钼钨系高导热率热作模具钢高温性能

研究了新型Mo-W系热作模具钢材料的抗回火性能、热稳定性、高温热导率和热疲劳性能。结果表明:与Cr-Mo-V系的H13热作模具钢相比,SDCM-S热作模具钢的一些高温性能有明显的优势。SDCM-S模具钢具有更高的抗回火软化性能和热稳定性能。SDCM-S模具钢的二次硬化峰值温度出现在580℃左右,比H13钢高约60℃。SDCM-S模具钢在620℃保温20 h后硬度高于38HRC,比H13钢高9HRC。SDCM-S模具钢在回火过程中析出尺寸稳定的Mo2C碳化物,是其具有高抗回火软化性能和良好的热稳定性能的原因。SDCM-S模具钢具有高热导率。SDCM-S模具钢的热导率在100℃是H13钢的1.86倍,在700℃是H13的1.26倍。低Si,低Mn,低Cr以及高Mo含量,是其高热导率的原因。SDCM-S模具钢具有比H13钢更高的抗热疲劳性能。其热疲劳总损伤因子明显小于H13钢,只有H13钢疲劳损伤因子的76.1%。SDCM-S热作模具钢具有良好的抗回火软化能力,高温热稳定性,高温热导率。这些因素的共同作用,使SDCM-S材料有比H13钢更高的热疲劳性能。     

硅在高硅马氏体型热作模具钢中作用机理研究

为了研究硅在马氏体型热作模具钢中的作用机理,冶炼了一种高硅马氏体型热作模具钢SDH3.借助TEM和3DAP微观分析设备研究了SDH3钢的显微组织特征以及合金元素的分布特点.实验结果表明:适当提高硅含量能有效增加和稳定H13钢中残余奥氏体;残余奥氏体可细化马氏体板条,提高SDH3钢的强韧性;硅在碳化物周围富集,降低了碳在铁素体中的扩散速率,阻碍碳化物的长大和粗化,有效地提高了SDH3钢的回火稳定性.另外,由于硅降低碳的析出阀值而提高了碳的扩散阀值,在回火时促进碳化物提前从α-Fe晶格间隙弥散析出而又不易聚集长大,也增加了钢的回火稳定性.     

QRO90Supreme热作模具钢的合金碳化物对钢的热稳定性的影响

主要研究了ＱＲＯ９０Ｓｕｐｒｅｍｅ热作模具钢显生组织及其合金碳化物对钢的热稳定性的影响。结果表明：该和模具钢经淬，回火后，弥散分布在马氏体基体上的碳化物大多数是ＶＣ和（ＭｎＭｏ）２Ｃ，其余为少量的Ｍ３Ｃ合金渗本，因而其回生和热稳定性明显优于ＥＳＲＨ１３钢。     

Fe-Cr-Mo-W-V系热作模具钢高温热稳定性机理研究

采用硬度和扫描组织评价方法分析了三种Fe-Cr-Mo-W-V热作模具钢(DM、H21和H13)在580~650℃下的热稳定性,研究结果表明DM钢较H21、H13钢具有高的热稳定性。同时,通过测定三种钢的连续加热曲线并结合透射电镜组织,研究了高温热稳保温过程中存在的重要碳化物的类型。为了揭示Fe-Cr-Mo-W-V钢的热稳定机理,计算了三种钢由M2C型碳化物形成阶段向MC型碳化物形成阶段转变的临界点激活能,其值为163.9~204.1kJ/mol,表明M2C、MC型碳化物的形成不仅受体扩散影响,而且与位错管道扩散激活能相关,DM钢具有最高临界激活能,其值高达204.1kJ/mol。进一步对比三种钢中的价电子结构差异,得出最高热稳定性的DM钢具有最佳价电子结构。     

热作模具钢DM的高温稳定性和热疲劳性能

研究了热作模具钢DM的高温稳定性和热疲劳性能。结果表明,DM钢在620℃热稳保温过程中马氏体板条内的薄片状M₃C型碳化物逐渐向条块状M₇C₃型碳化物转变,在板条的边界生成M₇C₃、M₂₃C₆型碳化物。DM钢的短循环周次热疲劳性能受控于位错重排和湮灭,长循环周次热疲劳性能受控于碳化物的粗化程度。DM钢中M₃C、M₇C₃、M₆C型碳化物的生成自由能分别为27765.5 J/mol、3841.5 J/mol、-7138.1 J/mol,表明在热稳保温与热疲劳试验过程中碳化物的演变机理一致,发生了M3C→M7C3→M6C类型演变。     

Cr含量降低对H13钢组织与力学性能的影响

对比了Cr含量降低为3%的3Cr-H13钢与Cr含量为5%的传统H13钢性能的差异,利用SEM、TEM、XRD进行微观组织与相组成分析,研究了Cr对H13钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,Cr含量的降低明显提高了H13钢的回火稳定性与高温强度,其原因主要与回火组织中马氏体的回复程度及二次析出碳化物的种类有关。传统H13钢在650℃回火时,马氏体基本回复完全,基体强度明显下降,并在原马氏体板条界和晶界上析出了较多的尺寸为120nm左右的近球形Cr7C3和M6C型碳化物,第二相强化效果降低;而Cr含量降低为3%的3Cr-H13钢在650℃回火后,基体依然为板条马氏体,板条内保持较高的位错密度,同时板条内析出的大量细小弥散的短棒状VC,在起到弥散强化作用的同时还钉扎位错,推迟了马氏体的回复,从而提高了高温性能。     

高热导率热冲压模具材料HTCS-130性能的研究

为了给自主研发和生产适用于高强钢板热冲压成型用专用模具材料提供理论基础,研究了一种西班牙材料(HTCS-130钢)的力学性能、热稳定性能和导热性能,并与国产优质H13钢进行对比.通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜以及能谱分析等方法,研究了热冲压模具钢HTCS-130钢的微观组织,利用激光导热仪LFA457测定了HTCS-130钢和国产优质H13钢从100~700℃的热扩散率和比热容,由测得数据计算出热导率.结果表明:淬回火态的HTCS-130钢热稳定性明显能优于H13钢,与其W和Mo形成的钨钼碳化物有关;在100~700℃内HTCS-130钢的热导率显著高于H13钢,在热冲压模具钢服役温度300~500℃内,HTCS-130钢的热导率高达37 W/(m·K),比H13钢高出近47%;相同前序工艺的HTCS-130-1和HTCS-130-2,多一次回火的HTCS-130-2试样具备更高的热导率.     

形状记忆纤维热粘弹性基体复合材料的力学行为

应用热粘弹性理论和Voigt混合律,在变温场中针对马氏体逆相变过程建立了NiTi形状记忆纤维热粘弹性基体复合材料的应力-应变关系,在逆相变过程和基体呈现热粘弹态阶段,由于基体松弛其模量减小,在跃阶拉应力的作用下,复合材料的压缩应变迅速增大,纤维回复应力先增大后减小;在跃阶拉应变的作用下,复合材料的应力增加先变缓然后加快直至稳定,较高的温度和材料参数对NiTi纤维热粘弹性基体复合材料的力学行为和纤维的作动性能有明显的影响.     

稀土镧对H13模具钢回火稳定性和抗氧化性的影响

本工作研究了稀土镧对H13模具钢在极限服役温度下的回火稳定性和抗氧化性的影响。随着镧元素的质量分数由0%增大至0.570%,H13模具钢在620℃下加热50 h后的硬度降低值先减小后增大，镧含量为0.052%时H13模具钢的回火稳定性最好，这主要是因为碳化物在回火过程中的融合长大受到了抑制。但是，当镧含量达到0.570%时，铁素体的再结晶受到显著抑制，基体组织为粗大的板条状铁素体，导致H13模具钢回火稳定性降低。添加0.052%的镧对长时间加热后的位错密度影响不显著，这说明稀土镧对H13模具钢回火稳定性的影响主要体现在碳化物和铁素体晶粒的演化。另外，随着镧元素的质量分数由0%增大至0.094%,在650℃加热100 h后H13模具钢的氧化层变得更加光滑和致密，氧化层厚度由48.4μm减小至30.6μm。添加镧元素促进了针状氧化物的形成，并减弱了内氧化。     

纳米贝氏体/马氏体钢的热稳定性

将低温贝氏体相变前淬火得到由马氏体、贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体组成的纳米贝氏体钢,使用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)等手段观察在不同温度回火的纳米贝氏体钢的显微组织和硬度变化,研究了预相变马氏体对纳米贝氏体钢热稳定性的影响。结果表明:含有马氏体的纳米贝氏体钢在中低温(473~773 K)回火后其硬度比回火前的高,回火温度高于823 K其硬度迅速下降到266.2HV(923 K)。预形成的马氏体在473~573 K回火后向附近的残余奥氏体排碳,后者的碳含量提高到峰值1.52%,提高了残余奥氏体的热稳定性,延迟后者在高温时的分解,从而提高了纳米贝氏体钢的高温热稳定性;回火温度高于723 K则残余奥氏体分解成碳化物,贝氏体铁素体粗化、回复形成新的铁素体晶粒。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from