ABA型三嵌段聚合物的可控聚合

以AIBN为引发剂,FeCl3/PPh3为催化剂,在80℃进行丙烯酸丁酯的反向原子转移自由基聚合反应,制备了末端含氯的分子量分布窄的聚丙烯酸丁酯,再以此为大分子引发剂,引发苯乙烯进行原子转移自由基聚合反应,得到两嵌段聚合物。最后在强还原剂和一价铜盐的催化下,进行两嵌段聚合物之间的偶合反应,得到聚丙烯酸丁酯-b-聚苯乙烯-b聚丙烯酸丁酯(PBA-b-PSt-b-PBA)ABA型三嵌段聚合物,PDI为1.127。聚合过程的动力学研究和产物核磁表征,表明该聚合体系为可控聚合,得到了分子量可控、分布窄的聚合物。     

原子转移自由聚合的研究新进展

电子转移生成催化剂原子转移自由聚合(AGET ATRP)和电子转移再生催化剂原子转移自由基聚合(ARGET ATRP)是两种新型的原子转移自由基聚合体系,它们不仅克服了传统原子转移自由基聚合体系(NormalATRP)中低价态过渡金属催化剂容易氧化、用量大、后处理困难等问题,而且在制备嵌段共聚物的过程中不会生成均聚物,可以进行本体、溶液、细乳液聚合,尤其是使电子转移再生催化剂原子转移自由基聚合体系中催化剂浓度降到10×10-6,对原子转移自由基聚合的工业化应用产生了深远影响。综述了这两种原子转移自由基聚合的最新研究进展,包括目前适用于该引发体系的单体、引发剂、过渡金属络合物、配体和还原剂,展望了原子转移自由基聚合的发展。     

PMMA-b-PHEA嵌段共聚物的制备和表征

采用分步法合成了两嵌段共聚物聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-b-聚丙烯酸-2-羟乙酯(PMMA-b-PHEA):首先采用AIBN作为引发剂,FeCl3/PPh3作为催化体系,通过MMA的反向原子转移自由基聚合(RA-TRP),得到含端基Cl的M-n为17128聚合物PMMA-Cl;然后以PMMA-Cl为大分子引发剂,FeCl2/PPh3为催化体系,引发丙烯酸-2-羟乙酯(HEA)的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),得到的产物PMMA-b-PHEA分子量分布达到1.32,凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振(1HNMR)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和热重分析仪(TGA)对产物结构进行了表征,证实了嵌段共聚物PMMA-b-PHEA的生成。     

N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮的反向原子转移自由基聚合

以AIBN为引发剂、FeCl3为催化剂、PPh3为配体,在乙腈中实现了N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)的反向原子转移自由基聚合(RATRP).动力学研究表明,聚合产物聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP)的分子量与单体转化率成线性关系,反应10 h后,PVP的平均分子量(-M)n为2964,分子量分散系数(PDI)为1.18.以含有端...     

氯代仲丁烷引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯的原子转移自由基聚合

讨论了氯代仲丁烷(SBC)为引发剂、氯化亚铁/三苯基膦为催化剂,在AlCl3存在下甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的原子转移自由基聚合反应.SBC/FeCl2/PPh3引发体系的活性在AlCl3存在下有较大提高,反应时间为120h,单体转化率可达62%,未加入AlCl3时单体转化率仅为17%.聚合速率与单体浓度呈一级关系,体系自由基浓度为2.17×10-9mol/L.聚合物分子量55000,分子量分布1.62,分子量随转化率呈线性增加.经对聚合产物H-NMR谱分析得出在聚合物端基存在引发剂碎片,表明此反应经历了典型的ATRP过程.AlCl3的利用率为20%.     

PCMS高支化聚合物制备中的若干理论问题探讨--(I)ATRP本体聚合时摩尔比n(p-CMS)/n(CuCl)对聚合物的影响

将原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)和自缩合乙烯基聚合(SCVP)结合,以对氯甲基苯乙烯p-CMS为引发单体进行ATRP反应,得到具有高支化结构的聚对氯甲基苯乙烯PCMS.文中研究了该反应在本体聚合中引发单体和催化剂的摩尔比n(p-CMS)/n(CuCl)对聚合物PCMS的组成和结构的影响,探讨了产生这些影响的可能原因.用GPC测试了聚合物的分子量及其分布,用核磁共振和元素分析表征了聚合物的结构.     

可控活性自由基聚合的研究进展

可控活性自由基聚合(CRP)是一种合成具有设计微观结构和窄分子量分布聚合物的方法,原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)较其它CRP方法具有分子设计能力较强等优点,是应用最广泛的CRP。文中简要介绍了CRP的分类,同时以ATRP为例从单体、引发剂、催化体系等方面讨论了CRP聚合体系的发展。     

SiO_2-多臂星型超支化嵌段共聚物复合材料的制备与表征

采用铁盐催化电子转移生存催化剂的原子转移自由基聚合(AGET ATRP)法,以及FeCl3·6H2O为催化剂,三苯基膦(PPh3)为配体,抗坏血酸(VC)为还原剂,DMF为溶剂,甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)和对氯甲基苯乙烯(CMS)为单体,制备了一种在SiO2表面接枝多臂星型超支化嵌段共聚物的新颖复合材料。用红外(FT-IR)、热重(TGA)、透射(TEM)、低温氮气吸附-脱附等对产物进行了表征。这种改性了的有机/无机杂化材料同时融合有机和无机材料的各自优点,扩大了在催化、吸附、分离和生物分子等领域的应用。使用生物毒性更小的铁盐代替铜盐催化使得产物可直接应用于生命体,表面超支化聚合物大量丰富的功能团,为进一步的端基改性提供了基础。     

室温下甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯的原子转移自由基溶液聚合反应

以2-溴代丙酸乙酯为引发剂,溴化亚铜为催化剂,2,2′-联吡啶为配体,采用溶液聚合体系,实现了甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GM A)的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),制得了窄分子量分布的均聚物PGM A;用FT-IR1、H-NM R、GPC等手段对活性聚合进行了确认,对PGM A进行了表征;考察了溶剂极性与单体/引发剂配比对可控聚合的影响;并进行了动力学研究,测定了GM A原子转移自由基聚合的表观活化能。研究表明,溶剂极性对GM A的ATRP可控聚合有较大的影响;单体/引发剂配比对聚合速率也有明显的影响;实验测得GM A的ATRP可控聚合的表观活化能为61.4 kJ/m o l。     

含醛基聚合物的"活性"/可控自由基聚合研究进展

主要综述了利用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)和"活性"/可控RAFT自由基聚合合成结构明确的、分子量大小和分布可控的含醛基聚合物,以及所得聚合物与蛋白质、酶、药物等生物分子通过Schiff碱连接形成的生物分子-聚合物缀合物的最新研究;同时也简单介绍了由"活性"/可控自由基聚合所得的两亲性醛基聚合物纳米胶束的形成,并展望了含醛基聚合物今后可能的发展方向.     

Structural and optical properties of AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer absorber

We report on the microstructure and optical properties of Al_xO_y–Pt–Al_xO_y interference-type multilayer films, deposited by electron beam (e-beam) deposition onto corning 1737 glass, silicon (1 1 1) and copper substrates. The structural properties were investigated by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The optical properties were extracted from specular reflection/transmission, diffuse reflectance and emissometer measurements. The stratification of the coatings consists of a semi-transparent middle Pt layer sandwiched between two layers of Al_xO_y. The top and bottom Al_xO_y layers were non-stoichiometric with no crystalline phases present. The Pt layer is in the fcc crystalline phase with a broad size distribution and spheroidal shape in and between the rims of Al_xO_y. The surface roughness of the stack was found to be comparable to the inter-particle distance. The optical calculations confirm a high solar absorptance of ∼0.94 and a low thermal emittance of ∼0.06 for the multilayer stack, which is attributed not only to the optimized nature of the multilayer interference stacks, but also to the specific surface morphology and texture of the coatings. These optical characteristics validate the spectral selectivity of the Al_xO_y–Pt–Al_xO_y interference-type multilayer stack for use in high temperature solar-thermal applications.     

Synthesis of a new perovskite Pb(Li14Nb34)O3

A high-pressure technique was adopted to obtain perovskite-type $\text{Pb(Li}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{Nb}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>3</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{)}\text{O}{}_3$. A new perovskite $\text{Pb(Li}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{Nb}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>3</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{)}\text{O}{}_3$ was characterized to have a cubic symmetry with $\text{a}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>o</mtext>}}\text{= 4.069}\text{A}\text{?}$; Li and Nb ions in the B-site of perovskite lattice may be in a random arrangement.     

Bulk crystalline BaPb34Bi14O3: A ceramic superconductor

The preparation conditions of the high T_C ceramic superconductor Ba(Pb,Bi)O₃ is correlated with the superconducting transition. Transition onsets of all materials are similar, but transition widths and transition completeness is strongly dependent on firing temperature. Only materials prepared over a narrow temperature range, resulting in a nearly ideal weight loss, have a complete and narrow transition.     

Optimization of AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer spectrally selective coatings for solar-thermal applications

Spectrally selective Al_xO_y/Pt/Al_xO_y multilayer absorber coatings were deposited onto corning 1737 glass, Si (111) and copper substrates using electron beam (e-beam) vacuum evaporator at room temperature. The employment of ellipsometric measurements and optical simulation was proposed as an effective method to optimize and deposit multilayer solar absorber coatings. The optical constants (n and k) measured using spectroscopic ellipsometry, showed that both Al_xO_y layers, which used in the coatings, were dielectric in nature and the Pt layer was semi-transparent. The optimized multilayer coatings exhibited high solar absorptance α ∼ 0.94 ± 0.01 and low thermal emittance ? ∼ 0.06 ± 0.01 at 82 °C. The Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) data of Al_xO_y/Pt/Al_xO_y multilayer absorber indicated the Al_xO_y layers present in the coating were nearly stoichiometry. The scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM) result indicated that the average diameter and inter-particles distance of Pt grains were statistically about 146 ± 0.17 nm and 6-10 ± 0.2 nm respectively.     

Electrostriction in Pb (Zn13Nb23)O3

The electrostriction in $\text{Pb (Zn}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{Nb}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>2</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{)}\text{O}{}_3$ crystals has been investigated using a strain gauge method. In the ferroelectric phase below 140 C, the strain vs the electric field shows a hysteresis, which is ascribed to the effect of ferroelectric domains. A quadratic relation holds between the strain x and the electric polarization P as x = QP² above about 170 C in the paraelectric phase. Values of the electrostrictive Q coefficients are determined from the measurements near 190 C, as Q₁₁ = 1.6·10^?2m⁴/C², Q₁₂ = ?0.86·10^?2m⁴/C², and Q₄₄ = 0.85·10^?2m⁴/C².     

Magnetic,electrical and thermal studies on the V1−xMox02

The monoclinic-to-tetragonal structure transition of oxides V_1?xMo_x0₂ with $\text{0≤}\text{x}\text{≤0.20}$ has been studied by means of DTA, X-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility (powder samples) and electrical conductivity (single crystals) measurements within the temperature region 80 K to 400 K. A linear decrease of the transition temperature of 11 K per atom % Mo was observed. The magnetic susceptibility of the low temperature phase was found to be temperature independent paramagnetic for all preparations. Electrical conductivity measurements on the same phase showed crystals with $\text{x}\text{? 0.04}$ to be semiconducting, while a metallic behavior was observed in the region $\text{0.10 ?}\text{x}\text{? 0.14}$.     

n-PbTep+−Pb1−xSnxTe heterojunctions prepared by a modified hot wall technique

$\text{n-PbTe}\text{p}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{?}\text{Pb}{}_{\mathrm{1?x}}\text{Sn}{}_{\mathrm{x}}\text{Te}$ heterojunctions with a long wavelength spectral cutoff (λ_c ≈ 6 μm) were prepared using the double-channel hot wall technique. The electrical and photoelectrical properties of the heterojunctions at 77, 197 and 300 K were investigated. Detectors with R_oA equal to 170 Ω cm² and a quantum efficiency of 25–40% were obtained. Reasons for the shift of the long wavelength spectral cutoff of the heterojunctions towards shorter wavelengths are given.     

Reactive plasma deposited SixCyHz films

Si_xC_yH_z films have been prepared at 200°C by reactive plasma deposition from SiH₄ and CH₄ diluted in helium in a tubular reactor. These films have a ratio s (equal to $\text{Si}\text{(}\text{Si+C}\text{))}$ ranging from 0.2 to 0.8, a refractive index ranging from 1.96 to 2.6 and an optical energy band gap in the range 2.7-2.2 eV. The total quantity of hydrogen in the film is 40% when s=0.5. Infrared analysis shows that these films have large fractions of homonuclear bonds and that this material is best described as a polymer. Mass spectrometric measurements of the gaseous products formed in the SiH₄-CH₄-He plasma have been performed and the results are related to the composition of the deposited layers.     

Core-current-enhanced domain-wall pinning in nanocrystalline Fe/sub 73.5/Cu/sub 1/Nb/sub 3/Si/sub 15.5/B/sub 7/ ribbon

We have studied the influence of surface fields H/sub p/ (generated by either direct or alternating core current) on soft magnetic properties of amorphous and nanocrystalline Fe/sub 73.5/Cu/sub 1/Nb/sub 3/Si/sub 15.5/B/sub 7/ ribbon. While in an amorphous ribbon the coercive field H/sub c/ decreases with H/sub p/, in the same optimally annealed ribbon (H/sub c/=1.3 A/m, M/sub m//spl ap/M/sub s/) H/sub c/ increases with H/sub p/ for all the explored types of H/sub p/ (static and dynamic with different phases with respect to that of the magnetizing field H). The unexpected increase of H/sub c/ in nanocrystalline ribbon is associated with the influence of H/sub p/ on the surface and main (inner) domain structure. Here, we develop a model that takes into account this influence and explains the experimental results.