混合过程对旋流预混火焰燃烧不稳定性影响的实验研究

针对预混火焰燃烧振荡问题,通过改变旋流预混燃烧器的长度和气流速度,研究了混合长度、气体流速和当量比对燃烧不稳定性的影响,检验了时间延迟模型在宽时间尺度范围内的有效性,并揭示燃烧室压力脉动与燃烧器内燃料空气混合的相互作用机制,及其对燃烧模态的影响.结果表明,燃烧室内压力脉动会向上游传播,引起预混管内当量比脉动.当混合时间尺度小于临界尺度时,时间延迟模型具有一定的可行性.预混管内当量比脉动会随气体流动传至燃烧室中,进而影响燃烧过程,导致燃烧模态随混合时间增加而出现稳定-振荡的循环变化.当混合时间尺度大于临界尺度时,压力脉动向上游的扩散和当量比脉动向下游的流动传递衰减严重,燃烧处于稳定模态.该临界尺度约为τfc=1.5.     

贫预混预蒸发燃烧室振荡燃烧特性的实验研究

针对燃用航空煤油的贫预混预蒸发模型燃烧室的振荡燃烧特性开展了实验研究。实验表明:在相同的燃烧室入口空气燃料混合物流速下,随着当量比的增加,燃烧室振荡燃烧的振荡主频从132 Hz增加到144 Hz,但燃烧室的均方根脉动压力幅值却从1 464 Pa下降到342 Pa。在当量比不变情况下,入流空气燃料混合物流速较低时,容易引发振荡燃烧现象,而当入流空气燃料混合物流速较高时,则燃烧会变得稳定。分析了整个燃烧实验装置的前4阶轴向声学模态频率,发现实验中所激励出的振荡燃烧主频和第二阶轴向声学模态频率吻合的很好。     

燃气轮机低热值合成气燃烧室内三维湍流流动的数值模拟研究

对GE-F101型工业燃气轮机环形燃烧室燃用甲烷和低热值合成气的燃烧性能进行了数值研究,采用标准κ-ε湍流模型和涡耗散湍流燃烧模型对燃烧室在不同燃料条件下的流场特性进行了数值模拟,并对燃烧室内的流场结构、温度分布、火焰结构及NOx分布进行了分析与比较;在此基础上对原燃烧室进行了一些改造.结果表明:随着燃料热值的降低,燃料射流速度增大,燃料和空气的混合程度减弱,燃烧稳定性降低,燃烧室内最高温度降低,NOx排放量减少;通过增大燃料喷嘴口径和增加旋流器的旋流数,可在一定程度上改善燃烧室内流动结构,增强燃料和空气的混合程度,因而提高了燃烧稳定性.     

马赫2凹腔燃烧室火焰振荡特性实验研究

通过本征正交分解、连续小波变换等统计学方法，对超声速凹腔燃烧室内火焰自发辐射光谱图像进行分析，以探究典型来流与燃料喷注情况下燃烧室内的火焰振荡情况．通过实验室可控的声激励射流火焰，验证了统计学方法在研究火焰振荡特性方面的可行性和有效性．进而，将这些方法应用于来流马赫2的超燃冲压模型燃烧室，研究了大长深比凹腔燃烧室在不同燃料喷注工况下的火焰振荡特性，通过与现有文献结果对比，得出了大长深比凹腔更有利于抑制燃烧振荡的结论．     

配风比对微型燃气轮机燃烧室燃烧性能影响的数值模拟

以采用燃料和空气预混燃烧方式的微型燃气轮机燃烧室为研究对象,根据设计参数对燃烧室进行建模和模拟计算,模拟不同工况下预混燃料在燃烧室内经过湍流流动并发生燃烧化学反应的过程,进而得到燃烧室内的热态流场、温度分布以及出口烟气中污染物的排放量.结果 表明:在总过量空气系数为3.01的情况下,随着旋流器进口当量比的增大以及助燃风质量流量比例的升高,预混火焰的锋面温度有所升高,出口NOx质量浓度与出口温度分布因子呈正相关.     

稳态湍流非预混燃烧的小火焰模拟

以甲烷/空气的湍流射流非预混燃烧为对象,建立二维稳态湍流非预混火焰的小火焰模型.利用湍流流动模型和小火焰模型耦合求解,计算出速度、混合分数、温度以及反应标量的摩尔分数在燃烧室内的分布,模拟结果表明小火焰模型能够用来描述燃烧室内燃烧机理.     

燃气轮机振荡燃烧特性试验研究

振荡燃烧是燃气轮机贫燃预混燃烧室不稳定运行的重要原因之一,因此需要掌握燃烧室压力脉动特性,以探究抑制振荡燃烧的方法。本文应用低压模化燃烧试验台,完成某型燃气轮机全尺寸振荡燃烧特性试验研究。分析了贫燃状态中,不同当量比、不同燃烧区域条件下,该型燃烧室运行的动态过程,并总结了燃烧室内压力脉动的影响因素和变化规律。试验表明:(1)减少燃料量、降低热释放量,可以减弱燃烧室内由燃烧区流动引起的压力脉动,尤其是对50 Hz以下的主频振荡;(2)燃烧区当量比过低,燃烧不稳定会引发50 Hz以上极强的主频振荡;(3)增加值班路,向燃烧区中心投放燃料可以有效抑制由燃烧不稳定引起的高频主振。     

LPP燃烧室振荡燃烧特性、火焰结构和NOx排放的实验研究

利用动态压力传感器、平面激光诱导荧光（Planer Laser Induced Fluorescence,PLIF）测量系统和气体分析仪针对不同入口气流旋流数和空气含湿量条件下,贫预混预蒸发（Lean Premixed Prevaporized,LPP）燃烧室中振荡燃烧特性、火焰结构变化规律和NOx排放特性开展了实验研究。研究表明：在一定条件下,随着燃烧室入口气流旋流数增加,激励出振荡燃烧的当量比区域扩大,所激励的振荡燃烧强度不断增加,但振荡燃烧的主频则不断下降,火焰变得更加紧凑且不断向燃烧室中心和上游壁面发展;随着燃烧室入口空气含湿量的增加,振荡燃烧强度会下降甚至消失,振荡燃烧的主频增加,火焰结构由振荡燃烧时的平整型火焰向稳定燃烧时的V型火焰转变,火焰的位置也向燃烧室侧壁面和下游方向移动;LPP燃烧室中NOx排放会随着燃烧室入口空气含湿量和入口气流旋流数的增加而下降。     

预混燃烧下环境温度对某型燃气轮机燃烧稳定性和NOx排放影响的 数值研究

环境温度通过改变燃烧室入口空气温度进而影响燃气轮机燃烧稳定性和NO_x排放。为了掌握预混燃烧模式下环境温度对燃气轮机燃烧稳定性和NO_x排放的影响规律,本文以某重型燃气轮机燃烧室为研究对象,采用SAS湍流模型和涡耗散概念燃烧模型,通过改变环境温度,对多旋流喷嘴燃烧室预混燃烧模式下燃烧稳定性和NO_x排放进行了数值计算。研究结果表明:在燃气轮机预混燃烧模式下,提升燃气轮机环境温度,有利于提高燃烧室燃烧稳定性;环境温度从0℃上升到30℃,在不调整燃料和空气流量的情况下,燃烧室出口NO_x排放质量分数增加97.8%。     

燃气轮机燃烧室预混结构性能的数值研究

采用Fluent软件对某旋流预混燃烧室燃料与空气的预混和燃烧进行了数值模拟,分析了轴向叶片式旋流器叶片参数对预混均匀性、回火特性、总压损失和污染物排放的影响,并提出了燃料喷孔结构的改进方案.结果表明:旋流器叶片遮盖度为1.0~1.5,叶片角度为40°~55°,叶片数目为8~12时能够获得较好的燃烧性能;缩小燃料喷孔的孔径,采用旋流器与燃料喷孔合并的结构,合理布置燃料喷孔的位置3种改进方案均能有效改善预混均匀性,降低燃烧的最高温度,3种改进方案依次使NO_x的体积分数比原来降低91%、35%和91%.     

模型燃烧室燃烧自激振荡与音频特征的实验研究

以甲烷为燃料,在以GE燃机6B喷嘴为基础的1/3模型燃烧室中,研究了燃烧室空气流量和当量比的变化对燃烧自激振荡的压力波动的影响,以及燃烧发出的音频信号的特征。实验结果显示：在3组不同的入口空气流量工况下,随着当量比的增加,燃烧室的稳定——自激振荡——稳定工作的变化趋势保持一致;在不同的流量下,当量比=0.61的工况产生了最强烈的自激振荡,同时振荡的压力波动幅值和频率随燃烧室入口空气流量的增加而增大;通过FFT（快速傅里叶变换）计算发现,在有明显自激振荡的工况中,动态压力与音频信号的幅值均大幅超过稳定燃烧的工况,同时音频信号的一个特征频率与动态压力信号的特征频率重合。     

Development of high intensity CDC combustor for gas turbine engines

Colorless distributed combustion (CDC) has been demonstrated to provide ultra-low emission of NOx and CO, improved pattern factor and reduced combustion noise in high intensity gas turbine combustors. The key feature to achieve CDC is the controlled flow distribution, reduce ignition delay, and high speed injection of air and fuel jets and their controlled mixing to promote distributed reaction zone in the entire combustion volume without any flame stabilizer. Large gas recirculation and high turbulent mixing rates are desirable to achieve distributed reactions thus avoiding hot spot zones in the flame. The high temperature air combustion (HiTAC) technology has been successfully demonstrated in industrial furnaces which inherently possess low heat release intensity. However, gas turbine combustors operate at high heat release intensity and this result in many challenges for combustor design, which include lower residence time, high flow velocity and difficulty to contain the flame within a given volume. The focus here is on colorless distributed combustion for stationary gas turbine applications. In the first part of investigation effect of fuel injection diameter and air injection diameter is investigated in detail to elucidate the effect fuel/air mixing and gas recirculation on characteristics of CDC at relatively lower heat release intensity of 5 MW/m³ atm. Based on favorable conditions at lower heat release intensity the effect of confinement size (reduction in combustor volume at same heat load) is investigated to examine heat release intensity up to 40 MW/m³ atm. Three confinement sizes with same length and different diameters resulting in heat release intensity of 20 MW/m³ atm, 30 MW/m³ atm and 40 MW/m³ atm have been investigated. Both non-premixed and premixed modes were examined for the range of heat release intensities. The heat load for the combustor was 25 kW with methane fuel. The air and fuel injection temperature was at normal 300 K. The combustor was operated at 1 atm pressure. The results were evaluated for flow field, fuel/air mixing and gas recirculation from numerical simulations and global flame images, and emissions of NO, CO from experiments. It was observed that the larger air injection diameter resulted in significantly higher levels of NO and CO whereas increase in fuel injection diameter had minimal effect on the NO and resulted in small increase of CO emissions. Increase in heat release intensity had minimal effect on NO emissions, however it resulted in significantly higher CO emissions. The premixed combustion mode resulted in ultra-low NO levels (<1 ppm) and NO emission as low as 5 ppm was obtained with the non-premixed flame mode.     

喷油提前角对柴油机燃烧特性的影响

为了研究柴油机在不同喷油提前角下的燃烧特性,采用三维流体数值分析软件AVLFIRE建立了某型柴油机燃烧计算模型.在不同喷油提前角下,对燃烧滞燃期、油气混合程度、温度、燃空当量比、放热率和压力进行分析,得出:随着喷油提前角的增大,滞燃期延长,着火时刻形成的可燃混合气增多,缸内最高燃烧压力和最高温度也随之升高同时放热规律相...     

可变喷油速率的超高压共轨系统喷射控制研究

通过AMESim软件建立了喷油速率可调的超高压共轨系统仿真模型,分析了相同喷油量条件下喷油率的变化特点。采用GT-Power软件建立单缸柴油机模型,将不同喷油率导入柴油机的燃烧计算模型,研究了不同喷油率对柴油机缸内压力、缸内温度、放热率、NO_x排放、碳烟排放及输出转矩和油耗率的影响。仿真结果表明:靴形喷油速率匹配合适的喷油提前角可优化柴油机的综合性能。搭建了超高压共轨柴油机台架,开展了不同喷油速率的喷射控制试验,结果表明:与相同油量条件下的高压共轨喷射相比,柴油机实施变喷油速率超高压喷射可获得更优异的动力性和燃油经济性,动力输出提高了5%,燃油消耗量下降了6%,碳烟排放降低,但NO_x排放升高。     

Investigations on the self-excited oscillations in a kerosene spray flame

A laboratory scale gas turbine type burner at atmospheric pressure and with air preheat was operated with aviation kerosene Jet-A1 injected from a pressure atomiser. Self-excited oscillations were observed and analysed to understand better the relationship between the spray and thermo-acoustic oscillations. The fluctuations of CH^∗ chemiluminescence measured simultaneously with the pressure were used to determine the flame transfer function. The Mie scattering technique was used to record spray fluctuations in reacting conditions with a high speed camera. Integrating the Mie intensity over the imaged region gave a temporal signal acquired simultaneously with pressure fluctuations and the transfer function between the light scattered from the spray and the velocity fluctuations in the plenum was evaluated. Phase Doppler anemometry was used for axial velocity and drop size measurements at different positions downstream the injection plane and for various operating conditions. Pressure spectra showed peaks at a frequency that changed with air mass flow rate. The peak for low air mass flow rate operation was at 220 Hz and was associated with a resonance of the supply plenum. At the same global equivalence ratio but at high air mass flow rates, the pressure spectrum peak was at 323 Hz, a combustion chamber resonant frequency. At low air flow rates, the spray fluctuation motion was pronounced and followed the frequency of the pressure oscillation. At high air flow rates, more effective evaporation resulted in a complete disappearance of droplets at an axial distance of about 1/3 burner diameters from the injection plane, leading to a different flame transfer function and frequency of the self-excited oscillation. The results highlight the sensitivity of the self-excited oscillation to the degree of mixing achieved before the main recirculation zone.     

Three-dimensional fuel–air mixing phenomena in a side-dump combustor: A numerical study

Three-dimensional fuel–air mixing phenomena in a side-dump combustor with fuel injectors arranged in dual curved side-inlet ducts are numerically investigated in the present paper. The model adopts a complete computational domain, including side-inlet ducts and combustion chamber, for numerical calculations. Three cases with different locations of fuel injector are analyzed to investigate the effects of fuel injecting positions on the flow structures and mixing phenomena in side-inlet ducts as well as in combustion chamber. The results show that the interaction of curvature effects of side-inlet ducts and the fuel injection flow significantly change the vortex motion in the curved side-inlet ducts. The axial recirculation and fuel distributions in the combustion chamber are also found to be influenced substantially by the fuel injection, which indicates the precise control of the fuel injection is very important for getting good fuel distributions, and in turn to achieve good combustion performance.     

半封闭狭窄通道内甲烷/空气预混火焰传播不稳定性实验研究

针对贫油预混预蒸发燃烧室主燃级中横喷液雾现象进行研究,综合考虑RP-3航空煤油横喷液雾的雾化、蒸发和自燃过程构建自燃预测模型,基于CH基团随时间的变化规律对自燃延迟时间进行预测。结合试验测试结果对模型进行校验,并进一步分析温度、压力、流速、射流动量比等变量对自燃延迟时间的影响规律。结果表明：对于直射式喷嘴形成的横喷液雾,其下游的油气分布主要受射流动量比和流动速度的影响,射流动量比决定了液雾的总体油气比,流动速度则主要影响液滴的粒径及其蒸发时间;随着压力、射流动量比及气流速度的增加,自燃延迟时间均会缩短,相比于预混燃料液雾的自燃延迟时间受负温度效应的影响较弱。     

直喷式柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声机理

通过测量瞬态工况与稳态工况燃烧噪声的各种影响参数,研究气体动力载荷及燃烧压力高频振荡对燃烧噪声的影响机理．瞬态工况的壁面温度、喷油压力、针阀升程最大值和针阀开启持续时间均高于同负荷、同转速的稳态工况,导致瞬态工况滞燃期、燃烧始点和喷油量与稳态工况相比产生差异,引起燃烧压力、庄力升高率及高频压力振荡频率和幅值发生变化．结果表明,瞬态工况与同负荷、同转速的稳态工况相比,着火延迟期缩短,但每循环喷油量增大,燃烧噪声增大．     

不同过量空气系数下射流点火发动机燃烧、排放和爆震特性的试验研究

基于单缸试验机研究了过量空气系数对射流点火发动机性能的影响.通过分析发动机性能曲线、缸内燃烧情况及爆震特性探究射流点火最佳运行区间,并与火花点火燃烧方式进行对比.结果表明,射流点火可以有效提升瞬时放热率并拓展发动机稀燃极限,缩短缸内混合气滞燃期与燃烧持续期,同时燃油经济性有一定提升.在稀燃条件下氮氧化物排放极低.爆震方...     

燃气轮机燃烧室液雾自燃延迟时间预测方法

为减少一体化加力燃烧室内支板火焰稳定器高度与进口试验参数较高所导致的昂贵基础试验成本,采用经试验数据验证的数值计算方法,对不同高度的一体化模型加力燃烧室燃烧性能进行数值模拟,分析模型加力燃烧室高度变化和侧壁边界层效应对一体化加力燃烧室回流区、总压恢复系数以及燃烧效率的影响。在保持空间油雾场分布均匀与阻塞比一致的前提下,简化扇形加力燃烧室模型为矩形加力燃烧室模型,其中模型加力燃烧室高度H分别为200,150和100 mm,总长L=1 480 mm,宽B=125 mm。结果表明：模型加力燃烧室高度的降低对燃烧性能影响较小,其中回流率最大降幅为0.16%,总压恢复系数最大降幅为0.15%,燃烧效率的最大降幅为1.9%;模型加力燃烧室侧壁面边界的引入对燃烧性能影响较小,回流率、总压恢复系数最大降幅均小于1%,燃烧效率的最大降幅仅为0.7%;可以采用单支板火焰稳定装置降低高度的方法简化试验件设计。