工业机器人用SCM420钢行星齿轮热处理工艺的优化

针对工业机器人用SCM420钢制行星齿轮热处理畸变问题,采用改进的正火工艺以调整渗碳前的预备组织,并设计合理的装料方案和冷却方式等措施,同时在渗碳过程中采用阶梯升温的工艺,有效地控制了渗碳淬火过程中齿轮畸变。结果表明,采用优化正火后可得到均匀一致的铁素体+珠光体的组织,硬度为175 ~180 HBW。随后经渗碳淬火回火后,批量生产的行星齿轮表面硬度、心部硬度和有效硬化层深度均值分别为59.74 HRC、40.44 HRC和0.530 mm。渗碳层中的马氏体级别为1级,残留奥氏体和碳化物级别为1~2级;心部组织级别为1~2级。齿轮精度、平面翘曲、齿沟振幅和齿形齿筋等全部满足技术要求。     

新型空冷贝氏体渗碳钢的研究

为了减少齿轮渗碳淬火后的变形和开裂 ,研制了一种新型空冷贝氏体钢 ,其成分为 (质量分数 ,% ) :0 2C ,0 7Si,一定量的Cr、Mn ,测定了其CCT曲线。用空冷贝氏体渗碳钢制作的齿轮 ,经渗碳后空冷 ,齿表面硬度在 6 1HRC以上 ,齿心部硬度在40HRC左右 ,冲击韧度为 82J·cm 2 ,较好地满足了齿轮的硬度和强韧性要求。齿尖渗碳层的显微组织是下贝氏体 高碳马氏体 ,齿的心部是贝氏体 低碳马氏体复相组织。这种组织保证了齿轮既具有较高的抗接触疲劳性能又具有较好的抗冲击能力。用该钢制造的齿轮变形小 ,精密度高 ,可极大地降低运行时的噪音     

20CrNi2Mo钢真空渗碳工艺及数值模拟

采用大型双室真空渗碳设备对20Cr Ni2Mo钢进行不同工艺真空渗碳淬火,结合金相、显微硬度和表面碳浓度等分析,结果表明:试样渗碳层深度为2~3 mm时,总渗碳时间为550 min,渗碳扩散时间比(渗扩比)以1∶10较合理;渗碳层深度数值模拟结果略小于实际值,对实际生产具有一定指导意义;20Cr Ni2Mo钢大型齿轮实际真空渗碳淬火处理后,表面碳浓度为0.83%,渗碳层深度为3.2 mm,碳化物别1~2级,淬火和回火后齿轮齿面硬度值分别为62.8 HRC和58.1 HRC。     

65Mn钢锯齿激光淬火的组织和硬度研究

使用Nd:YAG脉冲激光器对65Mn钢锯齿进行表面强化,研究了不同激光淬火工艺参数对表面硬化层的影响.使用光学显微镜和维氏硬度计对不同激光淬火工艺条件下的试样进行显微组织分析和硬度测试.结果表明:各组试样均完全淬透,激光淬火后组织全部为马氏体,试样硬度均显剧提升.其中1号工艺参数淬火区硬度分布均匀,硬度为60HRC,满足生产要求.     

20Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢高温渗碳工艺研究

对20Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢的高温渗碳工艺进行了研究,并对其显微组织、硬度梯度、晶粒度等指标进行了测试。结果表明,20Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢在高温渗碳后油淬及高温回火后的显微组织为回火马氏体加少量残留奥氏体,并在渗层表面弥散分布有碳化物颗粒,渗层表面硬度达58~62 HRC。高温渗碳后奥氏体晶粒度可达到8级,显著提高了渗碳效率。     

20Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢高温渗碳工艺

对20Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢的高温渗碳工艺进行了研究,并对其显微组织、硬度梯度、晶粒度等指标进行了测试。结果表明20Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢在高温渗碳后油淬及高温回火后的显微组织为回火马氏体加少量残留奥氏体,并在渗层表面弥散分布有碳化物颗粒,渗层表面硬度达58~62 HRC。高温渗碳后奥氏体晶粒度可达到8级,显著提高了渗碳效率。     

20CrMnMo钢制机车齿轮的热处理

研究了高速重载机车牵引齿轮常用钢20CrMnMo钢的渗碳淬火工艺,总结了渗碳淬火回火工艺,并对试样和齿轮实物的硬度、金相组织等进行检测分析,结果表明,确定的热处理工艺能较好地满足高速重载机车齿轮的使用要求.     

20Cr2Ni4A钢渗碳/感应热处理工艺应用

20Cr2Ni4A钢零轴驱动齿轮采用传统渗碳/整体淬火工艺处理,基体硬度在45 HRC左右,内孔花键插削困难,合格率仅为50%左右。为解决此问题,设计了2种渗碳/感应热处理工艺方案。结果表明:采用渗碳/感应淬火表面强化工艺,在保证渗碳齿面硬度合格的基础上,能稳定控制基体硬度在37 HRC左右,解决了内孔花键插削困难的问题,提高了产品合格率。     

机车牵引齿轮直接淬火工艺的探讨

高速重载机车牵引齿轮通常采用钢20CrMnMo钢和17CrNiMo6钢制造,对这两种钢制齿轮进行了渗碳后直接淬火的工艺试验,然后进行弯曲疲劳试验和金相分析。结果表明,齿轮渗碳、直接淬火后其显微组织和弯曲疲劳极限均符合要求,并优于经重新加热淬火的齿轮,但应控制原材料的奥氏体晶粒度和渗碳层的碳浓度。     

镦粗变形对100Cr6钢组织和硬度的影响

对100Cr6钢进行了镦粗,研究了锻造比对晶粒细化的影响及水淬后组织变化。结果表明:随锻造比从1.0增加到2.67,试样中心晶粒大小从274.1μm减小到127.6μm,下降了53.4%;试样边缘晶粒大小从293.4μm减小到139.2μm,下降了52.6%。试样加热淬火后组织为粗大的奥氏体,锻造淬火后,微观组织为淬火针状马氏体+少量团块状淬火屈氏体。锻造淬火后试样的中心硬度为60.9～62.6 HRC,边缘的硬度为58.9～61.3 HRC。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。