SOD对γ射线辐照枯草芽孢杆菌的保护效应研究

为了考查外源SOD对γ射线辐照微生物的保护效应,选用不同剂量γ射线辐照外源SOD处理过的枯草芽孢杆菌营养体,采用平板计数法考查辐照后的细胞存活率,黄嘌呤氧化法检测胞内SOD活性,脉冲场凝胶电泳分析DNA双链断裂水平的变化.结果表明,不同浓度外源SOD均可使γ射线辐照后的细胞存活率明显增加;营养体胞内残留SOD活性与外源SOD浓度以及辐照剂量之间的关系没有明显的变化规律;外加SOD使细胞DNA.双链断裂水平(PR)显著下降.并且细胞存活率和PR值随外源SOD浓度以及辐照剂量变化的趋势基本一致.研究结果显示外源SOD在γ射线辐照中对枯草芽孢杆菌有保护效应,且SOD的保护效应与其浓度呈一定相关.     

UVC诱导的枯草芽孢杆菌DNA双链断裂及影响因素探讨

为探讨短波紫外线（Ultraviolet C,UVC）对枯草芽孢杆菌基因组DNA的损伤效应,探讨研究方法和材料对结果的影响,以枯草芽孢杆菌为研究材料,分别对其菌体样品及DNA样品进行不同剂量的UVC辐照,采用8h、16h、24h脉冲场凝胶电泳分离DNA片段。结果发现,16h脉冲场凝胶电泳最能反映DNA的双链断裂程度。对16h电泳图进行数据分析发现,随UVC辐照剂量的增大DNA释放百分比递增;菌体样品在辐照剂量17．8J／cm^2处其DNA双链断裂产额最大,而DNA样品的最大双链断裂产额出现在辐照剂量为72．7J／cm^2处;另外,同辐照剂量下菌体样品的释放百分比和菌体DNA双链断裂产额均高于DNA样品。结果表明,UVC诱导的枯草芽孢杆菌DNA双链断裂程度与辐照剂量及辐照样品密切相关。     

快中子辐照对枯草芽孢杆菌的灭菌效果研究

利用快中子脉冲堆(Chinese Fast Burst ReactorⅡ,CFBR-Ⅱ)产生的快中子,采用枯草芽孢杆菌黑色变种为材料,考查了中子辐射灭菌效果及剂量、剂量率、辐照温度、照射状态等辐射灭菌影响因素.结果表明,在剂量率为7.4 Gy/min时的D10值为384.6Gy,中子剂量与存活芽孢对数满足y=-0.0026x 10.462的函数关系;在剂量为800Gy时,剂量率与存活芽孢对数满足y=7.7414X-0.0834的函数关系;升高温度有利于中子辐射灭菌;中子辐照不同状态芽孢,其存活率为:菌片＞粉末＞液体.     

γ辐照对枯草芽孢杆菌营养体的损伤

选用不同剂量γ射线辐照枯草芽孢杆菌营养体,分别用细胞计数、黄嘌呤氧化及脉冲场凝胶电泳法分析了辐照后的细胞存活率、胞内SOD活性及细胞DNA双链断裂水平。研究发现,随着γ辐照吸收剂量的增大,细胞存活率不断下降;SOD活性随剂量的变化无明显的规律;DNA双链断裂水平与细胞存活率密切相关,DNA的释放百分比和断裂水平值随辐照剂量增加而不断增大。结果表明：γ辐照对枯草芽孢杆菌营养体有较高的灭活能力,其损伤效果可能与SOD活性及双链断裂相关。     

重离子辐照诱变增强枯草芽孢杆菌纤维素降解能力

为了提高枯草芽孢杆菌纤维素降解能力,本实验从5株枯草芽孢杆菌中筛选出一株纤维素降解率较高的菌株作为出发菌株,利用12C6+离子束辐照诱变处理后,采用刚果红染色法进行初筛,通过测定纤维素降解率及内切葡聚糖苷酶活力进行复筛,对选出的高纤维素降解率菌株进行发酵条件优化。最终得到一株Bacillus subtilis CG-40-1突变株,其纤维素降解率为(53.07±0.75)%,较出发菌株提高了17.75%,并具有良好的纤维素降解稳定性。经过发酵条件优化,最终得到该菌株的最适发酵时间、温度和pH分别为120 h、45℃、6.5,纤维素降解率为(67.79±0.49)%,较未优化时提高27.74%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌淀粉酶高产菌株的辐射诱变研究

采用了不同总辐照剂量和剂量率的γ射线以及快中子一次、二次辐照枯草芽孢杆菌,采用平板透明圈方法,以菌落直径、透明圈直径、透明圈直径与菌落直径之比(HC值)为指标,研究γ和快中子辐照对枯草芽孢杆菌产淀粉酶的辐射诱变效应,同时筛选高产淀粉酶的变异株.结果表明:(1)快中子和γ射线都能有效诱导枯草芽孢杆菌高产淀粉酶;(2)采用不同总辐照剂量和剂量率的γ射线和快中子一次辐照后,菌落平均直径均比对照小,且随着γ射线辐照剂量的增大,菌落平均直径有变小的趋势;(3)采用快中子二次辐照后,菌落平均直径、菌落最大直径、透明圈平均直径、透明圈最大直径以及HC最大值都远远高于原菌落值;(4)重复筛选出三株高产淀粉酶菌株,它们的菌落直径最大为8.32mm,透明圈直径最大为22.38mm,透明圈与菌落直径之比最大达到5.39.且有两株在传至15代都能稳定高产淀粉酶.     

芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.dwc-2对模拟地下水中U(Ⅵ)的还原行为研究

在厌氧条件下研究了西南地区一种典型土壤微生物芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.dwc-2对模拟地下水中U(Ⅵ)的还原行为,重点考察了时间、无机阴离子、腐殖酸（HA）及富里酸（FA）对还原的影响,并利用TEM、EDS、SAED和XPS对还原后的样品进行了表征。结果表明：在pH=7.0、c_NaHCO3=5 mmol/L和T=303 K条件下,Bacillus sp.dwc-2对U(Ⅵ)的还原率随时间的增加而增加,24 h内最大还原率为12.2%,此后则随时间的增加逐渐降低;HA和FA对U(Ⅵ)的微生物还原行为有一定影响,其中HA和FA浓度为25 mg/L时,U(Ⅵ)的还原在24 h最明显,其还原率分别为14.2%和16.2%,但随着HA和FA浓度的继续增加,因在U(Ⅵ)离子与HA、FA形成的配合物表面形成致密的腐殖层,抑制了电子的转移,阻止了U(Ⅵ)的还原。此外,研究表明HCO₃^-也会抑制U(Ⅵ)的还原。TEM-SAED和XPS分析证实了还原过程中U(Ⅳ)的存在。上述结果可为真实环境中微生物还原U(Ⅵ)提供基础数据和参考。     

Effects of nitrogen ion irradiation on endoglucanase activity and gene mutation of Bacillus subtilis Bac01

Bacillus subtilis Bac01 was mutated by 15 keV N+ ions of 1.5×1016 cm-2.The mutant strain Bacll with high yield of endoglucanase was isolated using carboxymethylcellulose sodium and congo red indicative plates.It exhibited higher endoglucanase activitiy (381.89IU) than the original strain Bac01 (93.33IU).Two 1,500 bp endoglucanase gene fragments were obtained with PCR amplification from B.subtilis Bac01 and mutant strain Bac11.BLAST comparison result indicated that 10 nucleotides mutated.Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the two predicted amino acid sequences,and it was found that 5 amino acid residues changed,being all in the cellulose-binding domain of endoglucanase.     

Study on Mutagenic Breeding of Bacillus Subtilis and Properties of Its Antifungal Substances

Bacillus subtitles JA isolated by our laboratory produced a large amount of antifungal substances, which had strong inhibitory activity against various plant pathogenic fungi,such as Rhizoctonia solani, l?usarium graminearum and so on. Ion beam implantation as a new mutagenic methods was applied in our studay. After B. subtitles JA was implanted by N^ ions,a strain designated as B. subtitles JA-026 was screened and obtained, which had a higher ability to produce those antifungal substances. A series of experiments indicated that the antifungal substances were thermostable and partially sensitive to proteinases K and tryproteinase. When the fermentating broth was fractionated with ammonium sulphate of a final saturation of 70%,the precipitate-enhanced inhibitory activity while the supernatant lost this activity. It appeared that the antifungal substances were likely to be protein.     

Influence of temperature, strain rate and specimen geometry on the microscopic cleavage fracture stress

The aim of this work is to determine the influence of temperature, strain rate and specimen geometry on the microscopic cleavage fracture stress σ_f*. Besides, the dependence of the initiation temperature for shear fracture T_i and the temperature for general yield T_gy on strain rate is investigated. Finally, the local values of stress triaxiality and equivalent plastic strain at the occurrence of cleavage fracture for several steels and specimen types are compared with the failure curve for ductile fracture to check the validity of the theory of stress controlled cleavage fracture and the strain/triaxiality controlled shear fracture in the transition region. Based on experimental tests, the results are obtained by finite element analyses. The investigation shows, that σ_f* is dependent on temperature and strain rate and increases with decreasing test temperature and increasing strain rate. The transition temperatures T_i and T_gy increase with increasing strain rate. The theories of stress controlled cleavage fracture and of shear fracture controlled by equivalent plastic strain and stress triaxiality seem to be valid. That fracture mechanism occurs for which the critical condition is reached first.     

辐射和热同时作用对膨润土物理化学性质和微观结构影响的初步研究北大核心CSCD

为了研究γ辐射和热同时作用对膨润土的影响,以高庙子改性钠基膨润土为研究对象,开展了90℃热作用下、不同剂量率和不同累积剂量的γ辐射老化试验。结果表明:γ辐射和90℃热同时作用引起了膨润土物理化学性质和微观结构的变化。在老化作用后,膨润土的吸水率、pH值、阳离子交换容量、层荷以及蒙脱石001晶面方向的微晶尺寸均减小,比参考样分别降低了(最大减幅)18.4%、7.8%、3.4%、2.9%和15.6%,且表现出剂量率效应;老化作用对膨润土的矿物成分及含量影响较小。在高放废物地质处置的工程屏障设计和安全评价中,应考虑膨润土性质变化的影响因素。     

Influence of geometrical and material parameters on flow rate in simplified ADS dense granular-flow target: a preliminary study

The spallation target is one of the key components of an accelerator-driven subcritical system (ADS). Following previous designs such as plate targets, rod targets, rotating targets, and liquid metal targets, the gravity-driven dense granular-flow target (DGT), which combines the advantages of solid and liquid metal targets, becomes a new attractive choice. The geometry of DGT consists of a cylindrical hopper and an internal coaxial cylindrical beam pipe. In this paper, using discrete element method simulations on graphics processing units, we research into the relations of the flow rate with the geometrical as well as the material parameters. For geometrical parameters, it is found that the existence of an internal pipe does not influence the flow rate when the distance from the bottom of the pipe to orifice is large enough. The results also reveal how the material parameters influence the flow rate. The whole research is helpful for the design of DGT.     

Experimental study on combustion and suppression characteristics of sodium fire in a columnar flow using extinguishing powder

In the operation of the sodium-cooled fast reactor, the leakage and fire accident of liquid sodium is common and it is frequent in sodium-related facilities. This study focuses on the combustion and suppression characteristics of sodium fire in a columnar flow. Liquid sodium (250 °C) is injected into a 7.9 m³ cylindrical chamber at a flow rate of about 1.0 m³/h to create a columnar sodium fire, and 18.4 kg class D extinguishing powder is sprayed after the liquid sodium injection. The temperature in the chamber space and sodium collection plate and the heat release rate from sodium fire are measured and analyzed. Based on the temperature data the sodium fire under suppression could be divided into four phases of dropping sharply, continuously remaining lower, rising and declining mildly, and depressing. The sodium fire in the space could be suppressed and cooled down if the extinguishing agent could spray in the early period of the liquid sodium injection. The extinguishing agent could suppress the combustion and spreading of liquid sodium dropping on the collection plate, limit the pool combustion area and postpone the commencement of sodium pool burning in spite of its later re-ignition happening. This study promises to evaluate the combustion and suppression characteristics of sodium fire in the sodium-related facilities.     

The mechanism study of low-pressure air plasma cleaning on large-aperture optical surface unraveled by experiment and reactive molecular dynamics simulation

Low-pressure air plasma cleaning is an effective method for removing organic contaminants on large-aperture optical components in situ in the inertial confinement fusion facility. Chemical reactions play a significant role in plasma cleaning, which is a complex process involving abundant bond cleavage and species generation. In this work, experiments and reactive molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to unravel the reaction mechanism between the benchmark organic contaminants of dibutyl phthalate and air plasma. The optical emission spectroscopy was used to study the overall evolution behaviors of excited molecular species and radical signals from air plasma as a reference to simulations. Detailed reaction pathways were revealed and characterized, and specific intermediate radicals and products were analyzed during experiments and simulation. The reactive species in the air plasma, such as O, HO₂ and O₃ radicals, played a crucial role in cleaving organic molecular structures. Together, our findings provide an atomic-level understanding of complex reaction processes of low-pressure air plasma cleaning mechanisms and are essential for its application in industrial plasma cleaning.