多级增湿太阳能海水淡化的实验研究

基于多级增湿和分级冷凝原理,设计搭建了一台新型利用太阳能的多级增湿海水淡化装置,实验研究了喷水温度、不同的空气循环方式、分级冷凝对系统产水率和热耗的影响变化规律。研究结果表明,由于采用了分级冷凝和多级增湿技术,系统产水率提高了25%～50%,产水热耗得以降低。     

几种不同类型太阳能蒸馏器的传热研究与性能分析

分析了几种不同类型太阳能海水淡化装置的结构、工作原理、传热传质等与装置产水率和性能相关的各种因素，指出了要提高装置的产水率、改善其性能，应从减小海水热容量、加强潜热利用、强化传热传质等方面来考虑，为太阳能海水淡化装置的进一步改进提供参考。     

多效鼓泡蒸发太阳能海水淡化系统的稳态实验研究

基于鼓泡蒸发和空气载湿气液相平衡机理,设计并实现了一台具有五级四效性能的鼓泡蒸发式太阳能海水淡化系统,对该系统的稳态产水性能进行研究,给出系统在特定的运行温度和压力环境中,不同鼓气量下各效的产水率、耗电当量及经济性能系数。实验结果表明,系统采用多效鼓泡蒸发技术并对各级采取鼓气量的优化组合措施,可提高系统的产水率。当各级载气流量分别为570、570、570、450L/h时的,装置的淡水产率为1.668L/h,GOR值为2.77,折算单位产量能耗4.93kWh/t,该点为装置的经济性能系数最高的工况点。     

基于风能利用的机械蒸汽压缩海水淡化系统模拟

通过对机械蒸汽压缩(mechanical vapor compression,MVC)-多效蒸馏(multi-effect evaporator,MEE)海水淡化系统建立模型,研究了压缩机输入功率与海水淡化系统运行参数之间的关系,分析了系统中压缩机与多效蒸发器之间相互耦合的匹配关系,探讨了辅助能源加热对系统运行状态及产水率的影响,并通过耦合风力发电机模型,研究了系统淡水产率随风电功率随机变化的响应曲线。结果表明:随压缩机输入功率的增加,多效蒸发器效间的传热温差增大,产水率也近似线性增加;辅助能源虽然有助于提高产水率,但其添加量不能超过一定的上限;对于一组平均为7.1m/s的随机风速,海水淡化系统的平均产水率为5.00t/h,平均产水能耗10.2kWh/t,而若采用20%辅助能源加热,可以使平均产水率提高0.21t/h。     

海水淡化太阳能烟囱发电综合系统的产水规律及内在因素影响的试验研究

该文成功设计搭建首台实现水、电联产的小型海水淡化-太阳能烟囱电站综合试验装置,并在实际气象条件下测试综合系统的产水率规律,揭示海水温度、海水-蒸馏池盖板温差、产水率等互相影响的作用机制。研究发现:蒸馏池日产水量沿集热棚径向递减,在中偏后部位有突增,蒸馏池应尽量布置在集热棚入口至径向三分之二之间的区域。系统高位产水时段为日落左右至01:00和03:00之间某时刻,占运行时长比例小,却是产水的主要时段。海水温度和海水-蒸馏池盖板温差影响产水率的主次存在时段差异,在产水上升期,海水-蒸馏池盖板温差是主要因素;而在产水下降期,海水温度是主要因素。维持较高的海水温度和海水-蒸馏池盖板温差是实现综合装置高效产水的关键。     

机械蒸汽再压缩式低温蒸发海水淡化蒸发性能实验研究

建立了一套机械蒸汽再压缩式低温蒸发海水淡化系统,以人工配制的盐水为对象,对机械蒸汽再压缩低温蒸发海水淡化系统进行实验研究,主要研究压缩机压缩比和蒸发温度对系统蒸发性能的影响。实验结果表明:产水率和压缩机比功耗随蒸发温度和压缩比的升高而升高,且压缩比对蒸发性能的影响较大。从节能及经济性角度上看,在满足产水要求和防结垢、防腐蚀需求下,选取较小的压缩比,和较大的蒸发温度有助于提高产水率,节约能耗。     

横管降膜蒸发内回热式太阳能海水淡化装置的实验研究

设计建造了一台利用太阳能或其它余热驱动的横管降膜蒸发内回热式海水淡化装置，并利用模拟热源对该装置进行了实验研究，由于在系统的蒸发及冷凝过程中，大部分水蒸汽的凝结潜热被重复利用于海水的预热及蒸发过程，因而系统具有较高的产水率，同时，由于在气流的闭式环过程中，蒸发腔中处于负压状态，冷凝腔中处于正压状态，强化了系统的产水性能，使系统的产水效率比传统的盘式太阳能蒸馏器提高了3倍左右，介绍了系统的瞬态特性及运行温度，供海水流率与产水量的相互关系，对影响系统产水率的其它因素进行了讨论。     

三效管式太阳能海水淡化装置性能分析

设计制造了一种三效管式太阳能海水淡化装置,对该装置进行了产水性能试验,给出了产水率、累计产水量随时间变化的曲线。试验结果表明,在全天累计辐照量为22.09 MJ/(m2·d)的情况下,装置全天累计产水量为2.48 kg。文章重点研究了系统的传热传质机理,构建了理论模型,利用数值计算软件Matlab对装置进行了性能分析,得到了装置的各级产水率、总产水量等数据。比较计算结果和试验结果表明,两者最大误差只有11%,说明所建立的理论模型是比较准确的。     

特征尺寸对竖管降膜太阳能海水蒸馏装置性能影响

针对小型太阳能海水蒸馏装置产水速率低等问题,设计竖管降膜太阳能海水蒸馏装置,理论推导单位冷凝面积产水速率ms的计算方法,分析特征尺寸对该太阳能海水蒸馏装置单位冷凝面积产水速率、二元混合气体对流传热温度、冷凝壁面温度梯度值等热特性的影响机理。结果表明,在输入功率为168 W,特征尺寸为15 mm的装置稳态运行时,单位冷凝面积最大产水速率为240.63 g/20 min,比特征尺寸为35 mm的装置增加了24.16%,二元混合气体稳态运行温度为85.37℃,比特征尺寸为35 mm的装置提高了7.21℃。     

漂浮式聚光升膜多效太阳能蒸馏器的性能研究

提出一种漂浮在海面上进行淡化产水的聚光升膜多效太阳能蒸馏器，该淡化装置包含一个抛物面聚光镜和多个垂直布置的蒸发-冷凝单元。采用吸水芯作为蒸发器，利用毛细吸力使海水形成上升的液膜，有效减少了加热损失。建立理论模型分析装置内部的传热传质过程。通过实验研究不同运行参数对装置温度、产水量和比能耗的影响。室内稳态研究结果表明，当太阳辐照度为900 W/m²时，蒸馏器内部温差为56.9℃，产水率可达到2.64 kg/(m²·h)。在户外平均太阳辐照度为603.7 W/m²的条件下，装置一天产水量为5.3 kg/(m²·d)，日平均比能耗为1591.6 kJ/kg。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.