中间包喂稀土消除连铸坯内弧侧卷渣缺陷原因研究

通过硫印试验、金相观察及冲击试验,比较了未喂稀土、结晶器喂稀土及中间包加稀土连铸坯内弧侧四分之一处夹杂物形态及分布及连铸坯横断面上的冲击韧性,发现结晶器喂稀土的连铸坯内弧侧卷渣缺陷形态及分布与未喂稀土的相近,冲击韧性变化也相同,而中间包加稀土基本消除了内弧侧四分之一处的卷渣缺陷,冲击韧性明显提高;并分析了中间包加稀土消除内弧侧卷渣原因.     

连铸板坯中间包喂稀土丝工艺试验研究

通过化学分析、硫印试验、金相观察及冲击试验,分析了中间包喂稀土连铸坯中夹杂物形态、分布,并测定了连铸坯横断面上的冲击韧性.研究表明中间包喂稀土的连铸坯中,稀土分布均匀,夹杂物球化效果好、分布均匀;冲击韧性明显高于未喂稀土的连铸坯,尤其是克服了未喂稀土连铸坯内弧侧四分之一范围冲击韧性的大幅降低的问题.     

不同喂入位置条件下稀土在连铸板坯中分布及其对性能影响

通过化学分析、金相观察及冲击试验,分析了结晶器喂稀土及中间包喂稀土的连铸坯中夹杂物形态、分布,并测试了横断面上的冲击韧性.研究表明与结晶器喂稀土相比,中间包喂稀土的连铸坯中,稀土及夹杂物分布更均匀,夹杂物球化效果更好、尺寸更小、总数更少;冲击韧性明显高于未喂稀土,尤其是克服了连铸坯内弧侧四分之一范围冲击韧性的大幅降低的缺陷.因此,中间包喂稀土比结晶器喂稀土具有更大的优越性.     

Steel Thermo‐Fluid‐Dynamics at Tundish Drainage and Quality Features

In steelmaking and casting, transient operations are very critical for product quality and process regularity. This holds especially for the tundish. Typical drawbacks can occur at ladle change, where, for example, refilling high flow rates induce flow short‐circuits risky for dispersed oxides (“inclusions”) dragging towards the strands. At drainage, vortices formation can affect steel cleanliness via slag entrapment. Such topics were investigated for an industrial tundish with computational fluid dynamics validated tools. The focus was given on a multi‐strand layout more prone to unevenness features. As a matter of fact, the different steel path to reach different strands causes often too high temperature differences and different strand cleanliness levels. Strands closer to the tundish center, are generally hotter and less clean; the others, slightly colder but cleaner. Multiphase models, together with advanced meshing techniques and validated boundary conditions, were used to describe tundish refilling and drainage. Within the operating conditions of concern, a bath height of 300 mm was found as a best compromise between the need of avoiding slag entrapment through vortices and to have maximum yield. Once applied into operating practice, no rejection for cleanliness or customer claims were achieved. As refers to temperature loss from ladle to tundish, a drop at strands of about 2 and of 4°C from tundish inlet to strand, in agreement with plant data over about 700 heats and literature experiments under the same operating conditions, were found.     

低碳铝镇静钢中间包浇注过程夹杂物的行为

 通过对BOF-Ar站-CC炼钢流程生产低碳铝镇静钢的中间包不同浇注时间取样及正常坯的取样,采用氧氮化学分析、光学显微镜以及扫描电镜-能谱(SEM+EDS)等多种方法研究了中间包浇注过程夹杂物特征的变化。结果表明：每炉钢包开浇时与浇注末期,钢中T[O]含量均高于浇注中期的T[O]含量,这是由于换包过程中钢水被二次氧化;中间包钢水及正常坯中的夹杂物,按照其形貌与成分可以分为以下3类：Al2O3基夹杂物,MnS基夹杂物,来自中间包覆盖剂或者钢包下渣所卷入的外来夹杂物。中间包及铸坯中的夹杂物主要以1~4 μm的Al2O3为主,同时在铸坯中发现了大量的MnS夹杂物,使铸坯中夹杂物的数量密度升高。当钢液中硫含量较高时,铸坯中气泡+Al2O3类型的夹杂物增加。在当前的工艺条件下,交换钢包之后的开浇阶段与浇注末期,钢水的二次氧化对铸坯的洁净度产生重要影响,同时应合理控制钢中的硫含量,减少铸坯中气泡+Al2O3类型的夹杂物,避免钢液在凝固过程中析出大量的MnS夹杂物。     

单流厚板坯连铸中间包结构优化

针对鞍钢一炼钢的厚板坯连铸中间包，采用冷态物理模拟方法，对中间包的控流装置进行了优化，对实际中间包钢水流动建立了数学模型，得到中间包优化前后钢液流动的速度场。实验结果表明，原结构的中间包的控流装置和布置位置不合理。中间包采用湍流控制器和结构优化后，提高了钢水在中间包的停留时间，死区体积明显下降。实际应用的结果表明，中间包结构优化后，中间包钢液、第1和第3块铸坯试样中的平均夹杂物面积比明显下降。     

扩容中间包冶金效果的研究

通过计算机模拟和水力学模型对武钢二炼钢厂原中间包和扩容后中间包的冶金效果进行研究,并通过实际使用得出：扩容中间包有利于改善钢水质量,稳定生产节奏,进而达到提高连铸坯的质量。     

Hydrodynamic effects created by argon stirring liquid steel in a one-strand tundish

Continuous casting of steel ensures the flexible production of different grades of slabs intended for the Rolling Mill departments. Therefore, it seems justifiable to search new solutions for tundish metallurgy. This study puts forward a new gas-permeable barrier’s design solution with two circular porous plugs, whose purpose is to punctually agitate the liquid steel in tundish. Two argon injection system locations were tested. The results for the hydrodynamic pattern of liquid steel and bubbles’ behaviour in the tundish were obtained from laboratory experiments with water glass model and computer simulations. Within the framework of the investigation, three argon flow rates, i.e. 5, 10 and 15?NL?min^?1, were considered. The designed gas-permeable barriers effectively stimulate active flow in the tundish for isothermal and non-isothermal conditions, while reducing the stagnant flow share and the transient zone extent.     

Formation and evolution of macro inclusions in IF steels during continuous casting

The evolution of macro inclusions during continuous casting was investigated by large-area inclusion characterization using ASPEX and analysis of nozzle blockage deposits. Six kinds of inclusions over 5?μm were observed in samples taken from the tundish and the slabs: single alumina particles, alumina dendrites, refractory-related alumina, alumina associated with bubbles, alumina clusters and Al–Ti complex oxides. By examining the morphology of the nozzle blockage deposit, it was concluded that the refractory-related alumina in the slabs came from the decarburization layer washed away by the steel stream. Some of the alumina clusters that came from the nozzle blockage deposit dislodged by the steel flow, were formed by the agglomeration and sintering of 5–20?μm inclusions that were carried over from the tundish. Two kinds of Al–Ti oxides were found in the tundish, and their evolution mechanisms during the casting process were proposed.     

IF钢开浇阶段铸坯洁净度分析

由于IF钢生产过程中对开浇阶段铸坯质量判定不明确,因此在利用时容易导致产品质量问题而增加生产成本。通过对头坯不同位置进行取样,研究IF钢开浇阶段铸坯沿拉坯方向的洁净度变化。实验结果表明,IF钢开浇阶段铸坯中大型夹杂物主要来源于结晶器卷渣和中间包中来不及上浮的脱氧或二次氧化产物;从距离头坯头部2.5m位置开始,由结晶器卷渣所引入的大型夹杂物含量接近正常坯水平;距离头坯头部7.5m位置处开始N含量与正常坯含量基本持平,簇状Al_2O_3夹杂物数量及尺寸接近正常坯水平;距离头坯头部8.5m位置处开始全氧质量分数保持在20×10~(-6)左右。     

40t单流中间包控流装置的优化配置

采用水模型和工业验证的方法针对40 t单流中间包的控流装置进行优化配置研究.通过对单独湍流抑制器控流装置、湍流抑制器+下挡墙组合控流装置、湍流抑制器+下挡墙+上挡墙组合控流装置的研究表明,下挡墙在改善钢液流动形态和减少中间包内死区方面所起的作用大于上挡墙.平均停留时间随下挡墙与长水口的距离增加呈先增大后减小的趋势.确定了单流中间包以湍流抑制器+下挡墙的优化组合形式,死区比例由原来的25.9%降低到了13.6%.通过系统取样分析发现优化后中间包内T.O和N含量大幅降低,正常坯中的大型夹杂物质量分数也由原来的8.4×10-7降低到3.2×10-7.      

Simulation of coagulation of non-metallic inclusions in tundish and their trapping into solidified shell in continuous casting mould

Abstract

A mathematical model simulating the coagulation and flotation of non-metallic inclusions in the tundish and continuous casting mould was developed based on turbulence coagulation and Stokes coagulation. From the simulation in the tundish, it was found that Stokes coagulation is dominant in the tundish. In the mould, the simulation result was that argon bubbles become the desirable sites where alumina inclusions are gathered and form large alumina clusters. The influence of the liquid steel flow in the mould applied by an in-mould electromagnetic stirring technique on the trapping rate of non-metallic inclusions into the solidified shell was examined. The horizontal flow in front of the shell was found to be effective for disturbing the trapping and decreasing the population of large non-metallic inclusions in the shallow surface layer of cast slabs. This effect was interpreted by the lift force applied to non-metallic inclusions in the velocity boundary layer formulated.     

管线钢浇次头坯夹杂物控制

研究了管线钢浇次头坯夹杂物的主要来源及控制措施。采取将浇次头坯轧制成热轧板和在热轧板取样分析的试验方案,得出热轧板和铸坯夹杂物分布。结果表明开浇初期4 m以内的头坯存在2级以上的B类夹杂物和保护渣卷渣。开浇初期钢水注流的二次氧化是导致头坯夹杂物超标的主要因素。提出开浇初期增加吹氩量和适当延长吹氩时间能够较好的排除中包空气,对降低注流二次氧化起到很好作用。     

Intermixing model of continuous casting during a grade transition

To investigate the composition distribution that develops in continuously cast steel during a grade change, an efficient, accurate, and user-friendly computational model has been developed. The model is fully transient and consists of three submodels, which account for mixing in the tundish, mixing in the liquid core of the strand, and solidification. The first submodel of mixing in the tundish consists of two plug flow zones, two back-mixing boxes, and two dead volumes. The second submodel solves a one-dimensional (1-D) diffusion equation in series with two back-mixing boxes to calculate concentration histories in the strand, and the third submodel transforms these histories into slab compositions. The model was calibrated using both concentration histories measured on tundish water models and calculations from a three-dimensional (3-D) model. It was then verified with several sets of composition measurements along the surface and centerlines of slabs. The model is capable of tracking mixing phenomena for arbitrary tundish filling and casting speed histories. It has been used to compare the effects of different grade change procedures on the amount of intermixed steel, including standard sequence casting, flying tundish change, and insertion of grade separators. Mixing in the strand was found to be very important. Without a grade separator, a flying tundish change had very little benefit on reduced intermixing, for the typical conditions considered.     

Particle Distribution and Separation in Continuous Casting Tundish

The tundish as a part of a continuous casting machine combines the discontinuous ladle metallurgy with the continuous solidification of slabs in the mould. The tundish plays a major role in the challenging task of “clean steel” production. That means the smallest number of inclusions and high cleanliness in all steel grades after changing the conditions at the inlet of the tundish. Inclusions hinder the metal forming process and lead often to fatigue. The cleanliness of steels is important to fulfil the customer's requirements. In the present study inclusion removal was simulated in a 1:3 scaled water model of a single‐strand tundish for the production of stainless steels with a particle counter. The particle counter is capable of counting a large number of particles with a wide range of diameters. The separation rate for particle diameters from d_P = 1 ‐ 250 μm was determined with a counter for the water model tundish. With similarity conditions for the particles this deposition rate can be transformed to the melt flow in a steel tundish. The separation rate was measured for different flow rates in the water model tundish. A larger flow rate decreased the separation rate. Additionally, the separation rate for the tundish fitted with an impact pad was measured and showed a significant increase of separation for particles with a smaller diameter. Furthermore, the particle distribution in the tundish for different size groups of particles was investigated with and without an impact pad. Numerical simulations were carried out with the finite‐volume commercial code FLUENT using the realizable k‐ε turbulence model. A special boundary condition for the separation of particles at the surface was implemented.     

冷轧钢孔洞缺陷的形成及预防

从连铸工序和轧制工序分析了冷轧钢孔洞缺陷的形成原因,提出了具体的预防对策:严格控制结晶器液面稳定、敞流浇注、中间包结瘤等,可以有效的减少成品孔洞缺陷的产生。     

高强船板钢结晶器液位波动成因分析

分析了结晶器液位波动的特征及高强船板钢在浇注过程结晶器液位波动产生的原因,通过采取调整结晶器保护渣成分、降低过热度、提高设备精度以及增加热坯压力等措施,结晶器液位波动情况得到了改善。     

Hydrodynamic performance of steelmaking tundish systems: a comparative study of three different tundish designs

Extensive water modelling was carried out to ascertain the influence of various types of baffle designs on the hydrodynamic performance of three different designs of steelmaking tundish systems. These included, a two-strand slab casting tundish, a six-strand billet casting tundish and a five-strand, skewed, delta shaped tundish. Plant scale operating conditions were scaled down respecting both geometric and Froude similarity and on the basis of the latter, the inflow rate of water into the model tundish systems was estimated via: Q_m = Λ^5/2Q_f.s. To quantify the hydrodynamic performance, residence time distribution (RTD) characteristics were measured using the conductivity measurement technique for a wide range of baffle designs. From such measurements as well as from flow visualisation studies, the following general observations have been made. The optimum design of baffles together with its number and position within the tundish appear to be a strong function of the basic tundish design (viz., the geometry, the number of operating strands etc.). Of the various types of baffles investigated in this work (dam, dam + weir, baffles with holes etc.), appropriately designed slotted baffles appear to modify the RTD characteristics most favourably towards superior metallurgical performances. Increase in the number of strands, asymmetricity in the tundish design and flawed operating conditions, (viz., large width to length ratio) were all found to influence the tundish performance adversely. A comparison of experimental results for the three tundish systems indicated that changing the characteristics of the baffle design can lead to significant performance improvement in the case of the two symmetric tundish systems (e.g., the two and the six strand tundishes), the five strand skewed, delta shaped tundish was, however, found to be somewhat insensitive to such changes. For such a tundish geometry, no design of the flow-modification devices tried, could bring the hydrodynamic performance any closer to the best results obtained for the two other tundish systems. Possible reasons for such observations are discussed in the text.     

连铸中间包内钢水流动的数学模型

开发了一个求解三维湍流N-S方程的计算机程序, 根据上海梅山冶金公司炼钢厂连铸中间包的结构和操作工艺参数, 建立了描述钢水流动的数学模型, 并利用该程序进行仿真计算, 分析中间包内钢水流动的合理性, 同时对中间包使用上、下挡墙后, 钢水流动状况进行分析预测, 并对中间包结构改造和操作优化提出建议。     

两流薄板坯连铸连轧作业时铸坯在加热炉内的运行规律

讨论了两流薄板坯连铸连轧作业时铸坯在加热炉内的运动情况。分析了进入出坯段的铸坯的模式选择，定义了加热炉综合进坯速度和加热炉平均出坯速度两个概念来讨论铸坯出坯的两种方案，并提出了最小铸坯长度和最大加热炉综合进坯速度的计算公式。