苯板与土工膜的摩擦特性试验研究

通过两种试验方法测定苯板与土工膜的摩擦角,结果表明,采用土工合成材料综合测定仪时,随着膜的粗糙程度增大,粘聚力增大,摩擦角减小,且苯板产生了变形,故结果存在一定误差;采用非散粒体材料摩擦角测定仪时,可得到苯板与光面土工膜的稳定摩擦角,且该仪器构造简单,便于操作,但不能得到苯板与一布一膜、两布一膜之间的稳定摩擦角,仍需进一步改进.     

聚苯乙烯泡沫板与垫层摩擦特性的试验研究

苯板与垫层材料之间的摩擦特性决定着渠道和土石坝边坡浅层的稳定性.通过两种试验方法测定苯板与垫层材料之间的摩擦角.试验结果表明:采用土工合成材料综合测定仪时,随着黏土含水率的增加,摩擦角减小,粘聚力增大,而且苯板产生了变形;采用非散粒体材料摩擦角测定仪时,随着黏土含水率的增加,摩擦角增大.非散粒体材料摩擦角测定仪由于苯板能与黏土完全接触、角度盘读数精度高、可在野外进行试验而优于土工合成材料综合测定仪.     

苯板与细砂的摩擦特性试验研究

通过两种试验方法测定苯板与细砂的摩擦角。试验结果表明:采用土工合成材料综合测定仪时,随着细砂含水率的增加,摩擦角、粘聚力的规律性不强,且苯板产生了变形;采用非散粒体材料摩擦角测定仪时,随着细砂含水率增加,摩擦角基本不变,规律性较好。非散粒体材料摩擦角测定仪优于土工合成材料综合测定仪。     

苯板与粗砂的摩擦特性试验研究

通过两种试验方法测定对苯板与粗砂的摩擦角.试验结果表明:采用土工合成材料综合测定仪时,随着粗砂含水率的增加,摩擦角、粘聚力的变化规律不强,且苯板产生了变形;采用非散粒体材料摩擦角测定仪时,随着粗砂含水率增加,摩擦角基本不变,规律性较好.非散粒体材料摩擦角测定仪优于土工合成材料综合测定仪.     

苯板与土的界面摩擦特性试验研究

采用ZJ型应变控制式直剪仪与非散粒体摩擦角测定仪进行了苯板与土的界面摩擦特性试验,试验过程与结果表明:随正应力的增大,采用ZJ型应变控制式直剪仪测得的苯板水平变形、垂直变形增大产生的偏心作用增大,随着剪切位移增大苯板与细砂、黏土的接触面积减小,上下剪切盒的边界条件对结果影响也较大;采用非散粒体摩擦角测定仪所测苯板与细砂、黏土的界面摩擦角大小与竖向应力无关,只与它们之间接触面的粗糙程度有关,苯板在滑动过程中与细砂、黏土完全接触并且没有产生变形.     

苯板与细砂垫层摩擦特性试验研究

在寒冷地区输水渠道和土石坝工程采用苯板防止冻胀措施时,苯板与垫层材料之间的摩擦特性是决定渠道和土石坝边坡浅层稳定性的重要因素。采用土工合成材料综合测定仪测定苯板与细砂垫层材料的摩擦角和粘聚力,得到苯板与细砂垫层材料的摩擦特性规律。     

复合土工膜-垫层材料界面摩擦特性试验研究

复合土工膜防渗结构界面摩擦特性对工程的安全稳定性至关重要。为探寻复合土工膜-垫层界面摩擦特性,进行了室内直剪摩擦试验、斜板试验、室内拖板试验及现场原位试验,并统计分析一布一膜、二布一膜与砂浆垫层及砂砾石垫层的界面摩擦性能。结果表明：对于不同垫层材料,砂砾石垫层界面摩擦特性较优,比砂浆界面的摩擦角和凝聚力分别大5.0°和4.2 kPa;对不同类型的复合土工膜,二布一膜比一布一膜的界面摩擦角和凝聚力分别大3.4°和1.2 kPa;在不同试验中,直剪摩擦试验与斜板试验结果相近,与拖板试验相比摩擦角偏小约30%,凝聚力偏低约4～6 kPa;拖板试验结果与原位试验相近。因此,在防渗结构的设计中,垫层宜采用散粒体材料,复合土工膜宜选用二布一膜,并以拖板试验结果进行评定。     

植物根系对边坡加固效应数值模拟研究

为了研究植草护坡固坡效应,通过有限元数值软件对有植物根系土体及边坡进行模拟,并计算得出能够运用于有根系边坡模型的土体材料抗剪强度参数,最后计算出对应因素下的有根系边坡模型安全系数,由计算结果得出:土体里有根系将会增加根-土复合体的抗剪强度,并且边坡中有根系护坡将会提高其安全系数;随着根系长度的增加,根-土复合体的黏聚力与内摩擦角均逐渐增加,对应边坡的安全系数也逐渐增大;随着土体里根系分布密度的增大,根-土复合体的黏聚力和内摩擦角也逐渐增大,其边坡模型的安全系数也相应增大;而根-土复合体中根系的倾斜角度只对其黏聚力有影响,对内摩擦角的大小不产生影响,而且随着根系倾斜角度的增加,根-土复合体的黏聚力逐渐降低,而对应边坡模型的安全系数也将逐渐减小。     

边坡稳定性影响因素及应对措施

以均质边坡为例,分别采用瑞典圆弧法、简化的毕肖普法、简布法等极限平衡法计算土坡的稳定性.研究了不同岩土力学参数对边坡稳定性的影响,并对不同土坡结构形式计算结果进行了对比分析,最后文章提出了边坡失稳的几种防治措施.结果表明:边坡稳定性随着土体重度的增大而减小,随着内摩擦角和粘聚力的增大而增大,随着坡体角度增加而减小;边坡总高度一定时,采用分级放坡可有效的提高坡体稳定性,且级数越多,坡体安全系数越大;当坡体总高度及各级边坡坡度相同时,平台宽度越宽,稳定系数越大,且平台宽度达到一定程度时,稳定系数保持不变;保持边坡总高度、平台宽度不变,当一级和二级边坡高差相差越大,稳定系数越小,当一级和二级边坡高度相等时稳定系数达到最大.     

混凝土护坡对土质边坡稳定的影响

利用瑞典圆弧法对不同的高度、不同护坡厚度、不同边坡系数以及不同坝体材料的土质边坡进行抗滑稳定分析。结果表明,与一般计算相比,考虑护坡作用后,即使护坡厚度很小,稳定安全系数也增加明显,且随护坡厚度的增加而大幅增加;坝越低,稳定安全系数越大,且随坝高的减小而明显增加;不同坝体材料土堤的稳定安全系数明显增加,且增加幅度相似;当边坡系数减小时,稳定安全系数随之减小。因此,可从理论出发,选择更合适、更贴切可行的实践方案,以达到节省投资的目的,并且思考边坡在实际工程中的重要意义。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。