高品质HMX的包覆降感技术

为进一步降低高品质HMX的感度,采用石蜡(W)、热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)等材料为钝感包覆剂,对高品质HMX(D-HMX)进行了表面包覆.先通过测试接触角、计算表面能验证了W及TPU等材料包覆D-HMX的可行性.用SEM、XPS对包覆效果进行了表征,对包覆前后样品的机械感度进行了测试和对比.结果表明,W及W与TPU的复合可对D-HMX进行完整的包覆,使D-HMX的撞击感度由80％降低16％,而摩擦感度由72％进一步降低到4％,获得钝感复合炸药粒子;W在非水介质Novec7200中对D-HMX的包覆度更高,撞击感度降至0％,降感作用更好.     

丁羟推进剂RDX填料表面包覆对其安全性能的影响研究

为了降低HTPB/RDX复合推进剂的机械感度,以一种高聚物(HP-2)为主要包覆剂,采用相分离法对其RDX填料进行了表面包覆.通过SEM、XPS及粒度分析仪对样品的包覆效果进行了表征,对包覆前后样品及推进剂的撞击感度、摩擦感度和热安定性进行了测试和分析.结果表明:和未包覆的RDX相比,经过适当包覆的样品撞击感度和摩擦感度都得到了明显降低,撞击感度特性落高升高了15.1cm,摩擦感度爆炸概率由92%降低到24%.采用这种表面包覆过的RDX制得的推进剂的撞击感度和摩擦感度也明显降低,撞击感度特性落高由51.04cm升高到62.24cm,摩擦感度爆炸概率由100%降低到72%.并对高聚物HP-2包覆的降感机理进行了分析.     

PBX浇注炸药撞击感度的影响因素研究

利用爆炸概率法对不同配方PBX浇注炸药的撞击感度进行了研究,通过SEM对样品撞击前后的形貌进行了微观分析。结果表明:PBX浇注炸药配方中的Al粉含量、粘合剂的选择以及原材料包覆处理等是影响PBX浇注炸药撞击感度的主要因素。从理论上分析了PBX浇注炸药的起爆机理及主要影响因素,认为通过优化PBX的配方设计和制备工艺,可以有效降低PBX炸药的机械撞击感度。     

高级脂肪酸酯类化合物包覆RDX的研究

为了解高级脂肪酸酯类化合物对黑索今(RDX)性能的影响,以RDX为主体,分别添加质量分数为3%和5%的2,3-二羟甲基-2,3-二硝基-1,4-丁二醇四月桂酸酯(BHDBTL)、2,3-二羟甲基-2,3-二硝基-1,4-丁二醇四硬脂酸酯(BHDBTS)和2,3-二羟甲基-2,3-二硝基-1,4-丁二醇四(12-羟基硬脂酸酯)(BHDBTHS)包覆RDX,制备了6个钝感RDX配方。用红外光谱(IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、激光粒径分析、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)表征了包覆前后RDX的结构和性能,并依据GJB772-1997测试了其机械感度。结果表明,被5%BHDBTL,BHDBTS,BHDBTHS包覆的RDX比表面积分别由0.0374m2·g-1增大至0.173m2·g-1、0.344m2·g-1、0.328m2·g-1;包覆后RDX的分解热提高,当包覆剂为5%BHDBTHS时,RDX的分解热由1479.1J·g-1提高至1912.5J·g-1;当包覆剂为5%的BHDBTL、BHDBTS和BHDBTHS时,包覆后RDX的撞击感度分别为28%、48%、52%,摩擦感度分别为20%、60%、48%。     

FOX-7及含FOX-7的HTPB推进剂安全性能

采用DSC-TG热分析联用仪和感度测试仪对比研究了1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)和黑索今(RDX)及含FOX-7(RDX)的HTPB推进剂的多种感度。结果表明,FOX-7的热解活化能为245.2 kJ.mol-1,分解放热峰温为222.13℃,摩擦感度不高于68%,落锤撞击感度大于25.0 J。同比含RDX的HTPB推进剂配方,含FOX-7的HTPB推进剂的机械感度(摩擦、撞击)和静电火花感度显著降低,当FOX-7的含量为15%时,HTPB/AP推进剂中高氯酸铵(AP)的热分解剧烈程度已显著弱化,推进剂的主要分解放热峰温在260℃左右,与RDX/HTPB推进剂相比,该温度前移了近40℃。     

CL-20/TATB粘结炸药制备及其表征

使用钝感炸药三氨基三硝基苯(TATB)对高能炸药六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)进行包覆和降感处理,制备过程中以1%的Estane作为粘结剂,5%的TATB作为钝感剂,采用水悬浮法制备了CL-20基PBX,并对其进行SEM、XRD、DSC以及撞击感度性能测试。结果表明:TATB可以有效地包覆在CL-20表面,在包覆过程中CL-20晶型未发生改变;与未添加TATB的CL-20/Estane粘结炸药相比,热爆炸临界温度提升了0.08℃,活化能提高了7.09k J·mol-1,并且其撞击感度明显降低,特征落高(H50)由30.64cm提升至44.57cm,提升了45.5%。     

高格尼能钝感浇注PBX设计及性能

通过系列浇注高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)的爆轰性能,拟合得到爆速与HMX含量的线性关系,研究了HMX颗粒特性及钝感剂含量对混合炸药机械感度的影响。结果表明,采用高品质HMX和3%的钝感剂时,混合炸药的安全性最好。在此基础上设计制备了一种组成及性能与B2273A(HMX/丁羟粘结剂90/10)接近的HMX基高固相浇注PBX炸药GO-1(HMX/丁羟粘结剂90/10)。其摩擦感度和撞击感度分别为5%和0,冲击波感度I50为17.7 mm,爆速为8587 m·s-1,格尼系数为2.80,爆轰性能、金属加速能力和安全性能优良,该炸药在枪击试验、烤燃试验中均为燃烧的低反应等级。     

热塑性聚氨酯弹性体包覆CL-20及对改性双基推进剂性能影响

用热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPU)通过溶液水悬浮法对CL-20晶体进行了包覆,研究了TPU包覆CL-20后对改性双基推进剂(CMDB)的机械感度、燃烧性能及力学性能的影响。研究表明,TPU包覆CL-20后,使CMDB推进剂摩擦感度降低了67%,撞击感度降低了49%;燃速提高了14%;高、低、常温下的抗拉强度分别提高了30%以上。     

降低丁羟高燃速推进剂机械感度研究

为了降低丁羟高燃速推进剂机械感度,考察了液体二茂铁燃速催化剂(EMT)含量、氧化剂高氯酸铵(AP)粒径及配比等对丁羟高燃速推进剂机械感度的影响,并通过差示扫描-热重(DSC-TG)热分析研究了AP/EMT体系热分解特性与机械感度的相关性。结果表明,细AP含量增加或细AP粒径减小时,推进剂药浆的摩擦感度和撞击感度均呈增加趋势;EMT提高了AP的高温分解反应速率常数和分解热,是含EMT的高燃速推进剂机械感度升高的微观原因,降低EMT含量,可以降低推进剂的机械感度;胺盐类降感剂GZJ-01和导电态聚苯胺降感剂DBJ-01对降低丁羟高燃速推进剂的机械感度无协同效应;细AP包覆和采用铜盐燃速催化剂(GRCJ)取代EMT均可以降低丁羟高燃速推进剂的机械感度。     

含钝感炸药的塑性炸药配方感度研究（英）

采用低感、钝感炸药NTO、NGU作为添加剂，获得了以RDX、HMX为基的低感高能炸药配方，研究了NTO、NUG对其撞击和摩擦感度的影响。实验表明NTO可降低撞击和摩擦感度，并对其他性能产生不大影响。这说明低感或钝感炸药的加人是降低塑性炸药感度的有效方法。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.