation during subsequent storage in non-cured meat products.     

血浆蛋白粉与海藻酸钠对猪肉火腿肠品质的影响

考察血浆蛋白粉、海藻酸钠、蒸煮温度与蒸煮时间对猪肉火腿肠(PMS)品质特性(蒸煮损失率、色泽、硬度、弹性)的影响,以期获得低脂低盐高蛋白肉制品。结果表明:血浆蛋白粉显著降低PMS的蒸煮损失率和L*值,显著改善PMS的硬度(P<0.05);海藻酸钠能显著改善PMS的保水能力,但会导致PMS硬度和弹性的显著降低(P<0.05),而对PMS色泽无显著影响(P>0.05);优选的PMS加工条件为:血浆蛋白添加量2%,海藻酸钠添加量0.2%,85℃蒸煮20min。在此条件下,加工的猪肉火腿肠品质较佳。     

Effect of hot-boned pork on the quality of hurdle treated pork sausages during ambient temperature (37 ± 1 °C) storage

The study was aimed at evaluating the suitability of hot-boned pork and pork fat for processing shelf-stable pork sausages using hurdle technology and the different hurdles incorporated were low pH, low water activity, dipping in potassium sorbate solution, vacuum-packaging and post-package reheating. Emulsion stability and cooking yield did not Izatnagardiffer significantly among hot- and cold-processed sausages. Despite the same emulsion pH, the sausages from hot-boned pork had significantly higher fat content. Colour and texture profiles of pork sausages were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by hot processing. During storage at ambient temperature (37 ± 1 °C), various physico-chemical characteristics, namely pH, TBARS and tyrosine values, of hot- and cold-processed sausages, did not differ. Hot-processing markedly increased the total plate counts of the sausages, but a significant difference was absent for anaerobic counts between treatments at any particular storage interval. Cold-processed sausages had the higher lactobacillus counts throughout the storage period. Sensory evaluation revealed that hurdle-treated pork sausages from hot-boned pork were equally suitable as those from cold-boned pork up to day 6 at ambient temperature.