以膨胀硫化石墨为基质的氯化钙/氯化钡-氨两级复合吸附式制冷循环实验研究

相对于单级吸附式制冷,两级吸附式制冷对热源温度和环境冷却温度适用范围更广。本文采用膨胀硫化石墨为基质,研制了氯化钙/氯化钡-氨两级吸附式制冷系统并进行了实验研究。吸附床采用传热传质强化后的新型固化吸附剂,利用新型非翅片式填充方式,有效降低了吸附系统的质量,增加了紧凑性。结果表明:两级吸附式制冷系统可以很好地适应热源温度低于100℃的工况,其性能在多数工况下高于单级吸附式制冷,系统COP与SCP随氯化钙解吸时间先增加后减小,COP最大可达0.27,SCP最大可达132.5 W/kg。     

以硫化石墨为吸附剂基质的再吸附制冷性能分析

相比于传统的吸附式制冷,再吸附制冷作为一种新型的制冷方式,其结构更加简单,并且其制冷性能系数也比相同条件下的吸附式制冷系统要高,故有较好的应用前景。但受到吸附剂的传热传质性能的限制,难以实现高效的再吸附制冷。本文利用硫化石墨作为吸附剂的基质,对其导热系数以及渗透率进行了测试比较,优选吸附剂。并且针对再吸附制冷系统建立了相关数学模型,分析不同工况条件下吸附剂工质对的性能。对整个再吸附制冷过程进行模拟仿真,从而得到不同工况下的制冷性能。结果表明,采用新型复合吸附剂的再吸附系统,COP最大可达到0.3以上,SCP最大可达到161 W/kg。     

两级吸附式制冷工质对性能实验研究

本文针对不同两级吸附工质对CaCl_2-Na Br-NH3,CaCl_2-BaCl_2-NH3,SrCl_2-BaCl_2-NH3与SrCl_2-NH4Cl-NH3进行了实验研究,同时模拟了两级吸附制冷样机的工作性能。结果表明:SrCl_2-NH4Cl-NH3与CaCl_2-Na Br-NH3的循环吸附量可以分别达到理论值的95.4%与88.6%;对于不同两级吸附工质对,样机系统的COP、制冷量与SCP分别介于0.215~0.285、2~3.65 k W与161.4~260.74 W/kg;采用硫化石墨配置吸附剂能够大幅度提高两级制冷系统的SCP,以CaCl_2-BaCl_2-NH3为例,与采用普通石墨作为基质相比,采用硫化石墨的系统SCP最高可以提高40.2%。     

分体式双床连续型吸附制冷系统的设计开发

本文设计开发了一种吸附式制冷系统,采用分体式双床结构,以85~100℃的低品位热水作为驱动热源,通过两个吸附床对制冷剂-水的交替吸附和解吸,实现连续制冷。吸附床采用翅片管式换热器,翅片表面涂覆了新型研制的13X分子筛-氯化钙复合吸附剂,涂覆厚度仅0.15 mm,加速了吸附/解吸速率以及传热速率。蒸发器采用盘管和水盘结构,且从上而下呈阶梯状间隔分布,保证蒸发时换热管表面均进行高效的沸腾换热。冷凝器的设计上增加了不凝气体排放装置,可在系统运行的过程中随时抽取不凝性气体,维持了冷凝器的高换热效率。还从强度、密封性以及装配结构紧凑性等方面对各个换热器箱体结构进行了优化设计。此外,所述吸附制冷系统循环中引入了回质和回热过程。基于此循环模式,对系统性能进行了测试可知:以85℃的热水作为解吸热源时,系统制冷功率为7.7 k W,性能系数COP为0.467,SCP为380 W/kg,平均耗电量1.23 k W。     

氯化钙/膨胀硫化石墨复合吸附剂非平衡吸附性能

研究中采用膨胀硫化石墨作为基质,研制了一种新型氯化钙复合吸附剂,研究中测试了氯化钙复合吸附剂的非平衡吸附性能。研究表明：当冷凝温度由25℃变化到35℃,蒸发温度由-10℃变化到15℃时,密度为400kg/m3、质量分数为80%的氯化钙复合吸附剂样品的吸附量变化范围是0.4015kg/kg~0.4585kg/kg,与采用膨胀石墨为基质的复合吸附剂相比,吸附量变化不大。实验中氯化钙/膨胀硫化石墨的吸附/解吸时间约为3300s,与采用普通膨胀石墨相比,循环时间缩短了33%。在冷凝温度为30℃条件下,密度为400kg/m3、质量分数为80%氯化钙复合吸附剂最大SCP(单位质量吸附剂制冷功率)为65.75 W/kg,与采用普通膨胀石墨相比,SCP提高了48%。     

固体吸附式制冷系统新型针刺板吸附床数值模拟研究

固体吸附式制冷系统中吸附床内填充的吸附剂是一种多孔材料,由于多孔结构的存在,床体与吸附剂颗粒及吸附剂颗粒之间存在较大的热阻,因而存在传热速率慢,传热不均匀的缺点;在已有的板翅式吸附床基础上提出了一种新型针刺板吸附床,利用针刺丰富的扩展表面作为传热面,解决吸附剂内传热速率慢、温度场不均匀的问题。     

低温热源驱动的二级吸附冷冻循环实验研究与性能分析

在冷冻应用方面,传统的吸附式制冷工质对在热源温度低于90℃、冷凝温度高于25℃的条件下,很难实现-10℃以下的冷冻。为了实现100℃以下的太阳能或废热利用,这里提出了二级吸附式制冷循环,建立了性能测试实验台。采用CaCl2-BaCl2-NH3作为工质对,利用85℃热源驱动,测试不同蒸发温度与冷凝温度下吸附剂的吸附与解吸性能。结果表明,二级吸附式制冷能够实现-20℃下的冷量输出,同时,冷却水温度为25℃时,氯化钙的循环吸附量、二级吸附式制冷COP与SCP分别为0.598kg/kg,0.24,106.6W/kg。     

吸附式制冷中固定床导热性能改进研究

本文对吸附式制冷系统中固定床的传热机理进行了实验探索.利用苯胺单体在吸附剂颗粒表面化学氧化聚合,形成均匀连续的高分子导热网,使吸附剂的有效导热系数提高到原来的4-10倍,对吸附剂的吸附性能无明显影响.实验分析了改性的吸附剂挤压成型强化吸附床层的传热,利用导热胶降低吸附剂与吸附换热器表面间接触热阻的效果,获得了一种较全面改进热交换性能的技术方法,在强化传热和热传导的同时,未影响吸附剂的传质性能,为吸附式制冷系统的产业化提供了新的技术路线.     

一种太阳能吸附制冷用复合吸附剂的研究

利用分子筛巨大的比表面积以分子筛为载体通过浸泡CaCl2溶液的方法制备复合吸附剂,在模拟实际使用条件下,对不同浓度CaCl2溶液制备的复合吸附剂的吸附、解吸性能进行了测定.并将吸附解吸性能最好的复合吸附剂在自制的模拟制冷装置上进行了制冷实验.结果表明,复合吸附剂具有良好的吸附、解吸性能,最大吸附量达46.93%,在自制模拟装置上系统COP达0.25,SCP为0.078w/g,符合太阳能吸附制冷的要求.     

低品位热能驱动的热化学吸附变温器冷热复合储能研究

本文介绍了一种基于热化学吸附变温器原理的冷热复合储能技术,在此基础上采用热化学吸附工质对NaBr-NH3搭建了低品位热能驱动的热化学吸附储能实验测试系统,对其变温吸附储热和吸附储冷性能进行了理论及实验研究。研究结果表明:变温吸附储热模式时,在变温15℃的工况下储热密度为258kJ/kg;吸附储冷模式时,在制冷温度7℃的工况下储冷密度可达525kJ/kg,COP为0.3,SCP可达175W/kg,实验数据分析表明热化学吸附变温器在低品位热能高效回收利用和能量储存方面具有很好的发展潜力,可同时实现热量和冷量的复合储存。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...